但现在，我们来到这里庆祝一个历史性时刻。

这个时刻，昨天晚宴期间，感谢，感谢你们在尊敬的总统和王储穆萨伊德殿下的赞助下加入我们，我们有幸亲耳听到，这是沙特阿拉伯王国与美国之间最伟大的联盟，我们携手合作，你们帮助我们建设了以能源为基础的经济，为工业时代提供燃料和动力，而现在快进到智能时代，我们可以为 AI 工厂、机器人、EAV 以及其他一切提供动力。

说到这里，我们先从你开始吧，埃隆，如果你不介意的话，黄仁勋也请随时插话。你对一种我们所有人都钦佩的东西极其着迷，那就是一阶思维。黄仁勋有时称之为一阶扩展。

这对你来说是一个机会，你如何把电池成本从每千瓦时1000降到不足100美元，而现在，你正在用伺服转子和电机对机器人执行器做同样的事情。所以我想听听，你是如何凭借这种思维始终颠覆每一个行业的？嗯，这主要不是，呃，颠覆，而是，呃，创造。

所以，呃，以 SpaceX 的，呃，可重复使用火箭为例，呃，当时确实没有任何可重复使用的火箭。嗯，但实现，呃，彻底改变太空旅行的关键是可重复使用性。如果你每次都把火箭扔掉，进入太空的成本就会极其高昂。嗯，至于电动汽车，那里，那里并没有任何电动汽车，当我们真正开始制造它们时。它们，据我所知，你买不到任何一辆。

嗯，所以通过 Tesla，我们希望制造出有吸引力，嗯，而且价格可负担的电动汽车。那就是目标。嗯，呃，你知道，至于人形机器人，目前还没有任何实用的人形机器人机器人。嗯，它们算是某种噱头，但它们不是，并没有真正实用的人形机器人。嗯，我认为 Tesla 将制造出第一批真正实用的人形机器人。

嗯，这将是一场相当大的革命，而且我认为这会是，这每个人都会想要的东西，呃，因为我总会想，比如谁，谁会不想拥有自己的私人 C-3PO、R2-D2？哦，是吗？当然。每个人都会想要1个。对吧？而且，而且工业领域还会有很多，呃，提供产品和服务。这就是为什么我说人形机器人将成为有史以来最大的产业或最大的产品。

嗯，比手机或其他任何东西都大，因为每个人都会想要1个。而且，呃，或者也许不止1个，不止1个，工业领域还会有很多。嗯，我只想要装在 C-3PO 身体里的 R2-D2。对。就是这样。>> 嗯 >> [笑声] >> 嗯，我的意思是，1个人形机器人会比 R2-D2 和 C-3PO 加在一起还要好。对。乘以10。对。

所以，这个它，而且，而且你知道，人们经常谈论，呃，某种消除贫困之类的事情，但实际上，这，这，他们谈这个谈了多久？嗯，这，这，大量的讨论，呃，你知道，有很多非政府组织试图做这些事，但，但实际上没有成功。嗯，而且，而且，而且你知道，证据本身就说明了一切。呃，但，但，但 AI 和人形机器人实际上将消除贫困。

而且 Tesla 不会是唯一一家制造它们的公司。我认为 Tesla 将开创这一领域，但还会有许多其他公司制造人形机器人。但、但基本上只有一种方式能让每个人都富裕起来，那就是 AI 和机器人技术。而且谈到机器人技术，就不能不谈 AI 工厂。

昨天对两国而言是如此具有历史意义的一天，对我们所有人来说也是如此，我们共同庆祝与美国达成的 AI 战略伙伴关系，该伙伴关系在尊敬的总统和王储殿下见证下签署，内容关乎我们如何投入资本、能源和土地，为美国 AI 生态系统注入动力，以便建设推理，你知道，训练节点，并成为 AI 应用程度最高的国家。

随着这项宣布，告诉我，AI 工厂的下一步、下一步是什么，Jensen？这里、这里有一个、这里有一个美好的故事，讲的是沙特阿拉伯如何建设 AI 炼油厂，而现在正建设 AI 要素，或者说从炼油厂到 AI 工厂。>> 我喜欢这个。呃，你知道，我说过 AI 是一种基础设施，而原因当然是，我们从技术的角度理解 AI，以及它如何给每个行业带来革命性变化。

数字智能当然在每一个、每一个领域都有应用。因此，每家公司、每个行业、每个国家都会使用它。从这个意义上说，它是基础性的，因此也是基础设施的一部分。从计算机科学的角度来看，AI 的新颖之处在于，过去进行计算的方式主要是基于检索的计算。

有人输入了一个故事，或者有人创作了一件、一件艺术品，或者想出、想出了数字广告的4个版本，或者说这一切都是由某个人预先制作好的，然后再使用一个系统为你检索合适的版本。这是一种基于检索的计算模型。Hadoop 以及过去的许多、许多、许多框架和操作系统，全都是为了给你检索合适的信息而设计的。

但如今，软件将会实时生成。它是生成式的。根据上下文、根据情境、根据你是谁、根据你提出的问题，根据你的提示词，它每一次都会为你生成独一无二的内容，对每个人来说都是独一无二的。当你使用 Grok 时，每次使用都会有所不同。

这一切都基于正确的，基于、基于、基于你给它的提示词，也基于情境，所以因此，过去是基于检索的，如今则是生成式的。如果它是生成式的，并且每次都不同，那么你就需要遍布世界各地的 AI 工厂来实时生成内容。这就是你需要 AI 工厂的原因。

而、而这是一种独特的计算方式，但它的好处当然在于，并非所有东西都是预先构想和预先记录好的，而且它、它在语境上、语境上是合理的，并且、并且、并且因此是智能的。所以，AI 工厂和机器人技术，而我们昨天也从王储殿下那里听到了他的愿景：如何用大约数千万台机器人来增强我们的劳动力，从而注入下一波生产力和进步。

但谈到工作的未来，这关系到在场的很多人。所以，让我们听听 Elon 和 Jensen 对此的看法。呃，当然。嗯，比如说，从长期来看，事情从长期来看最终会走向何方？我不知道长期是多久。也许是10年、20年，诸如此类。对我来说，那就是长期。嗯，我的预测是，工作将是可选的。可选的。可选的。嗯，所以我们接受这个说法。是的。

我的意思是，它、它会像是，呃，参加体育运动、玩电子游戏或者类似的事情。嗯，如果你想工作，呃，你知道，就像你可以、你可以去商店直接买些蔬菜，也可以在自家后院种蔬菜。在自家后院种蔬菜要难得多，但有些人仍然这么做，因为他们喜欢种、种蔬菜。嗯，工作将会是那样，是可选的。

嗯，从现在到那时，要达到那一点实际上还有大量工作要做。嗯哼。嗯，我总是建议人们读一读，读一读伊恩·班克斯的，呃，《文化》系列书籍，以了解一个，一个可能的积极 AI 未来是什么样子。嗯，有意思的是，在那些书里，金钱不再，并不存在。

这有点意思，而且我、我猜，并且、并且如果把时间拉得足够长，假设 AI 和机器人技术持续进步，而这似乎很可能，那么在未来的某个时刻，金钱将、将、将不再重要。嗯，这、这在能源方面仍然会存在限制，比如、比如电力和质量。呃，基础物理要素仍然会是、仍然会是限制。

嗯，但，嗯，我认为到了某个时候，货币会变得无关紧要。Jensen，有什么想法吗？嗯，酷。>> [笑声] >> 顺便说一下，今天晚些时候还有 Nvidia 的财报电话会议。>> [笑声] >> 还有，顺便说一下，既然货币已经无关紧要了，干杯。[笑声] Elon 只想和你分享一些[笑声]突发新闻。>> [笑声] >> 我们两个人想分享一些突发新闻。呃，让我想想。

我、我会说，我会说，这里、这里有，嗯，呃，不同的时间跨度可供你考察。每个人的工作都会不同。这一点，我认为这、这是肯定的。呃，学生将如何、如何学习会有所不同。嗯，人们如何工作会有所不同，这很显然，因为许多我们、我们以单调方式、费力方式或非常困难方式完成的事情，将会非常简单地完成。

而且、而且因此，从这个意义上说、从这个意义上说，我们会更有生产力。我要说的一件事是，对大多数人或公司而言，如果某些、如果你的生活变得更有生产力，如果你做起来，呃，非常困难的事情变得更简单，那么很可能因为你有这么多想法，你会有更多时间去追求一些事情。我猜 Elon 会因为 AI 而变得更忙。

我会因为 AI 而变得更忙。原因是，我们有如此多想要追求的想法，还有如此多的事情，那些、那些事情仍然积压在我们公司内部，可以去推进。如果我们的生产力更高，就能更快着手处理那些事情。所以，从近期来看，我会说，各种证据都、都表明，我们会、会更有生产力，但仍然会更忙，因为我们有如此多的想法。

我要说一件事，并给你、给你一些证据，那就是，我刚才早些时候还在跟埃隆·马斯克讲这件事，以放射学为例，它在很大程度上已经转变为 AI 驱动的放射学，而且有一些非常出色的公司正在做这件事。令人惊讶的是，原先预测所有放射科医生的工作会最先消失，结果却恰恰相反。趋势显示，由于 AI，现在有更多放射科医生被雇用。

而其中的原因，如果你退一步来看，是因为放射科医生的目标并不是研究影像。放射科医生的目标是诊断疾病。

现在，对影像的研究变得非常高效，他们可以研究更多影像，研究更多模态，花更多时间陪伴患者，因此，他们实际上正在接诊更多患者，或者说在世界各地开展更多放射诊疗工作，我们在疾病诊断方面做得更好了。所以，这就是人工智能和生产力在短期内、短期内产生的某种结果。至于长期会发生什么，我们会看到，我们会看到。

你知道，我，我……当、当货币不再重要的时候，只要，你知道，提前一点告诉我。你会看到它到来的。>> [笑声] >> 你会看到它到来的。我们经常发短信，所以只要、只要……对，我们确实经常发。对，就发短信说一声。对，告诉我。>> 我有点同意你们两位，因为如果你审视每一种技术趋势，就会发现每一种通用技术都为全球、为人类等等带来了净新增的正面影响。

让我和大家分享2个案例研究。阁下，我认为这恰恰就是原因，原因在于，来自埃隆这样的创新者的所有伟大想法，你有这么多好点子，AI >> 也是。是的，嗯，你知道，谢谢。那么，让我和大家分享、分享2个沙特创新者的故事，他们与英伟达所做的许多出色、出色工作，以及Grok所做的工作展开合作。其中1位是奥马尔·亚吉教授。

再说一遍。奥马尔·亚吉教授，我可能需要，我可能需要挪一下麦克风。对，来吧，我们共用这1个。>> [笑声] >> 靠近一点。让我们、让我们、让我们再试1次。那么，其中1位是奥马尔·亚吉教授，他是首位凭借创造新化学而获得诺贝尔奖的沙特裔美国人。

而他做到这一点的方式，是利用你们的AI加速器和Grok这样的模型，在金属有机框架方面创造新化学。那些是金属离子，它们带正电荷，并通过有机连接体，有效创造出1块具有0. 33纳米孔隙的海绵，以从空气中捕获水，也捕获二氧化碳。

第2个故事也与英伟达加速的AI以及Grok这样的模型有关，也就是Nanopam，它实际上正在创造1个500纳米乘1,000纳米的纳米机器人，以便利用CRISPR技术进行基因编辑，消除镰状细胞病。

现在，在这2个实例中，它们都起源于20年前的研究，但AI确实能够加速成果和产出，使我们能够迈向新的价值。因此，我认为，随着每一种技术趋势的发展，在劳动力和生产力方面，人类总会设法转向新的价值池。但我们今天有一些重大消息要在这里谈谈。

先从你开始吧，埃隆，谈谈我们正在与xAI一起做的事情。呃，是的，我们很高兴宣布，嗯，我们正在做1个、1个、1个，呃，500兆瓦的，我是说，对，500。抱歉。500兆瓦？500兆瓦，对。>> [笑声] >> 我们正在做500兆瓦。抱歉，这个，对，对，不，500吉瓦那个还得等一等。嗯，那么，嗯，那、那、那将是8巴西万亿美元。嗯 >> [笑声] >> 别说了。

呃 >> [笑声] >> 所以，是的，我们、我们、我们正在做1个，嗯，呃，xAI和沙特阿拉伯王国正在做1个、1个 >> Humane？500兆瓦的项目，从第一阶段50兆瓦开始，而且我们正与英伟达合作。祝贺Humane团队、Targ和团队，工作做得太棒了。黄仁勋，我想这周我们也在发布一些重大消息。是的。>> [笑声] >> 我们在、我们在宣布，我们在宣布各种各样的事情。

嗯，我们与Humane的合作进展得非常好。首先，我们、我们共同努力让这家公司成立并开始运作。而且刚刚获得了埃隆这样一位了不起的客户。呃，你能想象一家收入约为0十亿美元的初创公司，现在要为埃隆建造1座数据中心吗？500兆瓦规模巨大。这家公司一开始就表现惊人。

除此之外，我们正在合作、合作，正如你们所知，AWS也将来到 >> 祝贺Humane团队，AWS将从100兆瓦开始，怀着1吉瓦并继续增长的雄心。因此，AWS也将来到Humane。我们正在与Humane合作开发Omniverse数字孪生。

正如你们所知，AI不只是，嗯，只是智能体AI、聊天机器人和认知AI对世界极其重要，但AI适用于一切，化学物质、蛋白质、基因、物理学、流体动力学、粒子，当然还有机器人技术和激活。我们创造了这个名为Omniverse的世界，机器人可以在其中学习如何成为优秀的机器人。

而且、而且它以物理为基础，遵循物理定律，因此机器人可以在这些环境中学习；我们正在与Humane合作，将Omniverse应用于各种数字工厂、机器人、仓库以及诸如此类的事物。所以，那是、那是另1项。我们、我们还在沙特阿拉伯合作建造超级计算机，以模拟量子计算机。

而且，而且使用我们的计算机来充当控制器并进行纠错，1次量子纠错需要极其庞大的计算量，所以，所以我们在那里也开展了很多很棒的工作。所以，我们与Humane建立了重大合作，他们表现惊人，已经顺利起步，同时表现也确实惊人。>> 这就是我们沙特阿拉伯王国如何与美国携手，将承诺付诸行动。

昨天，总统和王储殿下宣布了人工智能战略框架与合作伙伴关系。今天，我们要与埃隆和黄仁勋大干一场。所以，感谢你们提供这些机会。>> [掌声] >> 现在，他们告诉我还有时间问最后2个问题。所以，昨晚在晚宴上，我收到了很多问题，因为日程似乎泄露了，每个人都在暗示我将要问的最后2个问题。

所以，第1个问题是给你的，埃隆。还有一个大问题要问你，黄仁勋，所以准备好回答那个问题。太空中的人工智能，这可能吗？呃，是的，如果，如果文明延续下去——很可能会——呃，那么太空中的人工智能是不可避免的。嗯 >> [笑声] >> 你知道，我总得像这样加个前提，你知道。我们不应把文明视为理所当然。我们，我们需要确保悉心维护，以保证文明沿着一条，一条向上的弧线发展。

我是说，任何研究历史的人都知道，文明并不总是沿着向上的弧线发展。事实上，文明有生命，生命周期。所以，希望我们正处于一条强劲的上升弧线上。我认为目前是这样。嗯，但我们不希望把这视为理所当然，也不想自满。

嗯，但为了——思考太空人工智能的方式是，要实现卡尔达肖夫2型文明中任何有意义的比例，也就是你哪怕只利用太阳能量的百万分之一，百万分之一，呃，你也必须在深空部署太阳能人工智能卫星。

嗯，所以，所以一旦你意识到，比如一旦你从卡尔达肖夫2型文明的角度思考，也就是你正将太阳能量的百分之多少转化为有用功，嗯，那么你，那么显而易见，太空才是具有压倒性重要性的地方。压倒性的。太阳只接收到大约20亿分之一——地球只接收到太阳能量的大约，呃，20亿分之一。

所以，如果你想拥有某种，比如说，比地球所能产生的能量多100万倍的东西，你就必须进入太空。这，而且，而且所以，嗯，是啊，我想，这时拥有一家太空公司就挺方便的。嗯，推销这本书，我想你可以这么说。>> 太空中的芯片也很酷。在太空中给芯片散热更容易。是的。是的，太空中肯定没有水，所以你必须采取某种，是啊。

呃，不涉及水的方式。就挂在那里。嗯，它，它就是，你只需要辐射散热。没错。嗯，所以，我的，我的估计是，实际上，那个，那个，那个电力成本，比如，比如太空人工智能的成本效益，将压倒性地优于地面人工智能。

所以，远远早在你，呃，耗尽地球上潜在能源之前，早得多，早得多，也就是说，我认为甚至可能在4或5年的时间范围内，开展人工智能计算成本最低的方式将是使用太阳能人工智能卫星。所以，我会说，从现在起不超过5年。哇。看看我们共同建造的超级计算机就知道了。假设每个机架重2吨。在这2吨中，可能有1. 95吨是用于冷却的。

对。哦，是的。想象一下那台小小的超级计算机会有多小，对吧？这些 GB300 机架中的每一个都只会是个很小的东西。而且，而且仅仅是发电就已经开始成为一个挑战。嗯，所以，如果，如果你，如果你开始对发电和冷却进行任何形式的规模扩展，嗯，你就会意识到，好吧，太空极具吸引力。

嗯，所以，比如说你想要实现，呃，我不知道，每年2或300吉瓦的，嗯，人工智能计算。对。嗯，这在地球上很难做到。呃，所以，那个，那个，呃，据我上次查看，美国的平均用电量，呃，约为平均每年460吉瓦。嗯，所以，所以比如说，呃，你知道，3个，3个，如果你每年做300吉瓦，那将相当于美国每年发电量的2/3。

你不可能以那种规模建造发电厂。嗯，然后，如果把它提高到比如每年1太瓦，不可能。对。比如你必须在太空中做。根本，根本就，根本，根本没有办法在地球上实现每年1太瓦。嗯，而且，而且，而且在太空中，你拥有持续不断的太阳能。嗯，你有，呃，你不，你，你实际上不需要电池，因为太空中永远阳光普照。>> 对。没错。

>> 嗯，而且，嗯，而且，而且太阳能板实际上会变得更便宜，因为你不需要玻璃或框架。嗯，而冷却只需辐射散热。所以，这就是，这就是我认为 >> 那是梦想。对。那是梦想。所以，黄仁勋，昨晚每个人都在问我，而且我也留意到，呃，你今天有财报电话会议。所以，我会委婉地问。每个人一直都让我问你，我们会不会出现人工智能泡沫？

>>［笑声］>> 这是最后一个问题。好了，我们开始吧。好了，让我说，嗯，让我直接告诉你我们看到了什么。好，所以，所以我，我认为，当你观察世界各地正在发生的事情，并回到计算机科学和计算领域正在发生之事的第一性原理时，这真的很重要。有3件事情正在发生。

第一件事是，我们都知道摩尔定律已经走到了尽头，而计算需求的需求与我们能从通用计算中获得的计算量相比，确实极具挑战性。因此，世界转向加速计算已经有一段时间了。我们推动这件事至今已有超过20年。让我给你们一个统计数据。我刚刚参加了超级计算大会。

6年前，呃，在全球排名前500的超级计算机中，CPU占90%，这是6年前。今年，不到15%。从90%降到了10%，与此同时，加速计算则朝相反方向发展，从10%上升到如今的90%。好，所以你们正在看到那个拐点，即高性能计算从通用计算向加速计算的转变。

嗯，世界在云端所做的、数据最密集的事情之一，也是计算最密集的事情之一，就是数据处理。仅原始数据处理所进行的计算就价值数千亿美元。这与AI毫无关系。只是SQL处理、数据框，你知道，每个人的姓名、地址、他们的、他们的性别、他们的、他们的年龄、他们住在哪里，你知道，他们赚多少钱。

所有这些都放进一个数据框，而这个数据框驱动着当今世界，无论是在银行业，还是，你知道，无论是在信用卡领域，当然还有电子商务，以及呃从广告推荐开始的一切，一切都由那个数据框驱动。计算那个数据框要花费数千亿美元。所以，这是第一件事，摩尔定律的终结。第二件事是生成式AI。

过去15年最最最重要的应用叫作Rexis，也就是推荐系统。我们怎么知道该在社交信息流中向我们推荐什么信息？你怎么知道该向某人推荐什么广告，呃，推荐什么书、推荐什么电影？世界……互联网如此庞大，如果没有推荐系统，渺小的我们根本不可能看到正确的信息。

那个Rexis是当今互联网的引擎。它正在转向生成式AI。它过去在CPU上运行，现在在GPU上运行。这就引出了第三件事，当……如果你只看这两种应用，许多互联网公司仅仅为了做这件事，就能建造数量庞大的GPU超级计算机。当然，这又在其上创造了这第三个机会，也就是智能体AI。

这就是Grok，这是OpenAI，这是Anthropic，你知道，这是Gemini。智能体AI位于其上。但不要，你知道，不要忘记思考在每个人如今视为AI的东西上方、下方正在发生什么。整个计算领域正在从通用计算转向加速计算。

而且，如果你只是，如果你把这一点考虑进去，你就会得出结论：事实上，剩下来用于驱动那种革命性的智能体式 AI 的资源不仅远少于你的预想，而且这一切都是合理的。好吧，团队刚刚通知我，我的老板和你们的老板接下来要讲话，也就是尊敬的总统和王储殿下，因此我们的时间用完了。

但从本质上说，>>［掌声］>> 这是我们对你们如此如此多的爱，埃隆和黄仁勋。但从本质上说，这是一个92联盟，它已经从能源转向数字，再转向智能时代，由埃隆和黄仁勋等先驱推动，以服务人类，并在全新的基础上创造新经济、新工作岗位和人类更美好的未来，由沙特阿拉伯王国和美国推动。

感谢我们一生的伙伴关系和友谊。谢谢你，埃隆。谢谢你，黄仁勋。谢谢。>>［掌声］>> 好的。

But right now, we're here to celebrate a historic moment.

A moment that yesterday during the dinner, and thank you for for joining us under the patronage of the honorable president and his royal highness the crown prince Musaeed where we had the pleasure to hear firsthand, this is the greatest alliance between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States where we have joined hands and you have helped us build our energy-based economy fueling and energizing the industrial age and now fast forward going to the intelligence age where we can fuel AI factories, robotics, EAVs and all of the rest.

Speaking of that, let's start with you Elon if you don't mind Jensen, feel free to chime in. You have a big fascination of something all of us have admired, first-order thinking. Which Jensen sometimes calls first-order scaling.

Which is an opportunity for you how you have dropped the cost of batteries from a thousand for kilowatt hour to sub-hundred bucks and right now you're doing the same thing with robotics for actuators with servo rotors and motors. So I want to hear from you how do you manage to always disrupt every single industry with that thinking? Well, it's mostly not uh disruption, it's uh creation.

So with uh say SpaceX with uh reusable rockets, uh there really weren't any reusable rockets. Um but the essence of getting uh of revolutionizing space travel is reusability. If you throw the rocket away every time, the cost of access to space is extremely high. Um with respect to electric cars, there there weren't any electric cars when we started making them really. They you couldn't buy any to the best of my knowledge.

Um so with Tesla we wanted to make electric cars compelling um and affordable. That was the goal. Um the uh you know, with respect to humanoid robotics, there are no useful humanoid robotics robots at this point. Um they're are sort of gimmicks, but they're not there are no actually useful humanoid robots. Um and I think Tesla's going to make the first actually useful humanoid robots.

Um and this will be quite a revolution and I think something that will that everyone will want uh because I always think of like who who wouldn't want their own personal C-3PO R2-D2? Oh, yeah? Of course. Everyone would want one. Right? And and then there would be many in industry uh providing products and services. This is why I say that humanoid robots will be the biggest industry or the biggest product ever.

Um bigger than cell phones or anything else because everyone's going to want one. And uh or maybe more than one more than one and there'll be many in industry. Um I just want R2-D2 in C-3PO's body. Yeah. There you go. >> Um >> [laughter] >> well, I mean a humanoid robot will be better than R2-D2 and C-3PO combined. Yeah. Times 10. Yeah.

So the it and and you know, people often talk about uh sort of eliminating poverty and that kind of thing, but really the the how long have they been talking about that? Um the the lots of talk uh you know, there's lots of NGOs sort of trying to do these things, but but really not succeeding. Um and and and you know, the evidence speaks for itself. Uh but but but AI and humanoid robots will actually eliminate poverty.

And Tesla won't be the only one that makes them. I think Tesla will pioneer this, but there will be many other companies that make humanoid robots. But there there is only basically one way to uh make everyone wealthy and that is AI and robotics. And we can't talk about robotics without AI factories.

And yesterday was such a historic day for the two nations, but also for all of us where we celebrate the AI strategic partnership with the US signed witnessed by the honorable president and his royal highness about how we are committing our capital, energy, land to energize the AI US ecosystem to be able to build inference know training nodes and to be the most AI-enabled nation.

With that announcement, tell me what's what's next in AI factories Jensen? There there's a there's a beautiful story about how Saudi Arabia's building AI refineries and now building AI factor or oil refineries to AI factories. >> I love that. Uh you know, I've said that that AI is an infrastructure and the reason for that is of course, we understand AI from the perspective of the technology and how it's revolutionizing every industry.

Digital intelligence of course has applications into every every field. And so it's going to be used by every company, every industry, every country. In that way, it's foundational and therefore it's part of infrastructure. What is new about AI from a computer science perspective is that the way computing was done in the past was largely retrieval-based computing.

Somebody typed in a story or somebody created a a piece of art or came came up with four versions of a digital ad or it's all pre-built by somebody which is then using a system to retrieve the appropriate version for you. It's a retrieval-based computing model. Hadoop and many of the the the frameworks and operating systems of the past all designed to retrieve the appropriate information for you.

But today software is going to be generated in real time. It's generative. Based on the context, based on the circumstance, based on who you are, based on the problem you asked that based on your prompt it will generate unique content for you every single time for everybody it's unique. When you use Grok, every time you use it is different.

It's all based on the right based on based on the based on the prompt that you give it and based on the circumstance and and so therefore it used to be retrieval-based today it's generative. And if it's generative then and every time is different, then you need AI factories all over the world to generate the content in real time. Which is the reason why you need AI factories.

And and this is a unique way of doing computation, but the benefit of course is that everything isn't preconceived and pre-documented and it's it's a contextually contextually sensible and and and therefore intelligent. So AI factories and robotics, and we heard it yesterday from his royal highness his vision how to augment our workforce with roughly tens of millions of robotics to be able to infuse the next wave of productivity and progress.

But this cares a lot of folks here when it comes to the future of jobs. So let's hear about your thoughts Elon and Jensen on that. Uh sure. Well um say like in the long term where will things end up long term? I don't know what long term is. Maybe it's 10, 20 years, something like that. For me that's long term. Um my prediction is that work will be optional. Optional. Optional. Um so We'll take that. Yeah.

I mean it it'll be like uh playing sports or video game or something like that. Um if you want to work, uh you know, in the same way like you can you can go to the store and just buy some vegetables or you could grow vegetables in your backyard. It's much harder to grow vegetables in your backyard, but some people still do it because they like growing growing vegetables. Um that will be what work is like, optional.

Um and between now and then there's actually a lot of work to get to that point. Mhm. Um I always recommend people read read Ian Banks uh Culture books to get a sense for what a a probable positive AI future is like. Um and interestingly in those books, money is no longer doesn't exist.

It's kind of interesting and I I my guess is and and if you go out long enough assuming there's a continued improvement in AI and robotics which this seems likely the money will will will stop being relevant at some point in the future. Um the the will still be constraints on power like in it like electricity and mass. Uh the fundamental physics elements will still be like still be constraints.

Um but um I think at some point uh currency becomes irrelevant. Jensen, any thoughts? Um cool >> [laughter] >> By the way, there's Nvidia earnings calls later today. >> [laughter] >> And by the way, since currency is irrelevant Cheers. [laughter] Elon just wants to share with you some [laughter] breaking news. >> [laughter] >> The two of us would like to share some breaking news. Uh Let's see.

I I would say I would say there there's um uh different horizons you could look at. Everybody's jobs will be different. That I think that that's for sure. Uh how how will the students learn will be different. Um how people do their work will be different obviously because a lot of the things that that we do mundanely or arduously or very difficultly are going to be done very simply.

And And so, we're going to be more productive from that sense from that sense. One of the things that I will say is that for most people or company, if some if your life becomes more productive, and if the things that you're doing uh with great difficulty become simpler, it is very likely because you have so many ideas, you'll have more time to go pursue things. It is my guess that Elon will be busier as a result of AI.

I'm going to be busier as a result of AI. And the reason for that is because we have so many ideas we want to pursue, so many things that that we still have in our backlog inside our company that we can go pursue. If we were more productive, we can get to those things faster. And so, in the near term, I would say that that there's every evidence that that we will be more productive and yet still be busier because we have so many ideas.

One thing that I will say and give you give you some evidence is that and I was just telling Elon about this earlier, radiology for example, has largely been converted to AI-driven radiology and there's some really great companies doing that. And the surprising thing is the prediction that all radiologists would be the first jobs to go was exactly the opposite. The trend shows that there are more radiologists being hired now as a result of AI.

And the reason for that, if you take a step back, it's because the goal of a radiologist is not to study the images. The goal of a radiologist is to diagnose a disease.

Now the studying of the images became so productive, they could study more images, study more modalities, spend more time with the patients, and as a result, they're actually accepting more patients or doing more radiology all around the world, we're doing a better job with diagnosing disease. And so, that's that's kind of the the near-term near-term outcome of uh AI and productivity. And And we'll see we'll see what happens long term.

You know, I I When when currency doesn't matter anymore, just you know, let me know right before. You'll see it coming. >> [laughter] >> You'll see it coming. We text often, so just just Yeah, we do. Yeah, just text it out. Yeah, let me know >> of I kind of agree with with both of you because if you look at every technological trend, every general-purpose technology has been net new positive for for the globe, for humanity, and so forth.

And let me share with you two case studies. Your Excellency, I think it's precisely the reason the reason for that is because all the great ideas from from innovators like Elon you have so many good ideas that AI >> as well. Yeah, well, you know, thank you. So, let me share share with you two stories from two Saudi innovators in collaboration with a lot of great the great work that Nvidia does, that Grok does. One is Professor Omar Yaghi.

Say that again. Professor Omar Yaghi, I might need to I might need to move the mic. Yeah, come on, we'll share this one. >> [laughter] >> Get closer. Let's let's let's try this one more time. So, one of them is Professor Omar Yaghi, who's the first American Saudi to win a Nobel Prize in creating new chemistry.

And the way he has done that, he has leveraged you AI accelerators and models like Grok to be able to create new chemistry when it comes to metal-organic frameworks. Those are metal ions, they're positively charged with organic linkers to be able to effectively create a sponge with 0. 33 nanometers pores to capture water from air and also to capture carbon dioxide.

The second story has also to do with AI accelerated by Nvidia and with models like Grok, which is Nanopam, which is effectively creating a nanorobot 500 nanometers by 1,000 nanometers to be able to do gene editing leveraging the CRISPR technology to take out sickle cell disease.

Now, in both these instances, they originated 20 years ago in research, but AI was able to really accelerate the outcomes and the outputs such that we can move into new value So, I think with every technological trend, humanity is going to always manage to shift to new value pools when it comes to workforce and productivity. But we have some great announcements to talk about here today.

Let's begin with you, Elon, the things that we're doing with xAI. Uh yeah, we're excited to announce that um we're doing a a a uh a 500 megawatt I mean, yeah, 500 Sorry. 500 megawatt? 500 megawatt, yeah. >> [laughter] >> WE'RE DOING 500 MEGAWATT. SORRY, THIS YEAH, YEAH, NO, IT'S 500 gigawatt, one will have to wait. Um So, um That that that'll be 8 Brazilian trillion dollars. Um >> [laughter] >> Stop that.

Uh >> [laughter] >> So, yeah, we we're we're doing a um uh xAI and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are doing a a >> Humane? 500 megawatts starting with 50 megawatts phase one, and we're doing it with Nvidia. Congratulations to the Humane team, to Targ and team, such a fantastic job. Jensen, I think we're also doing some great announcements uh this week. We are. >> [laughter] >> What we're we're announcing we're announcing all kinds of things.

Um our partnership with Humane is is going incredibly well. First of all, we we work together to get this company started and off the ground. And just got an incredible customer with Elon. Uh could you imagine a startup company approximately zero billion dollars in revenues now going to build a data center for Elon. 500 megawatts is gigantic. This company is off the charts right away.

In addition to that, we're working working AWS, as you know, is also coming >> Congratulations to the Humane team with the AWS starting with 100 megawatts with a gigawatt ambition and counting. So, AWS is also coming to Humane. We're working with Humane on Omniverse digital twins.

As you know, that AI is not just well, just agentic AI and chatbots and cognitive AI is incredibly important to the world, but AI applies to everything, chemicals and proteins and genes and physics and fluid dynamics and particles and of course robotics and activation. And we created this world called Omniverse where robots can learn how to be good robots.

And And it's physically based, it obeys the laws of physics, and so robots can learn in these environments, and we're working with Humane to apply Omniverse to all kinds of digital factories and robotics and warehouses and things like that. And so, that's that's another. We're we're also working in Saudi Arabia to build supercomputers to simulate quantum computers.

And And using our computers to be the controller and the error correction one quantum error correction requires an enormous amount of computation, and so so we're doing a lot of great work there, too. So, a big partnership with Humane, they're off the charts off the ground and off the charts at the same time. >> This is how we walk the talk in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in partnership with the US.

Yesterday, the president and His Royal Highness announced the AI strategic framework and partnership. Today, we're going big with Elon and Jensen. So, thank you for those opportunities. >> [applause] >> Now, they they told me I have time for two last questions. So, last night at the dinner, I got a number of questions because it seems that the schedule leaked, and everybody was giving me hints about the last two questions I'm going to do.

So, the first one was for you, Elon. And there's a big one for you, Jensen, so prepare for that one. AI in space, is that possible? Uh yes, if if civilization continues, which it probably will, uh then AI in space is inevitable. Um >> [laughter] >> You know, I always have to like preface that, you know. We shouldn't take civilization for granted. We we need to make sure to take care to ensure that civilization has an an upward arc.

I mean, any student of history knows that civilization does not always have an upward arc. And in fact, civilizations have life life cycles. So, hopefully we are in a strong upward arc. I think we are for now. Um but we don't want to take that for granted or be complacent.

Um but the in order to The way to think of AI in space is that in order to achieve any meaningful percentage of a Kardashev two scale civilization where you're using even a millionth a millionth uh of the sun's energy, you must have solar-powered AI satellites in in deep space.

Um So, so that once you realize like once you think in terms of a Kardashev two scale civilization, which is what what percentage of the sun's energy are you turning into useful work, um then you then it becomes obvious that space is overwhelmingly what matters. Overwhelmingly. The The sun only receives one roughly one two billionth of The Earth only receives roughly uh one two billionth of the sun's energy.

So, if you want to have something that is say, a million times more energy than Earth could possibly produce, you must go into space. It's and and so, um yeah, this is where it's kind of handy to have a space company, I guess. Um sell the book, I guess you could say. >> cool chips in space, too. Yes. Easier to cool chips in space. Yeah. Yes, there's definitely no water in space, so you're going to have to do something Yeah.

uh that doesn't involve water. Just hang out. Well, it's it's you just got to radiate. That's right. Um so, my my estimate is that actually that that that the cost of of electricity like like the the cost effectiveness of AI in space will be overwhelmingly better than AI on the ground.

So, far long before you uh exhaust potential energy sources on on Earth, long long before, meaning like I think even perhaps in the 4 or 5-year time frame, the lowest cost way to do AI compute will be with solar-powered AI satellites. So, I'd say not more than 5 years from now. Wow. And just look at the supercomputers we're building together. Let's say each one of the racks is 2 tons. Out of that 2 tons, 1. 95 of it is probably for cooling.

Right. Oh, yeah. Just imagine how tiny that little supercomputer is, right? Each one of these GB300 racks will just be a little tiny thing. And and just electricity generation is is already becoming a challenge. Um so, if if you if you start doing any kind of scaling for both electricity generation and cooling, um you realize, okay, space is incredibly compelling.

Um so, like let's say you wanted to do uh I don't know, 2 or 300 gigawatts per year. Um of of uh AI compute. Yeah. Um it's very difficult to do that on Earth. Uh the so, the the uh US average electricity usage uh last time I checked was around 460 gigawatts per year average usage. Um so, so something like say, uh you know, a three a three if you're doing 300 gigawatts a year, that would be like 2/3 of US electricity production per year.

There's no way you're building power plants at that level. Um and then if you take it up to say a terawatt per year, impossible. Yeah. Like you have to do that in space. There there just is there there there just is no way to do a terawatt uh per year on Earth. Um and and and in space, you've got continuous solar. Um you've got uh you don't you you actually don't need batteries cuz it's always sunny in space. >> Right. Exactly.

>> Um and um and and the solar panels actually become cheaper cuz you don't need glass or framing. Um and the cooling is just radiative. So, that's that's why I think >> That's the dream. Yes. That's the dream. So, Jensen, everybody last night was asking me, and I'm mindful it's uh earnings uh call for you today. So, I'm going to say this delicately. Everybody has been asking me to ask you, are we going to have an AI bubble?

>> [laughter] >> That's the last question. All right, let's go. All right, let me say Well, let me just say you what we see. Okay, so so I I think it's really important when you look at what's happening around the world and go back to first principles of what's happening in computer science and computing. There are three things that are that's happening.

The first thing is that we all know that Moore's law has run its course, and the ability the demand of demand for computing versus the amount of computation we can get out of general-purpose computing is really challenging. And so, the world's been moving to accelerated computing for some time. We've been pushing this now for some over 20 years. Let me give you one statistic. I was just at supercomputing.

Six years ago, uh CPUs were 90% of the world's supercomputers, top 500 supercomputers, 6 years ago. This year, less than 15%. Went from 90% to 10%, and meanwhile, accelerated computing went from the other way, 10% to now 90%. Okay, so you're seeing that inflection point, the transition in high-performance computing from general-purpose computing to accelerated computing.

Well, one of the one of the most data-intensive, one of the most intensive computation things that the world does in cloud is data processing. Several hundred billion dollars of computation is done on just raw data processing. Had nothing to do with AI. Just SQL processing, data frames, you know, everybody's names, address, their their sex, their their age, where they live, you know, how much money they make.

All of that sits into a data frame, and that data frame drives the world today, whether it's in banking or, you know, whether it's in credit cards or, of course, e-commerce and uh everything from ad recommendation, everything is driven off of that data frame. That data frame costs hundreds of billions of dollars to go compute. And so, that's the number one thing, end of Moore's law. The second thing is generative AI.

What the the the most important application of the last 15 years is called Rexis, recommender systems. How do we know what information to recommend to us uh in a social feed? How do you know what ad to recommend to somebody, uh what book to recommend, what movie to recommend? The world is the internet is so gigantic without a recommender system that little tiny of us would have no chance of ever seeing the right information.

That Rexis is the engine of the internet today. That's going generative AI. It used to be running on CPUs, now runs on GPUs. Which then says the third thing, when if you just look at those two applications, many of the internet companies can build enormous number of GPU supercomputers just doing that. Of course, then it creates this the third opportunity on top of it, which is agentic AI.

This is Grok, and this is OpenAI, this is Anthropic, you know, this is Gemini. Agentic AI sits on top of that. But don't, you know, don't forget to think about what is happening above, underneath what everybody sees as AI today. There's a whole movement of computing from general-purpose computing to accelerated computing.

And that, if you just if you take that into consideration, you'll come to the conclusion that in fact, what is left over to fuel that revolutionary agentic AI is not only substantially less than you thought, and all of it justified. Well, I was just informed by the team that my boss and your bosses is going to talk next, the honorable president and his royal highness the crown prince, and hence we ran out of time.

But in essence, >> [applause] >> this is our such so much love for you, Elon and and Jensen. But this in essence is a 92 alliance that shifted from energy to digital to the intelligence age, powered by pioneers such as Elon and Jensen, to serve humanity and create on a net new basis new economies, new jobs, and a better future for humanity, powered by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States.

Thank you for our lifetime partnership and friendship. Thank you, Elon. Thank you, Jensen. Thank you. >> [applause] >> All right.