机器翻译,已尽力保留原意与数字
内容摘要
Tesla 官方投资者日,马斯克和高管们在会上公布宏图计划第 3 篇章和下一代平台。
Tesla's official Investor Day where Musk and executives unveil Master Plan 3 and the next-gen platform.
中文实录Transcript
775 个段落
拉尔斯·莫拉维
萨。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
它。
扎克·柯克霍恩
大家下午好。
扎克·柯克霍恩
下午好。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我叫扎克·柯克霍恩,负责 Tesla 的财务工作。欢迎参加我们的投资者日活动。
扎克·柯克霍恩
欢迎各位来到我们位于得克萨斯州奥斯汀的全球总部现场。感谢大家莅临,也感谢大家远道而来。对于在线参加的各位,感谢大家参与今天的活动。回顾公司的历史,我们经历了产品进步、技术创新和产量快速增长等几个不同阶段。最近的一个阶段是 Model Y 项目在全球范围内的扩张和本地化。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以今天,我们想谈谈未来。我们不想谈本季度或下季度,而是想展望更遥远的未来。我们将今天的演讲分为3个部分。第一部分,我们将从宏观层面展开。要让地球转向可持续能源的生产和使用,需要做些什么?第二部分,我们想谈谈 Tesla 对这一全球需求所作的贡献。我们将逐一介绍公司的各项职能,大家会见到我们的整个领导团队;我们还将深入介绍这些团队为实现这一更宏大的目标正在开展哪些工作。
扎克·柯克霍恩
然后在第三部分,我们将重新回到整体层面,谈谈这一切对、对公司整体意味着什么。
扎克·柯克霍恩
在开始之前,需要说明的是,本次演讲中的陈述属于前瞻性陈述,存在风险和不确定性。更多详情可在我们的书面材料中查阅。那么,我们开始吧。第1部分,埃隆·马斯克和德鲁·巴格利诺。
埃隆·马斯克
好的,宏图计划第三篇章。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,正如扎克刚才提到的,我认为我们最想传达的,可能比我们在这里谈到的其他任何事情都更重要,那就是:地球有一条通往可持续能源的清晰路径。它不是。它不需要破坏自然栖息地。它不需要我们厉行节俭、停止用电,也不需要我们挨冻之类的。这个说法,我认为整体上相当严密,而且我们实际上会发布一份详细的白皮书,列出我们所有的假设和计算:地球有一条通往全面可持续且物质丰裕状态的清晰路径。
埃隆·马斯克
事实上,你可以支撑一个比地球大得多的文明,地球实际上能够可持续地供养远超80亿的人口。我只是经常震惊和惊讶于意识到这一点的人如此之少。
埃隆·马斯克
我认识的大多数聪明人其实都看不到这条清晰的路径。他们认为,并没有、并没有一条通往可持续能源未来的路径,或者至少不存在一条能以我们当前人口规模维持下去的路径,又或者必须采取极端措施。这些都不是真的。所以,我们将逐步讲解如何创建可持续能源文明的计算过程。
德鲁·巴格利诺
先交代一下背景。如今我们的能源经济,坦白说,既肮脏又浪费。全球一次能源中超过80%来自化石燃料。而这些全球能源中,实际上只有三分之一最终转化为了有用功或热量。这就是问题陈述,但我们来到这里是要讨论解决方案。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,就像,其中有些内容我会详细说明,因为大家的技术专业水平跨度非常大,既有这个领域里,你知道,类似9级巫师这样的人,也有完全不从事工程工作的人。所以,如果你有一辆汽油车,汽油中转化为运动的能量不到三分之一,通常可能只有25%。其余能量都变成了废热。
埃隆·马斯克
那完全没有任何用处。甚至把石油从地下开采出来、进行炼制,再把汽油运输到加油站,都需要大量能源。因此,把所有这些都考虑在内,一辆典型汽油车实际上使用的石油能量中,最终转化为运动的还不到20%。所以这是一个。当我看到人们,当我们看到人们计算创建一个可持续能源地球需要什么时,他们假定,相比燃烧型文明,一个电、电气化文明需要相同数量的能源。
埃隆·马斯克
这并不正确,因为燃烧产生的大部分能量都以废热的形式损失了。
德鲁·巴格利诺
甚至仅仅是让燃料先燃烧起来并把它送到最终用途,沿途就有大量损耗。我的意思是,这就是一次能源消耗:每年165拍瓦时。1拍瓦时是1万亿千瓦时。所以这是非常庞大的能源量。但电气化经济的好处是,我们将要讨论一种更好的方式,那就是通过提高终端使用效率,以及提高沿途每一个环节的效率,总能源使用量实际上会减半。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,将一切电气化最具推动作用的方面之一,就是可持续能源经济会因此容易实现得多。它实际上把化石燃料经济的问题规模缩小了一半。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,而且我们在这里采用的是保守估计。所以结果可能比减半还要好,但我们努力采用合理而不过度乐观的假设,事实上是略微悲观的。所以实际上比减半还要好。但就说,可以很容易地论证,与燃烧型经济相比,电气化经济所需的能源少一半。
科林·坎贝尔
对。
德鲁·巴格利诺
那么宏图计划是如何运作的。你想讲吗?
埃隆·马斯克
是的,那么。那么目前尚不存在、但又需要达到非常大规模的东西,就是海量的电池储能。我们的粗略计算是,大约需要240太瓦时,也就是240,000吉瓦时。
埃隆·马斯克
这需要很多电池,但实际上是一个完全可以实现的数量。我们会详细说明。因此,这是电动汽车和固定式储能的组合。所以,如果你有太阳能或风能,就必须在无风或没有阳光时把能源储存起来。因此,我们假定储存能量与功率的比例大致为80:1。所以是30太瓦时的功率。30太瓦的功率。
埃隆·马斯克
我们对制造业投资的实际资本支出计算更接近6万亿美元。但我们,你知道,我们把它调高到了10万亿美元。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这涵盖采矿、精炼,你知道,电池工厂、回收工厂、汽车工厂,以及我们接下来将讨论的、为了建设这个可持续能源经济而需要投资的所有事物。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,不,如果你看一下全球经济总量,它略低于100万亿美元。所以,如果把这笔投入分摊到,比如说10年,那么它将占全球经济的1%。分摊到20年,则将占全球经济的0.5%。所以这是。是的,相对于全球经济而言,这不是一个很大的数字。
埃隆·马斯克
正如德鲁提到的,与燃烧型经济相比,电气化经济所需的能源大约少一半。那么就风能和太阳能而言,会使用多少土地?不到地球陆地面积的0.2%。
埃隆·马斯克
比如,一般来说,人们没有意识到究竟有多少来自太阳的能量正在抵达我们这里。每平方公里大约是1吉瓦。
埃隆·马斯克
而且,你知道,太阳并非一直照耀,但它是。如果你把这个数字乘以,比如说4,以得到持续功率,4或5,那么就能得出太阳能所需的土地面积。而且风能和太阳能通常可以部署在同一个地方。因此,许多目前有风能设施的地方,也可以在那里部署太阳能,让你的能源翻倍。
德鲁·巴格利诺
你也可以在海上部署风能。它甚至不需要在陆地上。所以风能甚至更加灵活。
埃隆·马斯克
你也可以在海上部署太阳能。
戴维·刘
对。
埃隆·马斯克
所以地球有70%是水。总之,关键在于,只需要使用地球陆地面积中相当少、确实少得惊人的一部分,我们就能实现全面可持续。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而从。是否存在足以支持这场转型的资源和原材料?我们会详细讲解,但我们完全没有看到任何无法克服的资源挑战。事实上,最终,为了实现这种经济,我们开采的矿石应该会少于目前化石燃料经济下的开采量。我们接下来会详细讲解。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
是的。
埃隆·马斯克
再次强调一下,电气化经济所需的采矿量将少于当前经济。是更少,不是更多。
德鲁·巴格利诺
好的,这就是计划。现在我们将更详细地讲一讲这个计划。基本上,有5个工作领域。第一,为现有电网提供可再生能源电力。第二,转向,转向电动汽车。第三,将家庭、企业和工业供暖转为热泵。第四,为高温工业和化学工艺提供高温热能输送和储存。此外,还会为需要氢气的化学工艺使用少量绿氢。
德鲁·巴格利诺
最后,是使用可持续燃料的飞机和船舶。这就是5个领域,我们将逐一详细讲解。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,我的意思是,我个人认为,随着我们提高电池的能量密度,你会看到除火箭之外的所有交通运输方式都实现完全电动化。这有点尴尬。但,但是你可以用CO2和水制造燃料,所以你可以用CO2和水制造甲烷。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以事实上,你只用电就能做到这一点。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,没错。所以。所以事实上,在火星上,如果我们有望在某个时候到达那里,那里的大气是CO2,而且火星各处都有水冰。所以你可以利用CO2和H2O,将其转化为CH4,也就是甲烷和氧气。所以最终,即使是火箭也可以实现电动化。
德鲁·巴格利诺
那么首先,用可再生能源为现有电网重新供能。而这将是一个贯穿始终的主题。你会在页面底部看到我们对总太瓦时数和数万亿美元投资的估算。你知道,这已经在我们眼前切实发生了。2022年,美国电网新增发电量中有60%来自太阳能。而实际上,以同比口径计算,截至2022年,太阳能部署量正以50%的同比速度增长。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以这是一次,这是一次显著的上升。而如果我们延续这一趋势,甚至在我们意识到之前,这件事就会成为过去。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
第二,转向电动汽车。同样,仅凭这一项就能将化石燃料使用量减少21%。显然,Tesla和许多其他公司一样,都深度参与了这项活动。2022年,电动汽车总产量同比增长59%,电动汽车的市场份额达到了惊人的10%。我的意思是,这是一个了不起的里程碑。看到这一点,我非常兴奋。
埃隆·马斯克
而且,是的,这显然正在非常迅速地发生,我的意思是,我认为实际上所有汽车都会转向完全电动和自动驾驶,所以乘坐一辆非自动驾驶的汽油车,将类似于骑马和使用翻盖手机。情况基本上会是这样。
德鲁·巴格利诺
实际上,对于需要多少电池,我们在这里采用了某种程度上较为保守的假设,因为车队的自动驾驶程度越高,仅从利用率角度来说,所需车队的车辆就越少,车队规模就可以越小。所以我们没有在这个数字中计入所有这些益处,实际上几乎完全没有计入这些益处。那么这个车队是什么样的?你知道,这只是我们视角下的粗略看法。当然,我们可能是错的,但你知道,你可以看到以数百万辆汽车为单位的车队大致构成。
德鲁·巴格利诺
你知道,我们的目标是每年生产2000万辆电动汽车。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。实现自动驾驶后,需要的车辆将更少,至少乘用车会如此。所以对于这个数字具体是多少,存在一些争论,但这个数字会小于如今所需的车辆数量。如今全球大约有20亿辆汽车和卡车在运行。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且,是的,所以我们在这里展示的,我想实际上只有大约140万辆。所以我们代表的是14亿,我是说,大约如此。所以是一个规模更小的车队。而且你知道,这份演示文稿中的数字是每年生产约8500万辆汽车。只是想让你们了解一下我们对此的思考方式。再说一次,我们会把所有这些假设发布到网上,而且你知道,也鼓励大家提出想法。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。所以,是的,所以我们基本上正快速迈向电动或自动驾驶的未来。
德鲁·巴格利诺
令人兴奋。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而电动汽车如此具有促进作用的原因之一,就是终端使用效率这一点。
德鲁·巴格利诺
Tesla Model 3。从油井到车轮,它的效率是丰田卡罗拉的4倍。而这一切都与在可持续能源经济中将电力输送到车内的效率有关。然后是汽车将储存的能量转化为道路行驶动力的效率,与丰田卡罗拉的发动机相比如何。以及所有那些,你知道,对供应给丰田卡罗拉的汽油进行的开采、精炼、输送和配送。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且,仅供参考,这是一个有趣的例子:用把一锅做意面用的水烧开所需的能量,Model 3可以行驶超过1英里,然后用煮熟意面所需的能量,它还能再行驶1英里,而那份意面是£1,所有3个加起来像是£4,000。只是想让你们感受一下,就是,什么?就像让一辆Model 3,让那个4,000磅的物体沿着道路行驶,确实不需要消耗很多能量。
埃隆·马斯克
此外,热量所需的能量比运动多得多。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是的,是的。但人们,你知道,你只是烧开一锅水,甚至都不会多想。是的。这些汽车的效率如此之高,确实很有意思。接下来,在住宅、企业和工业中改用热泵。
德鲁·巴格利诺
你知道,目前热泵满足了10%的建筑供暖需求,安装率同比增长10%。这确实需要加速。热泵可以满足,你知道,企业和工业中最高达200摄氏度的供热应用。而从投资角度来看,正如你在这一页上看到的,就取代化石燃料而言,它实际上是最容易摘到的果实。你或许会问,那么热泵到底是什么?
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以热泵不移动热量,不产生热量,它们移动热量。当你想到家里供应的天然气时,就像它,它本身是在产生热量。但热泵所做的实际上是把热量从屋外移到屋内。它们就是反向运行的空调或冰箱。所以我们周围到处都是热泵。就像,你知道,这座工厂里到处都有,你家里也有。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而这一切其实就是要引入热泵,尽我们所能取代所有住宅、企业和工业中的所有化石燃料供暖。而从终端使用效率的角度来看,为这些建筑供暖所需的总能量减少了3倍。所以这显然是一件该做的事。
大卫·刘
是的。
埃隆·马斯克
热泵,那里有汽车。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是的。
埃隆·马斯克
现在是默认配置。而且在某个时候,我们或许会为我们的住宅制造热泵。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,是的,也许,也许,也许。
德鲁·巴格利诺
接下来再详细谈谈高节奏之类的工业化学过程的电气化。所以,超过50%的工业用热温度高于400摄氏度。你知道,水泥、钢铁、化肥、化学品、塑料、金属、精炼,全都需要大约1,500摄氏度。所以我们在这里需要一种解决方案。
德鲁·巴格利诺
最终,需要专门设计的设备来实现电气化。你知道,碳石墨在高达2800摄氏度时仍然稳定。在1500摄氏度这个范围还有其他选择,比如碳化硅和其他材料。所以这里的思路是,在可再生电力可用时产生并储存热量。如果这是一个可持续能源经济体,你知道,可再生能源是间歇性的。在一天的峰值时段,你的发电量会超过需求,于是就在那时产生大量热量,然后利用太阳照耀或风吹时产生并储存的热量,每天24小时把这些热量输送到工业过程中。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这就是这里的概念。然后在氢能方面,我们也需要绿氢来实现金属和化学品精炼过程的脱碳。这包括氨、炼钢之类的东西。你知道,如今大约有1.2亿吨来自化石燃料的氢被用于这些用途。而且,氢还可以直接替代目前大量用于钢铁生产的煤,这一过程称为直接还原铁。
德鲁·巴格利诺
你可以用氢还原的直接还原铁炉取代高炉。这就是从经济的这些方面消除化石燃料及其相关二氧化碳的方式。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,所以我的意思是,其中一些问题还有争议空间,但工业过程确实需要一定数量的氢。我个人认为,氢不会大量用于运输,而且也不应该用于运输。如果要使用化学燃料,你应该使用Ch4,而不是H2,但尽管如此,工业过程确实需要氢,而且基本上只需分解水就能制取。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我的意思是,这件事已经做了几十年又几十年。这不是什么火箭技术。
德鲁·巴格利诺
最后,饼图中占比很小、但不可或缺的一部分,是以可持续方式为飞机和船舶提供燃料。航运占全球二氧化碳排放量的3%。它非常适合电气化。即使使用磷酸铁锂电池,远洋船舶也可以完全由电池供电。所以这是一个很好的电气化机会。对于飞机来说,能量密度问题要更棘手一些,但短途飞行是可行的。以今天的技术再加上一些改进,我们就能着手实现长途飞行。
德鲁·巴格利诺
但即使,即使在此期间,我们也可以利用多余的可再生电力来生产和储存可持续航空燃料。这个领域正在开展大量工作,而且它,它,它并不是。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,是的。我的意思是,要,要真正让远程飞机和远洋航运使用锂离子电池,你需要重新设计船舶,而不只是。或者飞机,并让飞机利用这是一种新能源这一事实。这是一种不同的架构。所以,就像电动汽车一样,你不会只是,你知道,拿一辆汽油车,然后往里面塞一块电池。那是非常次优的做法。更高效得多的做法是让电池成为汽车的结构,而且你知道,让它,让它在质量利用上高效,并针对电池进行优化,电池也是一样。
埃隆·马斯克
如果用飞机来实现,我认为采用约每千克 450 瓦时的电芯,就能实现长航程飞机,而这种电芯现在就能买到。实际上它很贵,但我认为价格会降下来。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,当我们把所有这些努力汇总起来,就得到了演示开始时分享的数字:30 太瓦、240 太瓦时、10 万亿美元。而你,你可能会说,我需要一些背景信息。这可行吗?
德鲁·巴格利诺
提前剧透一下,这完全可行。
德鲁·巴格利诺
仅从增长率、增长率的角度来看,我们需要把这些技术的部署规模扩大多少?我们说的只是把太阳能和风能的部署增长到 3 倍。太阳能已经在以极快的速度增长,风能也是如此。这一差距会很快弥合。当我们看电动汽车时,它们必须增长到 11 倍。好吧,去年它们同比增长了 60%。这一增长率也会缩小得相当、相当……
德鲁·巴格利诺
这一差距也会很快弥合。最后是储能。你知道,自 2016 年以来,Tesla 的储能业务以 65% 的复合年增长率增长。全球的,你知道,储能业务也在加速发展。我的意思是,所有这些差距都会弥合,尤其是随着,随着向可持续能源转型的势头加快。当然,我们在这一页上的目标是每年生产 2000 万辆电动汽车,并且每年部署 1 太瓦时固定式储能,基本上是能多快就多快。
德鲁·巴格利诺
然后,你知道,这项投资呢?我该如何找到衡量这项投资的参照点?你知道,埃隆提到,它相当于,你知道,全球 1 年 GDP 的 10%。另一种思考方式是,它与我们正在投入的资金相比如何,比如与我们去年投入化石燃料基础设施的资金相比,它是那项投资的 60%。所以实际上,以逐年投资为基准,建设这一可持续能源经济所需的资金,比延续化石燃料经济更少。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,当我们考虑这些设施在地球上是否放得下时,这是非常可行的。绝对可以。作为参照,占用的土地不到 0.2%。目前进行集约化耕作的土地总面积占全部土地的 12.5%。所以我的意思是,你开车四处走,会看到一些农场,但不会看到它们无处不在。农业用地与我们所讨论的可持续能源用地之间,这个,这个差距是 1 个数量级,还不止 1 个数量级。
埃隆·马斯克
而且它不需要占用农田,或者,你知道,森林、丛林或任何类型的生态保护区。它可以用于人口非常稀少的
德鲁·巴格利诺
沙漠地区、荒芜地区,那些确实不适合开发或没有其他用途的地区。所以,是的,我是说,0.2%可以分布在许多地方。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,它,它,基本上没有,没有任何有实际意义的生态影响。事实上,向可持续能源经济经济转型将大幅减少当前的生态影响。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这个说法非常好。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
那么矿物开采方面呢?这是一张示意图,大致让你了解每年从地下开采出来的所有矿石以及类似的矿物。大约是68吉吨。所以每辆卡车代表1吉吨。当我们进入可持续能源经济时,这会是什么样子?看起来化石燃料开采消失了。我们用实现可持续能源经济所需的材料取而代之,实际上减少了。
德鲁·巴格利诺
现在,这并不是说我们不需要继续勘探,你知道,为可持续能源经济所需的那些特定材料开展采矿和精炼。我们确实需要,但对大宗物料流的投资完全可以实现。只要看看地球上已经发生的事情,这完全没有超出过去已经完成和目前正在进行之事的规模。
德鲁·巴格利诺
然后我们以某种,你知道,逐个元素的方式进行计算。现有资源足以支持这一转型。你知道,这是截至2050年朝可持续能源经济方向发展所产生的累计需求,与美国地质调查局目前公布的资源量相比。你知道,对这些材料中的任何一种,我们都不会耗尽资源库。然后,当我们审视继续推进时实际发生的事情,历史告诉我们,寻找得越多,发现得就越多。人们以为会发生的是,哦,现在有这么多资源,明年会变少,因为我们要开采它们。
德鲁·巴格利诺
实际发生的是,随着我们开采资源,我们,我们会发现更多。你可以在右侧看到,自2000年以来,可持续能源经济所需的关键材料实际发生了什么:随着可持续能源经济不断发展,Tesla不断发展,我们周围的所有行业也不断发展,实际可用资源增加了,而不是减少了。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,关于,关于锂,似乎仍然存在相当多的困惑。锂极为常见。它是地球上最常见的元素之一。没有,没有任何国家垄断锂,甚至没有接近垄断。美国有足够的锂,或者说,足以让整个地球实现电气化。如果美国是唯一生产锂的地方,那么国内材料足以让地球实现电气化。
埃隆·马斯克
它非常常见。限制因素是把锂精炼成电池级氢氧化锂或碳酸锂。这才是真正的限制因素。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这些其他材料也是如此。而且再说一次,这些并不是什么疯狂的技术。只是需要进行投资。而这些投资并不巨大。它们只是需要落实。
埃隆·马斯克
对。镍可能是所有这些材料中最难解决的一种。但正如图表所示,可能需要世界已知镍储量的30%左右。所以。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且镍储量自2000年以来实际上有所增长。
埃隆·马斯克
储量更多了。没错。所以你基本上只需要把镍用于飞机、远航船舶以及续航里程非常长的汽车或卡车。但电气化中绝大多数的重任将由铁基电芯承担。而地球是。铁实际上确实是地球上最常见的元素。所以说个冷知识,如果你问地球按质量来说是由什么构成的?其中最多的是。它由铁构成的部分比其他任何东西都多。
埃隆·马斯克
其次是氧,然后才是其他所有元素。所以地球基本上就是一个泥泞的锈球。所以铁阴极算是。你肯定不会耗尽铁。铁多得简直离谱。
埃隆·马斯克
所以就是这样。是的,是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
最终,在这种资源开采中,我们付出这些努力,制造这些电池,然后回收这些电池。所以归根结底,我们这样做是为了建设这种可持续能源经济。但由于回收,我们维持运转所需的矿石量实际上会少1个或更多数量级。所以最终,可持续能源经济触手可及,我们应该加速实现它。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,我是说,所以这确实是今天的主要信息。而且我真的希望今天不只是关于告诉那些持有股票的投资者,而是真正面向地球上的每一位投资者。我们试图传达的是希望与乐观的信息,是基于实际物理学和,和真实计算的希望、乐观。这不是一厢情愿。地球能够而且将会转向可持续能源经济,并且会在你有生之年做到。
埃隆·马斯克
谢谢。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是的,谢谢。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我还想欢迎拉尔斯和弗朗茨上台。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
大家好。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
大家好,我是弗朗茨,负责Tesla的设计工作。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
我是拉尔斯。我和弗朗茨一起从事车辆工作,到现在差不多13年了。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
所以我在2008年加入Tesla,将设计垂直整合进公司。此前并不存在设计部门,当时团队规模相当小。它的任务是设计出地球上最美观、最具创新性且工程设计最精良的车辆。
德鲁·巴格利诺
任务可不小。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
2008年,当时电动汽车领域并没有太多动静。从那以后,我们一直专注于在成本、效率和创新方面不断改进,也就是你们今天还会继续听到的那些事情,同时继续设计最令人向往的汽车。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
如今,我们生产汽车的方式与10年前不同,但最终成果始终是一系列令人兴奋、富有未来感且令人向往的车辆。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
当时,我们只有少数几名像我这样的设计师和工程师,但我们拥有一个彻底改变交通运输的宏大愿景。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
所以早在2008年,当我们设计Model S时,我们还没有工厂。事实上,我们的工程团队非常小,设计团队也很小。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
但这让设计得以主导所有讨论。它让我们能够创新,提出具有前瞻性的想法,比如怎样在一辆轿车里坐下7个人?或者怎样让车门把手消失在。消失在车门里?或者在车辆中央装一块巨大的触摸屏,这是以前从未有人做过的事。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
然后我们获得了《Motor Trend》年度汽车奖。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
是的。我们还在2013年获得了《MotorTrend》年度风云车奖。我们的第一个,我们的第一个重大奖项,第一款车,开局相当不错,我觉得算是一记全垒打。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
但整个流程最终形成了你在屏幕上看到的线性流程。我们先进行设计,然后进行工程开发,之后再研究如何制造它。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
对,我是说,我认为那真的很重要。我们一起设计这款车时,甚至还不知道要在哪里生产它。所以我们想出了。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
我们设计它的时候甚至还不认识拉尔斯。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
确实,我们不知道。所以,在我们得到弗里蒙特工厂之后,我们非常幸运,并且想出了制造解决方案。有点像是我们一边驾驶飞机,一边给它装上机翼并制造发动机。所以我们知道自己必须做得更好。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
对,我们知道,要扩大规模,我们就必须做得更好。作为你们读过的宏图计划的一部分,Model 3 需要成为 Model S 的一个更小、更高效且价格更亲民的版本。但它
扎克·柯克霍恩
必须同样出色。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
它必须具备人们在自己的 Model S 或者、或者 Model X 上所喜爱的一切,但价格要亲民得多。因此,我们采用了与第一次稍有不同的流程。现在我们有了共同协作的团队,所以能够同时整合设计、工程和制造流程。但在这个过程中的某个时候,我们把制造流程改成了完全自动化。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
因此,我们全力采用这种全新的汽车制造方式,但我们此前已经完成了工程设计,所以事情并没有完全按计划顺利进行。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
这是一款了不起的产品,但它让我们陷入了生产地狱。我们许多亲历过那段时期的人都留下了那些战斗伤痕。这是个很棒的想法,但时机不对。就像弗朗茨说的,要把一个设计为手工制造的东西自动化,难度极大。我们在弗里蒙特工厂有许许多多失败的实例,后来都被我们拆掉了。但其中一些最终仍然奏效了。这就是其中一个,实际上是我和一小队工程师共同参与的项目。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
它今天仍在运行,而一些曾过来说我们做不到的工程师已经不在公司了,但它仍在运行,而且运行得比以往任何时候都快。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
所以,我们当时为了让它能够手工制造,算是在设计上给自己施加了一些约束,而我们其实并没有认真考虑这件事。但尽管如此,Model 3 仍是有史以来最畅销的电动汽车。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
它,对。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
而源自 Model 3 的 Model Y 即将超过它。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
但我们知道,必须进一步改进流程。而对于 Cybertruck,我们围绕一个实际上始于制造流程的愿景设计了这款车。在这种情况下,材料决定了设计。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
成形全硬不锈钢并不是火箭科学,但肯定不容易,而且它限制了我们可以采用的方式。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
对,完全正确。它确实迫使我们思考如何以一种你通常无法冲压面板、也无法用传统方式成形的方式来设计某种东西。所以最终采用的是非常线性的折弯工艺,这些工艺根本不属于当今汽车制造的那种语言。但我认为,它实际上创造了一种非常高效的……和工艺,以及有史以来最具动感的设计之一。它绝对会改变道路景观。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
希望你们在下面看到了它,也亲身体验过它。它绝对是真的。那些是真正的卡车。我们正在推进生产。但不锈钢带给我们的这个机会,让我们得以重新思考工厂占地面积。我们不用冲压它们。这是其中很重要的一部分。我们甚至不用给它们喷漆。所以我们的占地面积变小了,并且开始思考如何以创新方式利用这些约束,打造出色的产品。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
但那项约束并没有真正改变这款卡车的最终成果。它是一款极具动感的卡车,并且具备你对任何其他竞品卡车所期待的全部功能。而它最棒的一点是,它会在今年推出。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
所以理想情况下,在完成所有这些之后,我们会让设计、工程、制造和自动化规划同步进行。这让我们有机会质疑各项要求。这从根本上说是只有在 Tesla 才具备的条件。我以前工作过的那些地方,以及世界顶尖的制造公司,它们的这些团队都不会坐在一起。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
一个团队,据我所知,没有其他地方会把所有这些团队聚在一起,从最开始就共同思考这些流程。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
事实上,所有这些工程团队,包括制造、设计、自动化,都在同一个组织里。他们都向同一个人汇报。我们不能互相推卸责任,所以必须共同解决问题。这是创新的最佳方式。制造汽车的传统方式是这样的:冲压,制造白车身,喷漆,然后进行总装。有意思的是,这些车间是由现有的组织结构决定的,也是由工厂布局中现有的边界决定的。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
如果总装出了问题,整条生产线都会被阻塞,最终就需要在中间设置缓冲区。这已经处于制造优化的末期。亨利·福特于 1922 年首次发明了这种装配线。已经过去 100 年了,而在 100 年后作出改变真的很难。当你看着这个过程发生时,对我这样的人来说,它其实真的很愚蠢。你拿来所有这些冲压面板,把它们组装起来,然后放进车身合装工位。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
你造出一个看起来有点像汽车的车身。装上车门,然后给它们喷漆。上完颜色后,你又把车门拆下来,接着开始把内饰装进车里。内饰要通过已经存在的开口装进去。我希望它能像这样,以这么一大块的形式装进去,但实际上会有人进出车内。动作很别扭。然后我们把汽车升起来,从底部安装东西,再把它放下来,然后把座椅装进车里,最后用玻璃把一切封闭起来,再把那些出去转了一圈的车门带回来,重新装到车上。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
大多数时候,我们都是在搬动这么一辆庞然大物般的汽车,却几乎完全没有对它做任何事情。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
不过有意思的是,就在最近,丰田把这一整套流程称为工程艺术品。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
确实。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
这个车型,是的,这让人感到谦逊。但在 Tesla,这还不够好。如果我们要按自己期望的方式扩大规模,就必须再次重新思考制造。作为总体规划的一部分,我们必须让成本再实现一次阶跃式下降。我们从 Model Y 开始这样做,制造了这些巨型一体式压铸件,并取消了数百个零件。我们通过 Model Y 结构电池简化了装配,当时我们决定让地板成为汽车的一部分。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
电池就是地板。我们把座椅和内饰装到电池上,再让它穿过一个巨大的开放孔洞向上合装,然后完成装配。这让我们能够并行作业,彻底重新思考这一流程,并将总装线缩短约 10%。于是我们想,也许可以在其他地方这样做。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
是的,我是说,从某种意义上讲,约束条件成了解决方案的一部分,而不再是问题。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
所以,当你思考我想表达的意思时,我真的想反复强调这一点。当你有一辆长约 5 米的汽车,还有人像我们制造 Model 3 时那样围着它工作,而我们把它改成这种流程,把汽车的不同部分分开处理,就可以像制造 Model Y 结构电池包时那样,同时完成更多工作。你们在这里看到的,就是我们在汽车前部或汽车后部这样做。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
这意味着我们可以让更多人或机器人同时在汽车上作业。这意味着操作员密度更高,无所事事的时间更少。我把它称为时空效率。这和量子力学毫无关系。我们可以以后再谈那个。但我们的操作员密度提高了 44%,这意味着能完成更多工作,走回工位所花的时间更少。时空效率提高 30%。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
而且,由于我们不再让机器人用我给你们看过的“生产地狱”时期那种缓慢动作,在汽车内外进行装配,因此最终实现自动化时会容易得多。它可能会像这样。我们以一种只做必要事项的方式,在并行制造和串行制造之间取得平衡。总装线大幅缩短,对工厂其余大部分区域造成的阻塞也少得多。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
这样我们就能运用最佳实践来优化物料流。这意味着,它看起来会像这样:我们独立制造汽车的各个侧面。只给需要喷漆的部分喷漆,然后只对汽车零部件进行一次装配,并且仅装配一次,把它们放到应该在的位置。内饰采用自下而上或自上而下的策略安装,让那些机器人和人员拥有更大的操作空间。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
我们不会搬来搬去沉重的物体,却什么也不对它做。这意味着我们能在更多时间里对汽车进行更多作业。然后,当我们把这一切、所有这些经过测试的子总成放到一起时,我们最终只组装汽车1次:把已装好所有零部件的侧面安装到已经组装好的前部和后部,把装有座椅的地板送入,最后用车门一次性将其封装起来。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
就像 Cybertruck 一样。所以最终你会得到同样的汽车,但它不会是一辆 Model Y。对。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
这不是。这是一辆用于说明的 Model Y,不是下一代车型。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
归根结底,这意味着什么?为了让电动汽车的规模和普及程度达到我们刚才向你们展示的数量级,我们必须让约束成为解决方案的一部分。这使占地面积减少超过 40%,意味着我们能以更少的资本支出、更高的单位产出来更快地建设工厂。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
更快、更少的资本支出、每单位美元获得更多产出。扎克稍后会更详细地讲解这一点,但这也意味着,通过这项创新,以及我的其他工程师同事今后将向你们介绍的一些内容,我们会将成本降低多达 50%。这就是你们在财报电话会议上听到我和埃隆谈论的二合一概念。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
是的。所以我认为,我们的过往记录证明,我们能够交付最好的汽车,而我们交付最好的汽车,尽管因为这些约束。我真的很想向你们展示我的意思,并发布下一代汽车,但在日后的某个时间点到来之前,你们只能相信我。只是。而且我保证,我们会像一直以来那样,始终交付令人兴奋、极具吸引力且令人向往的汽车。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
我们有哪次不是这样吗?我们一直如此。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
但 Tesla 还以什么闻名?
迈克·斯奈德
速度。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
那么接下来,我想请科林上台,他负责让我们的汽车跑得快。
科林·坎贝尔
谢谢你,拉尔斯。谢谢你,弗朗茨。我叫科林·坎贝尔,非常荣幸能在 Tesla 领导动力总成工程团队。无论电动车还是燃油车,我们制造的都是你花这些钱所能买到的最快汽车。我们在这里看到的 Model S Plaid 拥有超过 1,000 马力;按同等重量计算,那辆车中的电机,或者说,和喷气发动机一样强大。我们的汽车超级有趣。人们非常喜欢驾驶它们。
科林·坎贝尔
关于我们的动力总成,你们可能还都知道另一件事,那就是它们效率很高。在同等效率下,我们的滑行距离比同级别其他电动汽车远 25% 到 30%。但在 Tesla,效率的含义不仅仅是减少汽车的能耗。它还关乎我们如何开发、如何制造、如何如何改进,以及如何扩大动力总成的规模。
科林·坎贝尔
现在,Model 3 和 Y 的动力总成很好地体现了效率这一更广泛的含义。自从我们在 2017 年推出它以来,我们一直在持续改进这套动力总成及其生产工厂。因此,驱动单元,也就是汽车的发动机,重量减轻了 20%。在功率相同的情况下,我们使用的重稀土比起步时减少了 25%。而我今天身后的动力总成工厂,比我们最初建造的工厂小 75%,成本低 65%。
科林·坎贝尔
而我真正想强调的是,我们在没有妥协的情况下完成了这一切。我们的汽车动力丝毫不减,行驶里程丝毫不减,成本相同或更低,工厂的产量也相同。那么我们是怎么做到的?
科林·坎贝尔
我们是通过以一家公司为整体,同时设计整车和整座工厂来做到的。这正是 Tesla 的与众不同之处。我们的团队规模小,但能力很强。要作出一项关键决策时,我们可以让电芯化学家、机械工程师、制造工程师、供应链团队、自动化设计师和软件程序员全部聚在一个房间里,实时协作。这让我们能够作出对整辆车最有利的决策,而且能够极快地作出决策。
科林·坎贝尔
这种方法不同于实际上非常割裂的传统汽车工程。如果你去购买,比如说,一辆德国高端电动汽车,那辆车中负责设计驱动逆变器的工程师并不为那家汽车公司工作。他们为承包商工作。而在 Tesla,我们设计整辆汽车,也设计生产它的工厂。我想重点举几个例子,说明得益于这种独特的方法,我们能够在内部完成哪些事情。
科林·坎贝尔
所以,你的 Tesla 充电器内部有晶体管封装,也就是你们屏幕顶部这里显示的东西。每一个推动你沿道路前进的电子都会流经其中一个封装。我们设计了自己的定制封装,也就是你们在这里看到的这个。与我们能买到的现成封装相比,我们可以从这个封装中导出 2 倍的热量。那么这意味着什么?这意味着这些封装内部的碳化硅晶圆可以小得多。
科林·坎贝尔
碳化硅是一种非常出色的半导体,但它也很昂贵,而且确实很难扩大规模。因此,减少其用量对我们来说是一项重大成果。
科林·坎贝尔
除此之外,协调所有这些晶体管并让它们以正确的方式切换,需要极其密集的计算。过去需要 4 个微处理器,也就是这里左下方显示的这些。我们开发了自己的定制微处理器。它专为高功率电子设备打造。成本只有一半。而且只用 1 个就能完成所有那 4 个的工作。这只是我可以用来展示我们在高功率电子领域专业能力的众多例子中的 2 个。
科林·坎贝尔
这些专业能力让我们得以把 2012 年推出 Model S 时车载充电器的成本和质量都削减一半。
科林·坎贝尔
而且更重要的是,电力电子技术不仅是我们汽车的核心,也是我们超级充电器和储能产品的核心。丽贝卡和迈克会进一步讲解这一点。所以,除了我们在软件和硬件方面开展的工作外,我们还在内部开展了大量软件方面的工作。这是 Model 3 和 Y 的驱动单元。如果我们取一个横截面,就会看到这些数据和转子,它们负责驱动单元的核心功能,也就是把电力转化为运动。
科林·坎贝尔
我们的定制软件让我们能够模拟负责这种转换的旋转磁场,而让这项模拟完全准确。它对驱动单元的成本、重量、尺寸,甚至声音都至关重要。现在,你可以买到能完成所有这些工作的软件,但我们的工具速度更快,也更准确,而做到这一点并不容易。这让我们能够快速迭代数百万种可能的驱动单元设计,从中找到最佳方案。
科林·坎贝尔
我还想重点介绍一个 Tesla 真正擅长的领域,因为我们整合了那些通常外包出去的工作。因此,当你在制造一款新产品时,只考虑产品本身是不够的。你必须考虑如何大规模制造它。所以在 Tesla,我们的动力总成和动力总成制造设备都在同一屋檐下设计。设计电机的工程师与设计组装该电机的机器的工程师就在同一个房间里。
科林·坎贝尔
这种协作从第 1 天起就推动我们设计不仅性能出色,而且确实很容易组装的产品。
科林·坎贝尔
因此,我们动力总成团队在硬件、软件和制造方面拥有的所有这些专业能力,将对我们的下一个平台、我们的下一代动力总成产生重大影响。所以我提到过的碳化硅晶体管是关键部件,但价格昂贵,我们已经找到了在不牺牲汽车性能或效率的情况下将其用量减少 75% 的办法。
科林·坎贝尔
当然,我们知道电芯供应是制约电动汽车规模化的因素之一。目前,我们的新动力总成兼容任何电池化学体系,这将为我们的电池采购带来极大的灵活性。
迈克·斯奈德
如果我们想让电动汽车更加
科林·坎贝尔
普及到大众,它们就必须更便宜。我们已将驱动单元的成本降至约1,000美元。而且我们认为,没有任何其他汽车制造商的成本哪怕接近这个数字。
科林·坎贝尔
最后,工厂越大,建造所需的时间就越长。如果我们能用更小的工厂生产同样数量的汽车,就能更快地扩大电动汽车的生产规模。我们的下一座动力总成工厂比今天我身后的这座工厂小50%,尽管产能相同。
科林·坎贝尔
我认为,所有这些改进都将彻底改变电动汽车的普及以及我们扩大其规模的能力。还有一件事我想重点说明。
科林·坎贝尔
我刚才谈到了我们如何减少动力总成中的稀土用量。随着世界向清洁能源转型,对稀土的需求确实在急剧增长。不仅要满足这种需求会有些困难,而且开采这些稀土还存在环境与健康风险。所以我们希望做得比这更好。我们已经设计出下一代驱动单元,它使用永磁电机,却完全不使用任何稀土材料。
科林·坎贝尔
那么,这一切如何融入总体规划?我们可以制造成本更低、同时仍然高效且有吸引力的产品,而且可以进行规模化生产。我们将减少使用供应受限的大宗材料,比如碳化硅和稀土。我们将在紧凑、高产出且便于我们快速建造的工厂中生产所有这些产品。
科林·坎贝尔
我们将使动力总成能够轻松扩展,一直达到德鲁和埃隆在开头提到的水平。而这项成就,就像我今天提到的所有成就一样,只有依靠我们动力总成团队中那些不可思议的人才有可能实现。他们绝对致力于可持续能源事业。这就是我们能够做到其他任何公司都做不到之事的原因。谢谢。
德鲁·巴格利诺
那么接下来,我想欢迎我的
科林·坎贝尔
同事皮特·班农和戴维·刘。
皮特·班农
谢谢,科林。
皮特·班农
大家下午好,欢迎来到得克萨斯州。这里展示的是一辆2012年款 Model S 的低压系统。这辆车主要采用由供应商提供、再由 Tesla 集成的控制器进行设计。车内有300多个低压设备,涵盖从普通的,比如手套箱里的照明灯,到复杂的,比如信息娱乐计算机,再到安全关键型的,比如安全气囊、线控转向和线控中断。
皮特·班农
低压线束由一根根裁切至所需长度、压接并插入连接器的电线制成。这是一种繁琐、容易出错且难以扩展的手工流程。展望未来,我们希望缩小线束的尺寸并降低其复杂性,同时实现自动化制造。
戴维·刘
这些线束带来了极其复杂的问题,尤其是在车辆开发和启动调试的早期阶段。因为当我们试图启动整个系统,却发现它无法正常工作时,我们不知道问题究竟出在软件、控制器、处理器,还是这团纠缠线缆中的任何一个端点上。因此,我们必须同时对所有部分进行调试。
戴维·刘
皮特将告诉我们该如何把它做得更好。
皮特·班农
所以,我将简要谈谈自 Model S 以来这些年里我们改变的几件事。从 Model 3 开始,Tesla 开始自行设计越来越多的控制器。通过将控制器合并到一起,我们得以简化设计,大幅减少线缆数量和重量。从 S 到 3,我们将线束重量比 Model S 减少了 17 千克。这是件相当了不起的事。为了让大家理解这意味着什么,如果你设法从车上减掉 1 千克重量,我们的工程副总裁拉尔斯会把一瓶你最喜欢的烈酒送到你的办公桌上。
皮特·班农
所以这项改进让他付出了相当大的代价。
皮特·班农
我们是不是跳过了一个?对。最初的 Model 3 控制器经过增强,随后被装进了 Model Yes。之后,当我们引入热泵时,那些改进后的控制器又被移回了 Model 3。至此,两款车采用了共用的控制器,这有助于简化我们的供应链。随后,Model 3 和 Y 的这些控制器设计又经过更新和增强,用于我们在 2021 年推出的新版 Model S 和 X。
皮特·班农
对于 Cybertruck,我们目前自行设计车内 85% 的控制器;对于下一代平台,我们将完成这项工作,自行设计 100% 的控制器,从而在零部件层面完全掌控设计和供应链。过去几年里,由于供应限制阻碍了我们的汽车生产能力,在零部件层面完全掌控供应链对 Tesla 至关重要。
戴维·刘
而这种掌控也意味着对所有软件的掌控,使我们能够开发出在设计硬件时甚至从未设想过的特性和功能。所以你会看到,车内的软件随着时间推移变得越来越好,而这些改进方式甚至是我们最初设计硬件时没有想到的。
皮特·班农
是的,哨兵模式是我最喜欢的临时改动之一。随着 2017 年 Model 3 的推出,我们从车中移除了继电器和保险丝,改用电子保险丝。电子保险丝用固态晶体管取代活动部件。它们让软件能够精细控制供电系统,并允许软件执行一些高级操作,例如在不利条件下对车内负载进行卸载。电子保险丝还允许软件针对瞬态故障进行受控重试,并能够随时间推移对电力系统进行详细监测。
戴维·刘
今天你们反复听到的一个主题是软件控制的硬件。当我结合自己的团队思考这个概念时,软件控制的硬件从根本上说,就是能够绕开一件硬件在某种属性与另一种属性之间原本固定不变的取舍。借助软件,我们能够把智能、情境感知能力和针对特定情境的行为注入一件原本必须接受优化的硬件中。
戴维·刘
针对一种类型的场景。我们在各方面都能获得更多。
皮特·班农
2022 年,我们完成了从铅酸电池到锂离子电池的过渡,并且这种电池采用一种无需工具的新型连接器。我们预计锂离子电池可以在车辆的整个使用寿命期间持续工作,所以不要指望还会有人再次醒来发现电池没电。这消除了我们车辆的一大故障来源,而无需工具的连接器也使车辆维修更加容易。它还包含一项软件功能,可以在维修作业结束时验证连接器是否已正确安装,从而消除我们车辆中的另一个故障来源。
皮特·班农
显然,质量和体积方面的节省也相当可观,这非常有帮助。
皮特·班农
在 Tesla,我们始终努力改进车内的每一个零部件。一个很好的例子是最初随 2017 年 Model 3 交付的 15 英寸显示屏。随着时间推移,这块显示屏的成本下降了 24%。我们成功将重量减轻了 12%,并将功耗降低了 33%。与此同时,我们将显示屏的亮度提高了 50%,并改善了色彩准确度。所以,这是我们在 Tesla 最喜欢做的事情之一:让一个零部件既更便宜,又更出色。
皮特·班农
在 Tesla,提高车辆效率的努力永无止境。我把它想成削胡萝卜。你只削一下,会掉下来一点,看起来并没有带来多大变化。但只要长期坚持,累积起来就会成为相当显著的改进。我们现在打算进行的一项改变,是改变某个过去 60 年来一直保持不变的东西。12 伏。
皮特·班农
正如我所说,12 伏已经沿用了 60 年。汽车的电力需求一直在稳定增长,以至于现在我们必须使用相当粗的线缆,在车内输送超过 200 安培的电流,这增加了桅杆和成本。从 Cybertruck 以及未来所有 Tesla 平台开始,我们将转向 48 伏。这会把所需电流降低至四分之一。由于线束中的功率损耗等于电阻乘以电流的平方,因此电流降至原来的四分之一,会使在车内分配能量时损失的功率降至原来的十六分之一。
皮特·班农
这样就可以使用更细的线缆、更小的电子保险丝和更小的控制器。它还让我们能够缩小这些散热器,或在许多情况下将其完全移除,这些都在质量和重量方面使车辆受益。48 伏是 Tesla 低压设计的未来,而且很可能也是整个行业的未来。
大卫·刘
时机成熟时,我们欢迎并鼓励其他原始设备制造商以及整个供应商网络加入我们的这场演进。
皮特·班农
当然。
皮特·班农
车内线缆的数量取决于需要供电、供电和控制的端点数量。过去,集中式控制导致线缆横跨整辆车。在 Cybertruck 的设计中,我们已转向本地控制器,线缆连接到最近的控制器,而这些控制器则通过以太网连接。线缆被布设到最近的控制器,数据在那里被转换成网络数据包,并传输到车辆上的正确位置。
皮特·班农
为了发挥作用,网络必须可靠,具备低延迟和低抖动。这些都是我们在当前设计中已经实现的特性。这项设计消除了 Cybertruck 中大多数横跨车辆的线缆,而在下一代平台上,我们将完成这项工作,将它们全部消除。
大卫·刘
这种整合后的车辆网络还使我们能够即时对车内各部件彼此通信的方式进行更多动态调整,而传统方式则是通过硬件将彼此独立的 CAN 总线分布在整辆车中。
皮特·班农
其中一个好处是,你可以通过单一连接看到整辆车,而这在过去是不可能的。为了下一代平台的调试,我们希望从整辆车和所有组织的范围来优化控制器设计,而不只是针对某个特定子系统。简化线束将实现自动化。48 伏将使我们能够缩小低压系统的尺寸、减轻其质量并降低其成本。
皮特·班农
而且,这是让我们能够为总体规划 3 扩大低压系统生产规模的关键事项之一。大卫。好。
大卫·刘
所以我于2012年加入Tesla,即使在Model S问世之初的那些日子里,我们就已经能够通过无线方式更新整辆车中所有控制器的软件,而当时其他汽车才刚刚开始仅更新其信息娱乐单元中的软件。此外,我们一直拥有先进的匿名化数据记录和遥测能力,使我们能够了解车队的运行情况、客户如何使用车辆,以及车辆在实际环境中如何对这种使用作出响应。
大卫·刘
这2项能力结合在一起,也就是 OTA 更新和数据洞察,使我们能够快速迭代软件,并且并且最大限度地增加我们在每一次迭代中学到的东西、推进的东西以及取得的进展。我们已经利用这些能力,为软件和硬件中无数的设计决策提供依据。
皮特·班农
对,一个例子是,我们能够监控和跟踪车内天窗的使用情况,并发现我们的客户从不使用天窗。所以我们很容易就决定把它移除。
大卫·刘
非常少。对,已经有一阵子没有日出了。
大卫·刘
再举一个例子,我们能够利用碰撞数据,根据现实世界中发生的情况来设计碰撞安全系统,远远超出监管和消费者评级测试所规定的范围。此外,每当我们更改车辆设计,或者更改控制安全气囊及其他约束系统的软件时,我们都能利用这些数据,在模拟环境中重现所有这些碰撞。
大卫·刘
在这张图上,最先出现的灰点是世界各地监管机构和消费者评级机构规定的特定碰撞测试,其周围和上方填充的其余颜色,则代表我们在现实世界中看到的碰撞。这些才是我们的设计和测试所针对的情况。
科林·坎贝尔
对。
皮特·班农
而在去年,这些数据被用于更改安全带张紧算法,以减少实际使用中的伤害,并通过 OTA 推送到了我们的所有车辆。
大卫·刘
这里有几项统计数据,展示了我们每天从车队收到的匿名化数据让我们获得新洞见的速度有多么惊人。每天行驶 1.23 亿英里,进行 190 万次充电。而随着我们向世界交付越来越多的汽车,这些数字只会继续增长。
戴维·刘
再举一个例子,我们分析了车队的驾驶和充电模式,以便为我们的下一代汽车优化电池包的尺寸。在今天余下的时间里,你们还会听到许多其他例子。关于我们如何利用数据为产品和制造方面的决策提供依据。所以你们已经从皮特、科林和其他人那里听到了很多关于垂直整合对我们的硬件有多么重要的内容,但它对我们的软件尤其重要。
戴维·刘
而按照传统汽车供应链其他部分的设置方式,这极其困难。在大多数情况下,车内的所有控制器都由不同的一级供应商交付,他们的软件由二级供应商编写,而二级供应商又将部分软件外包给不同的三级供应商,如此等等。要做出一项跨越多个组件的更改,甚至在任何工作能够开始之前,就需要数月的协调。
戴维·刘
此外,将服务器端的软件与我们车辆中正在发生的事情整合起来,一直是我们基因的核心组成部分,使我们能够做到其他任何人都做不到的事情。大多数工程师把车辆视为一个完整、统一、完全自成一体的系统。但在软件团队中,我们认为这个系统既包括车辆,也包括我们所有的后端服务器端应用程序和基础设施,以及由整个车队形成的反馈闭环;这个反馈闭环为我们工程团队做出的所有决策提供依据。
戴维·刘
例如,我们最近在 Model S 和 X 中发布了一项功能,它会在车辆驶入一段颠簸路面之前,自动预测性地调节并升高悬架,以提高乘坐舒适性。我们通过利用车队生成车辆所驶过各处的道路颠簸度地图来实现这一点。听起来很简单,但这需要协调车辆内外多个不同组件的软件。约束控制模块,它的惯性测量单元会感知道路颠簸度。
戴维·刘
自动辅助驾驶计算机,它的 GPS 模块和定位器会确定车辆在世界上的位置。我们的导航服务器会汇总来自车队的匿名化遥测数据,并用更新后的限速、车道拓扑以及现在新增的道路颠簸度等信息标注我们的地图。车载导航引擎会查看车辆行驶路线的前方,并判断路面是否即将变得颠簸。
戴维·刘
最后是空气悬架控制器,它会考虑所有这些因素,并持续判断是否适合调节悬架以提高乘坐舒适性。在我们向全球发布这项功能之前,我们将它的原型版本发送到了整个车队,让它在后台被动运行,并把它每一次本会启用时的匿名数据发送给我们,这让我们准确了解了它在实际环境中、在每一种环境和每一种情况下会如何表现。
皮特·班农
是的,能够在后台测试新算法而不影响车辆,对我们来说确实是一项至关重要的能力,尤其是在安全方面。像自动紧急制动这样关键的功能。
戴维·刘
我们还利用它对稳定性控制算法的早期版本进行了迭代;这些算法于 2017 年被引入整个 Model 3 车队,即便这是一项非常基础且对安全至关重要的功能,我们也对其抱有极高的信心。
戴维·刘
好了,到目前为止,你们已经听我讲了很多关于我们如何利用软件系统快速迭代面向客户的产品。但我尚未谈到、而且总体上我们也很少公开谈论的是,我们如何在自己的内部运营中利用这些能力。那么,例如,在制造 Model S 的早期阶段,我们很快意识到,汽车可能会以很多不同的方式被装配错误。
戴维·刘
你可能会忘记插上一根线,你可能没有把一个连接器完全装到位,你可能从错误的料箱中取了零件。因此,当我们为 Model 3 以及今后所有其他车辆设计制造流程时,我们借鉴了软件领域的一条做法,也就是尽早测试、频繁测试。我们把这条准则应用于我们制造的每一辆汽车,应用于装配线的每一个步骤。于是现在,当生产员工把某个部件接入汽车时,中央车载计算机会检测到这个连接,确认它是待制造车型所对应的正确部件,在必要时安装软件更新,检查配置和校准,并对该部件以及与其连接的所有其他部件运行一连串测试。
戴维·刘
如果它发现了无法仅通过软件修复的异常,就会立即发出警报;该警报既会醒目地显示在车辆显示屏上,也会发送到后端指挥与控制系统,以便在汽车的其余部分安装到它上面之前,由人员过来解决问题。在服务方面,我们正通过结合车载车辆诊断、应用于客户叙述的自然语言处理,采取类似的方法。
戴维·刘
当客户预约服务时,借助一套内部开发的工具,我们正在成功地为超过 33% 的客户问题和服务进行诊断、排期和零部件订购。
罗尚(Tesla)
对。
皮特·班农
我们还使用围绕自有控制器构建的测试设备,在分总成装到车上之前对其进行测试;随着我们 100% 转向拉尔斯的无箱式装配策略,这将变得更加重要。
戴维·刘
在那些箱体组合到一起之前,我们会以极高的把握知道,它们是。它们已经组装好了。它们本身组装正确。
戴维·刘
好了,你们已经在许多其他活动中听说了我们的自动辅助驾驶和 AI 团队为让汽车实现自动驾驶、带领我们迈向自动驾驶的未来而开展的所有了不起的工作。但多年来我们也一直在思考。我们管理自动驾驶车队还将需要的所有其他部分。其中很多工作一直在幕后进行,其形式是我们日后将利用的平台级功能。
戴维·刘
但你们已经看到其中一些以功能的形式呈现出来,我们的客户和内部运营团队都能从中受益。例如在 2021 年,我们以移动应用程序的手机钥匙为基础进行了扩展,让客户能够通过短信或电子邮件发送邀请,与任何人共享他们的汽车。去年,我们推出了个人资料同步功能,它会在你账户下的所有车辆之间同步你的座椅、方向盘和后视镜位置,以及你的设置、媒体收藏和已保存的导航地点。
戴维·刘
在内部,我们有一款应用程序,让工程、制造、交付和物流人员能够查看、定位和驾驶其所在地点的所有 Tesla 自有车辆。
戴维·刘
而当客户把车送来维修保养时,当他们收到一辆 Tesla 自有的代步车时,我们已经开始在一些地点自动将该车辆添加到客户的移动应用账户中。因此,再结合云同步配置文件和手机钥匙,这就是一种完全无缝的体验。客户一走近那辆代步车,它的运行和给人的感觉就完全像他们自己的车一样。而这一切都建立在端到端加密和经过加密签名的命令之上,从而使客户数据保持私密和隐蔽。
戴维·刘
而且,而且车队只信任来自获授权方的指令。所以,这算是对我们着眼于自动驾驶车队的未来而构建的所有组成部分的一点预览:同步、权限、管理、安全和隐私。
戴维·刘
以上就是对我们在幕后所做的一些事情的一次旋风式介绍,这些工作旨在实现我们下一阶段的增长以及总体规划下一阶段所需要的效率、成本降低和速度。那么现在,为了向我们介绍全自动驾驶方面的最新进展,我想请阿肖克上台。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
谢谢大卫和皮特。大家好。我叫阿肖克·凯利斯瓦米。我在 Tesla 从事 Autopilot 和自动驾驶工作。我早在2014年就加入了 Tesla,所以到现在,我研究这个问题已经快9年了。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
对,你们有些人可能会想,嘿,自动驾驶和通往可持续未来的计划有什么关系。但它其实是这项计划的关键部分,原因如下。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
目前,汽车不使用时就闲置在停车场里,什么也不做。但当自动驾驶真正解锁后,这辆车就不必闲置,而可以去服务其他客户。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
这从根本上减少了将制造规模扩大到极端水平的必要,因为每辆车的使用量都大大增加了。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
但这绝非一个微不足道的问题。我认为,构建一套可扩展的自动驾驶系统,是目前最困难的现实世界 AI 问题之一。尽管如此,我们 Tesla 已经、已经在打造解决这一问题的最慷慨的系统之一方面取得了重大进展。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
要构建一个可扩展的问题,有3个主要部分必须做好。第一是架构,也就是 AI 系统的架构。第二是数据。第三是算力。我们先从架构开始。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
在 Tesla,我们押注于 AI、机器学习和神经网络,以帮助我们构建一个通用的视觉与规划系统。早期,我们使用单摄像头、单帧神经网络来生成一些输出。这些输出会在给规划器使用前,通过一些后处理步骤拼接起来。但这非常脆弱,并没有带来很大的成功。因此,我们过去几年所做的,就是把技术栈的大部分转向这种多摄像头视频神经网络。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
这些神经网络实时接收车辆上8个摄像头传来的实时画面,并生成一个统一的 3D 输出空间。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
我们会生成许多任务的结果,例如障碍物是否存在、它们的运动、车道、道路、交通信号灯等等。你们现在看到的就是一个输出示例。它来自我们的占用网络,该网络会预测障碍物的位置及其运动。你们可以看到,它精准捕捉到了我们旁边这辆卡车摇摆而猛烈的运动。这有助于规划系统避免与这个物体发生碰撞。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
有些任务,例如车道连通性,使用计算机视觉中的朴素方法进行建模会更加复杂。因此,我们不会止步于计算机视觉技术。而是会采用其他领域的技术,例如语言建模、强化学习,来对这项任务进行建模。这很类似。这些网络使用了类似的技术,例如 Transformer、注意力模块、对词元进行自回归建模,类似于外面那些像 ChatGPT 一样的大型偏长模型所做的事情。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
借助这样一个解决感知问题的端到端系统,我们真正移除了脆弱的后处理步骤,并为规划系统生成高质量的输出。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
就连规划系统也没有困在老办法里。它现在开始使用越来越多的 AI 系统来解决这个问题。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
尤其是在复杂的城市规划中,当许多其他物体与我们互动时,就需要基于神经网络的规划器。比如,这是一个十字路口,我们必须左转,同时通向正在穿行的物体和正在过马路的行人。我们既要安全、平稳地完成这件事,同时又要尊重每个人的通行权和偏好。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
如果用朴素的方法来做,每种配置都需要10毫秒的计算,而需要推理的配置轻易就有数千种。使用传统计算无法做到这一点,但通过 AI,我们把这一切都压缩进了50毫秒的计算预算,因此它可以实时运行。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
这个难题的第二大部分是数据。这正是 Tesla 拥有独特优势的地方,因为它可以利用车队,利用车队来获取能够解决这些问题的确切数据。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
但原始数据还不够。为了训练这些网络,你需要标签数据。你需要用标签来监督这些网络。而如果你只依靠人工标注人员,这些数据就会太少,不足以训练这些大型多摄像头视频模块。我们需要大量、大量的数据来训练这些网络。因此,我们建立了一套复杂的自动标注流水线,它从车队收集数据,在我们的数据中心运行计算算法,然后生成用于训练这些网络的标签。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
你们在这里看到的是一个 3D 重建,它通过从车队中的不同车辆收集各种片段,并把它们全部组装到一起,形成对车辆周围世界的单一统一表征。你们可以看到所有车道、道路边界、路缘、人行横道,甚至道路上的文字,都被这些算法准确地重建出来了。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
我们不必止步于这种重建。一旦有了这个基础重建,我们就可以在其上构建各种模拟,生成种类无限的训练数据。用于所有的边缘情况。我们拥有一个能力强大的模拟器,可以合成对抗性天气、照明条件,甚至其他物体的运动,以测试所有那些在现实世界中甚至可能很罕见的边缘情况。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
这里有一个例子,说明为什么这些数据至关重要,以及我们如何利用数据解决问题。那么,以前,比如在这个案例中,我们出现了一些错误制动,因为我们以为这辆实际上停在那里的车将驶入我们的路径,因此我们采取了预防性制动。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
但这是不必要的,因为那辆车确实停着。那么我们怎样才能解决这个问题?我们所做的是,从车队中挖掘类似案例,也就是车辆因为某辆停着的车而跌倒制动的案例。我们向训练集添加了14,000段视频。然后,当我们用这些新数据再次训练网络后,它现在能够正确理解,好吧,这辆车里没有驾驶员,因此它一定是部分,所以就没有必要弄坏。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
这是一种系统性解决问题的方法。在右侧的图表中,你可以看到,每当我们添加数据,性能就会提升,然后我们可以对系统中的每一种任务都这样做。这就是我们所说的数据引擎。我们识别具有挑战性的案例,比如你之前看到的那个。也可能有其他不同类型的挑战性案例。我们从车队中挖掘这类数据,将其输入自动标注系统并生成标签。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
把它加入训练集,一旦有了新训练出的模型,我们就将它们部署到车队。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
如果我们反复重复这个过程,一切都会变得越来越好。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
最后一个关键部分是计算机。为了在合理的时间内训练这些大型模型,你需要大量算力。此外,自动生成标签也需要算力。这只是我们数据中心里的算力。此外,我们的车内也有高性能计算机,最高可以提供约每秒150万亿次运算的算力。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
在后端,我们有一个由14,000个GPU组成的集群,其中大约30%用于自动标注,其余70%用于训练。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
我们还有一个30 PB的视频缓存,并且正在扩展到200 PB。一旦我们把自己的训练计算机Dojo投入其中,所有这些都会显著增加。作为参考,仅你们之前看到的占用网络,就使用了14亿帧来训练这些网络。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
我们已经向美国和加拿大几乎所有购买了FSD的用户推送了FSD测试版软件。这大约相当于400,000名客户,他们可以在任何地方将其开启。然后车辆就会尝试驶向目的地。它仍然需要监督,但已经可以处理转弯、在交通信号灯前停车、礼让其他物体,并且通常能够到达目的地。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
我们观察到,使用FSD的人已经比美国全国平均水平安全5到6倍。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
正如我之前提到的,实现可扩展FSD的解决方案,是把AI架构、数据和算力恰当地结合起来。我们已经组建了一支世界级团队来执行这项工作。我们正在推进这3个方面的前沿。随着我们提高系统的安全性、可靠性和舒适性,我们就能解锁无人驾驶运营,从而让车辆的使用率远高于目前。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
说到这里,我想请埃隆回到台上,介绍更多最新进展。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
对,接下来这段视频。
埃隆·马斯克
看到胳膊和腿就这样分开放着,感觉有点怪。
埃隆·马斯克
我们有一整个实验室,里面全是胳膊和腿。
埃隆·马斯克
要记住,我们举办AI日时,这个版本的Optimus根本根本无法运行。
埃隆·马斯克
所以我认为,这里的改进速度是,是相当显著的。显然,它还不会跑酷,但它确实已经可以四处行走,而且我想,我们有多个、多个Optimus副本。
埃隆·马斯克
我认为 Tesla 能带来而其他公司不具备的东西是,我们拥有,我们拥有现实世界人工智能。我们在现实世界人工智能方面最先进。所以,驱动汽车的同一个人工智能,你可以把汽车真正看作一个有轮子的机器人,而这是一个有腿的机器人。所以,随着我们解决现实世界人工智能问题,而且我不认为有任何,我不认为有任何人在解决现实世界人工智能方面哪怕接近 Tesla。同样的计算机和软件也会装进 Optimus。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,如果你必须对每一个单独的动作进行编程,那么拥有人形机器人并没有多大帮助。它需要能够自主四处走动并完成任务。你应该能够通过以视觉方式向它展示机器人需要做什么,或者只是告诉它做什么,来给它下达简单的指令。所以,所以我认为这是我们拥有的一项关键优势。而且,我们也擅长为制造而设计,以及制造本身。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,Optimus 中的这些,这些执行器全都是 Tesla 定制设计的执行器。所以,我们设计了这些,这些电动机、齿轮箱、电力电子设备,显然还有电池包,以及装进 Optimus 的其他一切。
埃隆·马斯克
我们其实相当,我们很惊讶地发现,现成可用的东西如此之少,因为世界上有大量、数量庞大的电动机、齿轮箱之类的东西可供使用。而我们发现,其中没有任何一种能用于,用于人形机器人。真的一个都没有。所以,你必须为人形机器人定制设计执行器。因此,设计了那些突破性电动机的同一个团队,比如说 Model S Plaid 中的电动机,也设计了机器人中的执行器。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,我的意思是,就实际用途而言,这意味着我们应该能够以规模化方式将一种有用的实际产品推向市场
戴维·刘
远远
埃隆·马斯克
快于其他任何人。
埃隆·马斯克
而且,你知道,假设我所说的事情是真的,或者至少我认为它们是真的,你可以直接,这就只是时间问题。
埃隆·马斯克
你开始会涉及一些有意思的问题,比如,人类与人形机器人的比例是多少?我认为可能会超过1比1,你知道,因为你可以,你可以算是看到机器人在家中的用途,当然也能看到机器人在工业上的用途,也就是人形机器人的用途。
埃隆·马斯克
我认为,我认为人形机器人与人类的比例可能会超过1比1。
埃隆·马斯克
到那时,甚至连“经济”是什么意思都不清楚了,你知道,因为经济就是人均产出乘以人数。但如果产出高得多,而且人数没有上限,那么经济的实际上限是什么?你知道,我们距离卡尔达肖夫等级仍然相当遥远,但我们正在接近。所以,不管怎样,这可能是我们在 Tesla 所做的事情中最不为人理解或重视的部分,但长期来看,其价值很可能会显著高于……
埃隆·马斯克
汽车业务。
埃隆·马斯克
那么,充电。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
我想接下来由丽贝卡来谈充电。
扎克·柯克霍恩
充。
科林·坎贝尔
谢谢。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
大家好。我叫丽贝卡·坦努奇,负责 Tesla 的充电基础设施团队。在 Tesla 充电业务中,我们从第一天起就明白,出色的充电体验是推动电动汽车普及的关键。而这种认识意味着,我们始终以整体性的方法看待充电。今天你们已经多次听到这个词。但对充电而言,它意味着我们考虑了每一种使用场景。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
我们经常思考在家充电意味着什么,即使这个家是一套公寓或共管公寓。我们也花了很多时间思考离家在外充电意味着什么,包括日常通勤或公路旅行时的情况。而这种整体性方法带来了一些相当惊人的成果。2022 年,我们通过各种充电方式提供了 9 太瓦时的充电量。其中超过 50% 是通过便捷的家用交流充电提供的。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
而当我们的客户离家在外时,他们可以前往我们的 80,000 个充电点之一。其中包括我们深受喜爱的 40,000 个超级充电桩。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
如今能走到这里,意味着我们花了 10 年建设充电基础设施,而当时这个行业基本上没有其他人愿意这么做。尽管我们当然仍有许多希望改进的方面,但这 10 年也让我们有机会变得相当擅长充电。首先,我们拥有业内最低的部署成本。我们的成本通常比其他方案低 20%,甚至低 70%。这既适用于我们的超级充电硬件及其部署,也适用于我们的交流充电产品线。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
我们之所以能够做到这一点有很多原因,其中很多你们今天已经在这里听到过。我们实现了垂直整合。我们自行制造和设计所有充电设备。不同产品线之间共用零部件。在超级充电方面,我们还自行安装和运营所有站点。这让我们非常执着于寻找围绕安装进行创新的新方法。例如,我们最近把自己在制造方面的卓越能力延伸到了超级充电站的建设方式上。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
我们正在位于超级工厂的工厂里预先建造四桩式超级充电单元。在纽约的工厂里,我们把它们装上卡车,用卡车运到现场,然后用起重机把它们吊装到位。这种方法让我们的部署成本节省了 15%,而且我们可以在短短几天内完成一个站点的安装。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
站点安装完成后,我们的运营效率也非常高。在过去几年里,我们把每千瓦时成本降低了 40%。同样,这背后有很多原因,但其中最重要的一项是,我们一直专注于提高站点利用率。站点利用率就是我们能让多少次充电或多少千瓦时通过一个站点或一个充电桩?基本上,这让我们能够把成本分摊到更多次充电上,从而降低每千瓦时成本。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
但当然,说起来容易做起来难,因为当我们提高站点效率时,风险当然是客户体验会变差,而且站点会出现等待时间。这就是行程规划器发挥作用的地方。行程规划器是我们的车载路线规划或导航系统。其他电动汽车制造商,嗯,其中一些掌握车辆端数据,其他基础设施提供商掌握站点数据,但在 Tesla,我们两者都有。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
这使我们能够利用行程规划器,把车辆引导至有空位的站点并避开拥堵站点,从而在不造成等待时间风险的情况下平衡利用率。成果不言自明。在过去几年里,我们把站点利用率提高了 30%。这意味着每千瓦时成本更低,同时等待时间也缩短了一半。而且我们认为还能做得更好。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
如今,我们会向行程规划器输入实时站点信息以及当前位于站点的车辆信息。未来,我们将转向根据对当前有哪些车辆正驶向这些站点的了解来预测站点占用率。最终,我们对行程规划器的愿景是,让它成为在全球范围内统筹所有所有基础设施上电动汽车充电的空中交通管制员。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
为了走到这里,我们最后关注的一件事是缩短充电时间。我们对自己在这方面取得的成果感到非常自豪。在过去几年里,我们把平均充电时间、超级充电站停留时间、到访时间缩短了 30%。这有赖于硬件端、车辆软件以及基础设施方面的改进。我们非常期待继续推动这一趋势下降。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
展望未来,这项工作并不会变得更容易,正如你们先前听到的,我们的愿景是实现全球车队的全面电动化。从全行业的角度看,这支车队每年需要 9 拍瓦时的充电量。尽管 Tesla 充电业务当然不必供应全部充电量,但这确实要求我们承担的部分需要有几个新的重点,才能扩大规模
劳里·谢尔比
第一。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
如果你想要一支全面电动化的全球车队,所有这些车辆都必须拥有出色且可靠的充电体验。所以,正如你们许多人所知,我们最近已开始在全球范围内开放我们的网络。目前,我们在欧洲超过 50% 的超级充电桩已向其他电动汽车开放。我们也已在亚太地区开放网络,首批站点设在澳大利亚。就在昨天,我们还首次把位于北美美国的 10 个超级充电站向其他电动汽车开放。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
我们也投入了大量资源,让新客户能够获得真正轻松的体验。你只需登录 Tesla 应用程序,即可解锁一个充电桩并开始充电。我们也在实体站点改动方面,我们还为站点增添了硬件。它们叫作 MagicDocs,基本上会安装在采用不同充电标准的地区,让其他电动汽车无需自带适配器或硬件就能来到我们的站点充电。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
我们也刚刚开始安装第四代超级充电桩。它们会首先在欧洲安装。虽然这不是什么值得大提的事,不是什么大事,但它们确实配备了更长的充电线,让我们能更轻松地够到不同车辆的充电口。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
当我们谈到扩大所有这些充电基础设施的规模时,需要确保做到的第二件事,是确保它由可再生能源供电。我们非常自豪,在过去2年里,我们采购了足够的可再生能源,抵消了我们为客户提供的充电量。但展望未来,当我们谈论全球范围内全面电动化的车队时,我们确实希望确保充电需求与可再生能源可用的时间更加紧密地吻合。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
现在,这张图展示的是美国的总体情况,具体情况会因当地的可再生能源发电来源而异。但它基本上表明,我们希望在某种程度上移动那条充电曲线。在这个例子中,对于太阳能和风能而言,这意味着更多地在白天充电。我们认为,转向白天充电的最佳方式,是在各处安装方便且成本低廉的交流充电设施。车辆通常会在白天一直停放着。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
所以这确实就是计划。虽然超级充电和家庭充电肯定、肯定仍然是整个拼图中的一大部分,但我们的团队目前正在扩大规模,以便在各处安装交流充电设施。车辆在白天充电,这样我们就能使用可再生能源为它们供电。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
总结一下,虽然我们已经花了10年时间安装成本低、效率高并能提供出色客户体验的基础设施,但谈到支持宏图计划第三篇章时,我们实际上才刚刚起步。我们必须在整个行业范围内将容量扩大到每年9拍瓦时。我们必须向非Tesla车辆开放,让每个人都能获得真正出色的充电体验,而且我们必须通过可再生能源为这一切供电。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
还有一件事,是的,我们必须扩大基础设施规模,也确实希望通过可再生能源为其供电,但我们是Tesla,所以也希望确保继续专注于提供真正不可思议的充电体验。说到这里,我想欢迎我们的供应链负责人罗尚和卡恩上台,稍微谈谈这个话题。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
谢谢,丽贝卡。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
大家好,我叫卡恩,我的团队负责Tesla的电子、电驱系统和电池供应链。我们还负责间接采购、施工采购以及仓储和配送。
罗尚(Tesla)
大家好,我叫罗尚,我在Tesla已经工作超过14年了。我的团队负责车辆大宗商品、太阳能物流规划和资本设备。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
10年,忘了这一点。所以今天,我们想向大家快速概述一下Tesla的供应链,以及究竟是什么让我们有别于典型的汽车供应链。正如大家此前在皮特、德鲁和其他一些人的演示中看到的,Tesla会设计许多用于我们车辆的子部件。所以我们并不是从供应商那里购买现成的东西。因此,供应链并不像在大多数其他公司那样,纯粹是一种商业关系。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
实际上,我们在供应链内部设有一个名为供应工业化工程的部门。将一张图纸、一项设计从概念转化为以适当成本和适当良率生产出来的数千件产品,这项重任落在这个团队身上。他们当然会与设计工程部门非常密切地合作,但我们的工程师在帮助供应商建立能力方面,参与的细致程度确实相当高。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
所以,你知道,一旦我们拿到一个新零件,自然而然地,对于电动汽车来说,很多供应链并不存在。我们的工程师基本上会拿到图纸,把它转化为制造概念,进行设备选型,然后亲自前往供应商那里驻留数周或数月,无论需要多长时间,基本上都要完成生产线的启动。一旦生产线启动,而我们正达到适当的速率、适当的质量和适当的良率。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
然后,我们会开展自动化、良率提升之类的工作。所以供应链内部有一大群机械、电气、工业等各种各样的工程师,他们有责任处理这些工作。现在,这是一项巨大的战略优势,因为我们管理供应链的每一个细节,也因为我们与合作伙伴高度整合,所以能在问题发生之前就获知它们。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
这几乎是实时的。我们有仪表板,也建立了连接;在全球约10,000家为我们制造部件的工厂中,我们能够相当清楚地了解那些供应商的健康状况。这一直是一项关键资产,也是过去几年里我们能够以某种方式应对许多不同问题的方式。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以,
卡恩·布迪拉杰
你知道,供应链是一场追求完美的游戏。完美才算及格。这就像,你知道,如果有一个零件没有到货,那条生产线就会停下来,而我们的首席执行官会在不到20分钟内得知此事。Tesla与Apple非常不同。他们将制造外包,而我们在内部完成。所以供应链在某种程度上正处于核心位置。而完美正变得越来越难以企及,也非常昂贵。如果你大致看看过去1年里我们不得不应对的所有问题,那么今天我们只会谈谈我们是如何渡过过去的,然后是我们接下来要做什么,以及要如何做到?
卡恩·布迪拉杰
请大家把注意力转向这张幻灯片。左侧可以看到一个产品组合,也就是我们现有的产品组合。最上方是SNX平台。中间是3和Y。我想大家对这些都已经非常熟悉了。然后是Tesla能源平台,这对我们而言是一个增长率非常高的平台。
罗尚(Tesla)
而且别忘了太阳能和超级充电。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
还有太阳能和超级充电。谢谢你,罗尚。你会看到“所以”和“以及”有所减少。然后,我们基本上还有1级和2级零件。这可能很无聊,但1级供应商是指任何直接制造并供应零件、供我们5家工厂使用的供应商。而我们的2级供应商基本上为1级供应商做同样的事情。所以,他们是我们供应商的供应商。根据其中任何一种产品的供应链情况,这实际上可以一直延伸到第6级。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
例如,如果你谈论的是电芯,我们确实会介入类似这样的想法,即我们从哪里采购锂、钴以及所有诸如此类的东西,因为我们的采购量非常大。所以你会看到,从SNX平台到3和Y平台,零件数量有所减少。而,而这是因为我们的设计工程师做了出色的工作,让汽车变得更简单、更易于并行制造。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
实际上,我们在供应链中采取了类似的策略。对于SNX平台,我们向大量供应商广撒网。我们邀请了很多供应商与我们合作,并把这个平台当作一种筛选机制,看看哪些供应商具备与我们匹配的技术、财务和文化能力。对吧。就像当我们真正扩大规模时,会邀请谁加入。对于3NY平台,我们,你知道,确实大幅减少了与我们打交道的供应商数量。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
对于未来陆续推出、产量甚至更高的平台,我们将继续采用这种方法。所以这,这确实一直是我们的方法。它让事情变得容易了很多,而且,你知道,我们可以,我们可以弄清楚哪些供应商有能力跟上我们的步伐,以及哪些供应商没有这样做的意愿,或者没有这样的能力。意愿和能力缺一不可。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
其次,二级供应商层面的复杂程度非常高。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
对。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
这些是我们供应商的供应商,而且涉及大量零部件。想想硅,想想电阻、电容、二极管、所有小型组件、原材料。原材料,所有那些,那还要再往上游追溯。
罗尚(Tesla)
是的。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
但所有这些必须进入 Tesla 的小型子组件,其复杂程度极高。所以,即使在一级供应商层面,我们谈论的总共是 8,000 个零件,听起来似乎很多,但其实并不多。二级供应商的管理才真正是我们的强项。我想用一个例子来说明这一点。来认识一下车载计算机。这个名字听起来很无害,但实际上完全不是。这绝对是一个管理起来极其棘手的庞然大物。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我想你们都看过左边那张自动辅助驾驶板的图片。那是自动辅助驾驶板的顶面。自动辅助驾驶板还有一个底面,底面密集装有元器件。在散热器的另一侧是 MCU,也就是多媒体仪表板。这块板同样复杂。它也是双面、8 层的。这些板、这些计算机在峰值运行时会变得非常热,以至于必须通过散热器进行液体、液体冷却。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
因此,要完成这个总成,需要取来那两块板,然后将它们粘合到一个散热器上,整个总成采用气密密封。当然,还要烧录软件以及诸如此类的工作。然后,这就作为一个零件编号交付给 Tesla。所以,这是一个一级供应商零件编号的例子,它是一个在二级供应商层面管理起来非常复杂的总成。这里有超过 7,000 个元器件。有一个,你知道,就在我们站在这里的时候,每 1.4 毫秒就有一个元器件被装到一台车载计算机上。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
制造这台计算机的生产线有一个足球场那么长。所以它,它相当复杂。最初,当我们刚开始制造这块板时,由于其复杂性,我们不得不高度依赖人工。但一旦我们调好了质量、速率和良率,就开始专注于提高它的效率。控制成本的唯一办法就是减少人工。第一步是减少人工。第二步是实现完全自动化。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
第一步是关掉灯,让工厂自行运转,这是理想状态。而这将是我们在这里的目标。所以是95%。但我们的工作还没有完成。我们还会比这走得远得多。这说明了一个道理:零件不只是一个零件。零件之下有很多复杂性。供应链是一场涉及多个层级的游戏。而让我们取得成功的,是我们对所有细节的参与,以及我们的供应工程师,他们是Tesla的员工,是Tesla的供应工程师。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
所以他们就像是领我们工资的人,出去提升供应商所具备的这些能力,然后管理其中的每一个属性。你知道,每天7,000台,经历芯片短缺、疫情以及我们不得不应对的所有其他事情,管理起来非常困难。但因为我们掌握了所有细节,所以我们得以做到这一点。当然,供应链不只关乎零件,也关乎物流以及许多其他事情。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
那么接下来交给罗尚,由他分享一些统计数据。
罗尚(Tesla)
是的,说到入厂复杂性,仅仅在去年这一年里,我们就从供应商向工厂运送了大约1,600万个托盘。直观地说,如果把这些托盘并排放置,它们可以覆盖地球周长的一半。
罗尚(Tesla)
再说到二级供应商的复杂性,每周要运送超过10亿个电子元件,以支持卡尔南团队所管理的生产。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
目前是每周10亿个元件,每年520亿个。顺便说一句,这个数字还会上升。
罗尚(Tesla)
除此之外,我们还负责确保将正确的元件供应到正确的服务地点,以支持不断增长的车辆保有量。我们大约有685个服务中心,这些元件需要准时送达那里。
罗尚(Tesla)
此外,由于疫情,同时甚至在那之前,我们就一直在为一些关键元件推进双重采购和三重采购。因此,我们的供应商遍布全球约45个国家。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
是的。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我们采取的方法其实一直是把一些元件的制造地点移到更靠近使用地点的地方。这让供应链更加环保,因为你不必燃烧柴油把东西运来运去。而且,在一家工厂停产时,拥有多个来源也能为我们提供供应保障。
罗尚(Tesla)
我们也是这样挺过疫情的。
戴维·刘
没错。
罗尚(Tesla)
所以过去3年难以置信地艰难。新冠疫情前,卡恩和我看起来年轻得多,不过说正经的,疫情确实改变了供应链管理这场游戏。我们不再只是做普通的供应链工作。我们卷起袖子,与州政府、市政管理者和市长谈判,帮助我们的供应商启动起来、恢复运营。你知道,有一些确实鼓舞人心的故事,我们的供应链团队真的竭尽全力,确保工厂不会停摆。
罗尚(Tesla)
这也证明了我们的供应商合作伙伴有多么坚韧。话虽如此,你知道,这并不全是靠韧性和永不放弃的态度。我们也已经为拥有双重来源打下了基础。而且,你知道,在很多情况下,我们有许多,你知道,已经简化的东西。我们简化过的零件、我们简化过的供应链设计,正因如此,我们得以用比汽车行业其他企业好得多的状态挺过疫情。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
它迫使我们去适应。你知道,我们一次处理一个问题。这确实是团队共同努力的结果。我们非常依赖政府关系团队。你确实不得不这样做。正如你所知,新冠疫情,你知道,在不同国家于不同时间发生。但不幸的是,制造汽车需要所有零件。所以在任何特定时刻,都有一家工厂停工,有一个司法管辖区正被使用,你知道,它不愿意。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
他们想关闭一家工厂,因为那里出现了疫情。所以学习规则、加以理解、提出论点、借助团队并获得那些,这是一次困难但有益的经历。
罗尚(Tesla)
完全正确。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我们学到了很多。
罗尚(Tesla)
是的。就在我们刚摸索出如何应对新冠疫情时,西海岸又出现了港口拥堵。物流交付周期增加了,你知道,2倍,2倍的幅度。而我们当时系统的准确率不到35%。这意味着在任何特定时刻,船舶的预计到达时间都有75%的偏差。于是我们摸索出了应对办法。然后芯片短缺又来了。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
是的,芯片短缺,那是一场噩梦。但我们挺过来了。我的意思是,你知道,我认为这证明了团队的坚韧不拔以及我们供应商合作伙伴的韧性。它基本已经过去了,而且我认为结果不言自明。在行业其他企业连维持产量不变都很困难的时候,Tesla却能够提高产量。我认为它们的产量累计来看实际上萎缩了。而且,你知道,人们经常问我们,我们是如何挺过来的?
卡恩·布迪拉杰
答案其实在今天的演示中已经充分体现出来了。首先,我们设计自己的电子系统。所以为了控制成本,我们确实必须去和所有二级供应商建立关系,直接与他们谈判。因此,这些关系是在,你知道,10多年前建立的,而,而且我们确实已经非常了解他们了。所以当短缺发生时,我们知道,你知道,该向谁升级问题、该给谁打电话、该向谁求助,而且,而且确实会集中力量处理制约点上的问题。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
所以,最优秀的团队,你知道,与供应商保持牢固的关系。然后我们还有一套相当成熟的产能规划职能。二级供应商的产能需要比一级供应商的产能更早到位。三级供应商的产能必须更早到位。我们的团队在与所有合作伙伴保持这种战略协同方面做得非常好,以确保产能在我们需要之前就准备就绪。我们是一家以使命为导向的公司。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我们的目标是推出尽可能多的电动汽车。我们没有让疫情影响我们。我们开足马力,在需求信号方面也是油门踩到底,这也起到了帮助。硅产业的交付周期非常长。他们投入数十亿美元建设需要数年才能建成的先进晶圆厂。所以他们很看重这种稳定性和需求,而这也是非常、非常具有Tesla特色的事情。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
所以刚才是在回顾,对吧?这就是我们如何走到今天的,这就是我们如何从零发展到每周生产40,000辆汽车。我们来谈谈如何达到2,000万辆。所以有人会问,你知道,如果我们增长到2,000万辆汽车,Tesla基本上会不会把芯片行业搞垮?答案是不会。但请让我带大家梳理一下我们对此的逻辑。就目前的情况而言,一辆配备完全自动驾驶计算机的Tesla,其硅含量是普通汽车的4倍。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
所以按大约200万辆的年化生产速度计算,我们要消耗约700,000片12英寸晶圆当量。这是业界在谈论硅产能时常用的衡量方式。这就是我们的使用量。所以略低于100万片。而根据我们看到的估算,看到的全球晶圆产能约为1.35亿片。所以我们约占该行业的0.5%。不算多。现在,如果你达到2,000万辆。当我们达到2,000万辆时,如果我们不在零部件数量方面做任何精简,而这也是另一项独立的工作,我想科林谈到过,皮特也谈到过。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我们不会再有所有这些不同的部件。我们确实会简化架构,因为越简单越好。但即使你不这么做,而且我们采用最悲观的情形,我们也将需要800万片晶圆。好。而届时整个行业将扩张至2亿片。所以我们仍然只占不到5%的市场份额。如果我们继续采用一直以来的同样打法,继续与合作伙伴协作,并且,你知道,投资晶圆厂、投资产能,那么到我们需要这些产能时,它们就会准备就绪。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
所以从供应链角度来看,我确实不认为这是达到2,000万辆的障碍。
罗尚(Tesla)
现在我想谈谈我们从电子领域的行动手册中借鉴、并应用到机械领域的一页。目前,我们的车辆在热管理系统中采用基于热泵的技术。但在采用热泵之前,我们的车辆使用的是由软管连接的分散式热管理系统。工程团队从电路板中获得启发,随后创建了一个高度集成的系统,其中该系统的60%只有一个篮球大小,里面包含约100个部件、50个顶棚接口以及数种不同的制造工艺。
罗尚(Tesla)
所有这些都被封装在如此紧凑的尺寸内。现在我们为什么要谈这个?嗯,我们恰好在疫情暴发期间将这套系统应用于Model Y。团队被迫远程管理来自世界各地不同供应商的100多个部件。
罗尚(Tesla)
所以现在有4段视频同时播放。其中一段是我们开始生产时创建的手工作业线的视频。这条手工作业线产生了很多质量问题,更不用说产能了。所以我们很快转向了半自动化生产线。但尽管如此,虽然产能很高,质量问题却依然存在。因此,我们的团队认定,完全自动化是唯一的出路。
罗尚(Tesla)
所以在实现生产线自动化之前,我们创建了一个3D仿真。现在,没有多少公司或团队具备这种能力:在目前这个阶段,当一个零件的规格确定后,我们能够为制造该零件所涉及的所有复杂子总成创建3D仿真,并准确告诉供应商要购买什么设备、要测试什么、什么,以及在仿真中创建一条端到端的生产线。这就是我们在这里所做的。
罗尚(Tesla)
所以在仿真的帮助下,我们得到了一个非常详尽的子总成单元,并将其与供应商的工厂布局并置。然后,经过反复迭代和流程优化,我们在不到8个月的时间里实施了这条完全自动化的生产线。结果非常显著。
罗尚(Tesla)
劳动力减少了99%。所以,一条在满负荷生产超级歧管时需要1000名员工的生产线,现在只需要10名员工。
罗尚(Tesla)
质量也提升了一个数量级。我们的缺陷率低于0.05%,每7秒就有一个超级歧管下线。因为我们创建了许多自动化生产线,顺便说一下,这些工厂有2个足球场那么大。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
罗尚非得压我一头:1、99%、2个足球场。
罗尚(Tesla)
那么,我们为什么要谈这个?在这样一个劳动力成本不断上升、劳动参与率不断下降、人员流动率极高,并且未来10年实施自动化的成本将下降至三分之一的世界里,这就是我们思考复杂总成的方式。我们将越来越多地把这种思维推广到为我们制造复杂总成的供应商体系中。我们认为,这是我们能够有把握地扩大规模、实现2000万辆汽车目标的唯一途径。
罗尚(Tesla)
总结一下,我们已经为准备执行宏图计划第3篇章奠定了基础。我们的战略是简化供应链设计。我们将确保对供应链的各个层级拥有更多控制。我们将与长期合作伙伴一起,以负责任且可持续的方式发展,而且我们会实现自动化。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
是的,你知道,从每周0辆增长到40000辆汽车很艰难。我的意思是,这经历了大量试错,也需要大量学习。在这个过程中有很多痛苦,也留下了很多埃隆所说的心理疤痕。但现在,我们已经达到那个水平,基础也已经打好。从40增长到400不会,这其实并不会让我们感到困扰;我们有一支能力出众的团队。我们还有能力出众的外部合作伙伴,他们,你知道,曾和我们一起经历过地狱。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我们的领导团队已经在这项使命的感召下团结起来,我们会把它完成。所以,我想感谢大家抽出时间,接下来交给德鲁和汤姆进行下一场演讲。
德鲁·巴格利诺
谢谢。
朱晓彤
大家好,我叫朱晓彤。我目前负责全球生产、销售和交付服务。我在2014年加入公司,此后一直负责公司在中国及亚太区的综合业务。今天,我代表所有超级工厂,来谈谈我们怎样才能以更快的速度制造更多汽车。
朱晓彤
所以目前,我们在3个大洲拥有4座汽车工厂,为我们的市场提供服务。制造部门的员工总数超过65000人。这也包括我们在里诺那支出色的团队。他们正在为我们的汽车工厂制造动力总成、电池包和驱动单元。所有这些汽车工厂的总装机产能约为每年200万辆汽车。话虽如此,我们始终在寻找从现有占地中获得更多产能的机会。
朱晓彤
所以你可以预期这个数字会随着时间增长。
朱晓彤
要制造更多汽车,第一步就是建造更多工厂,而我们当然是这方面的专家。这张前后对比图向大家展示了我们在2019年于上海建造一座超级工厂时取得的进展。所以,我们用了9个半月时间,通过一个绿地项目建成了这座汽车工厂。又过了3个月,我们开始交付首批客户车辆。人们确实一直问我,你知道,Tesla怎么能这么快建成一座工厂。
朱晓彤
真的吗?我们从弗里蒙特工厂学到了很多。我们与从产能地狱中幸存下来的人交谈,努力避免我们犯过的所有错误。我们决定设计一条直线,尽量减少上下移动和转弯的次数,以便更容易制造和施工。我们还挑战了人们对于建造汽车工厂的一切既有假设。当我们删除并简化所有冗余和缓冲环节时,这帮助我们节省了大量时间。
朱晓彤
此外,Tesla内部还有一支非常强大的施工团队。如果有一项工作别人无法做得更好,我们就会把它收归内部,因此这支内部施工团队能够全面控制现场的所有活动,从设计工程到施工现场管理。所以,这支团队不只建造了上海超级工厂,还建造了柏林超级工厂、得州超级工厂和内华达超级工厂。他们确实是幕后的英雄。
朱晓彤
正如拉尔斯此前分享的,展望未来,凭借新平台、更具模块化的设计以及密度更高的超级工厂,我们将能够以更小的占地面积制造更多汽车。这也意味着,依靠全球所有制造团队的绘图工作,我们可以同时建造更多工厂。我很高兴地告诉大家,今天一早,Tesla累计制造量达到了400万辆这一里程碑。
朱晓彤
而且这第400万辆汽车实际上就是在这座工厂制造的。大家参观我们的生产车间时,很可能从它旁边走过。好了,所以我们用了12年制造第100万辆汽车,又用了大约18个月制造第2个100万辆。第3个100万辆用了11个月,而可以肯定的是,不到7个月,我们就制造了叉百万辆汽车。所以我们正变得更好、更快。
德鲁·巴格利诺
确实是指数级增长。
朱晓彤
向团队致敬。
朱晓彤
那么,提升一座超级工厂的产量需要什么?好吧,如果你有600台机器人、10000名训练有素的员工,或者5000个人类和5000个Optimus,以及数百道工序,你就能做到。听起来很简单,但实际极其困难。所以,所以我们主要关注2项关键指标。它们是整体设备效率和周期时间。在Tesla,我们为汽车工厂设定的及格标准是90%的OEE和45秒的周期时间。
朱晓彤
这意味着,OEE实际上评估的是设备正常运行时间、机器性能和质量。简单来说,就是优质产品的实际生产时间与计划生产时间之比。越高越好。45秒的周期时间。这意味着你预计每隔45秒,就有一辆汽车从工厂的总装线上驶下。而我们租得越快,就能越快实现规模经济。
朱晓彤
如果你看左边的图表,上海在产能爬坡期间能够显著降低我们每辆车的工时。最近一次小幅下探发生在2022年第二季度,是因为新冠疫情停工。右边是弗里蒙特的Model Y车间。尽管这是一个已有6年历史的设施,那里的团队仍然能够优化物料流,消除所有单点故障,并推动提高产量,从而减少工时。
朱晓彤
实际上,这家工厂不断创下新纪录。就在昨天,他们刚刚创下新的工厂单日产量纪录。
德鲁·巴格利诺
祝贺弗里蒙特团队。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
当然。
朱晓彤
那么,我们怎样才能缩短周期时间、持续提高效率?我们遵循埃隆分享的制造火箭理念,也就是通过质疑,从根本上找到需要解决的正确问题。我们从删除、简化开始。然后,我们尝试加速、给生产线加压,并判断解决方案是否确实有效。最后,我们才考虑自动化。有一个上海超级工厂涂装车间的例子,我们发现PVC密封胶和面漆的烘烤范围存在重叠。
朱晓彤
这原本由两个不同的烘箱完成。我们决定将这两个工序合并。最终,这不仅帮助我们缩短了周期时间,还节省了9%的能源消耗,并减少了9%的二氧化碳排放。我们还在弗里蒙特对SNX设计进行了通用化。现在我们有了通用车身和通用前照灯。我们削减了大约40个零件,并将周期时间缩短了约10%。所以,所有这些改进确实帮助我们实现了更快的产能爬坡轨迹。
朱晓彤
而且,我们不仅从这些现有的大批量生产工厂中学习,也从新工厂中学习。最近,我们的柏林工厂团队在车间实施了5G专用网络。这帮助我们克服了总装车间某个特定工序约90%的超周期问题。我们很快将在全球实施这一方案。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
所以
朱晓彤
现在,我们拥有一个从生产一直延伸到销售、交付和服务的一体化全球组织。这将帮助我们加强制造与服务之间的反馈闭环。显然,我们希望为车主带来愉悦的客户拥车体验。有了这个直接反馈闭环,我们就能够立即把客户上报的问题和反馈转化为车间里的快速改进行动。
朱晓彤
凭借过去6个月的努力,我们将能够缩短维修时间和购车初期的维修时间。还将显著缩短预约维修所需的时间。
朱晓彤
所以4座工厂还不够。如果我们想实现每年2000万辆汽车的目标,我们将继续建设新工厂、新生产线,同时也会推出新产品。现在所有超级工厂都归属于同一个组织,我们将能够把统一的理念复制到各座工厂。我们还将帮助新工厂更快提升产能,并以更低的成本生产出质量更好的产品。现在我要把话筒交给朱尔,由他来谈谈电芯制造。
德鲁·巴格利诺
谢谢。是的,我们谈的不只是新建汽车工厂,还有新建电芯工厂。我们会谈谈在这样做时如何遵循同样的模式。但首先,我想简单介绍一下电芯生产的最新情况。还记得电池日吗?我们展示了这段带勺子的视频,以及我们如何从干粉制成薄膜。只能说,现在没有勺子了。今天在座的许多人参观时都看到了这个。
德鲁·巴格利诺
不过,你们知道,这就是我们位于得克萨斯州的干电极设备。它是我们在这里安装的其中一条生产线,全自动化,不用勺子,粉末和箔材输入,涂覆电极输出。从单台设备的峰值生产率角度来看。从这个角度看,它的生产率是我们在电池日时向参观者展示的卡托路设备的20多倍。所以在电芯制造流程的关键环节,也就是其中一个关键环节上,我们取得了很大进展。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我们还继续专注于改进电芯的制造方式,以及容纳这些电芯的工厂。正如这张图表所示,从典型的2170圆柱形电芯到4680,我们实现了巨大飞跃,工厂占地面积和体积、体积和占地面积基本缩减至原来的1/5。然后,从我们在弗里蒙特试验线所做的工作转向得克萨斯州时,我们又进一步改进;等我们转向内华达州时,还会再次改进。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而这实际上代表着一系列行动,它们由一个高度整合的整体设计团队实施,横跨,你们知道,产品设计、制造设计、工艺设计、设备设计和设施设计。它们全都需要协同工作,才能实现这一点。你们可以看到底部,这只是一个简单化程度提高、投资下降和规模扩大方面的例子,你们知道,在零部件方面,我们减少了电芯中的零部件数量、工序数量,工序数量显著减少,而且通过与这5个设计团队协作,我们得以产生,你们知道,建造一个最终形成一个、拥有一座体积缩小至1/10的工厂,这意味着它的建设速度更快,每吉瓦时产出的资本支出低得多。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且我们能够扩大规模,你们知道,以实现我们的目标,也就是总计240太瓦时、每年1太瓦的固定式储能,以及每年2000万辆汽车,并具备实现目标所需的可扩展性。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我们关注的不只是电芯工厂本身,也包括必要的上游材料。你们在这里看到的是位于得克萨斯州、我们已经动工建设的科珀斯克里斯蒂年产50吉瓦时锂精炼厂的效果图。该设施将于今年2023年年底前开始调试。这是一个很好的例子:我们谈的基本上是在10个月内破土动工并开始调试,并在12个月内实现实际生产。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这就是目标。与我们在上海所做的类似。这同样是协作与智慧、内部施工执行以及与当地社区合作的成果。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这个厂址距科珀斯克里斯蒂港30分钟路程,并直接位于铁路线上。我们采用的工艺路线是对输入材料进行直接纯碱浸出,这意味着没有酸焙烧。我们不会产生任何与酸焙烧步骤相关的那类废弃物。我们的设计可处理锂辉石,这是一种交易非常普遍的含锂岩石,但也能灵活处理来自初级和次级来源的其他原料。
德鲁·巴格利诺
同样,我们也在建设位于得克萨斯州的正极材料设施。也许你们开车四处参观时见过它,它是位于这里主楼后方的一座年产60吉瓦时的正极材料设施。那里的建设时间同样是10个月。就在我们说话的时候,第一条生产线的设备正在安装,我们将从下个季度开始调试。
科林·坎贝尔
所以。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,我们会在需要的地方这样做。我们的计划并不是始终都这样做。外面有很多有能力的公司,但我们也在尝试通过一些可扩展性略强的新做法来加快行业发展步伐,并为某些能提高生产率的创新降低风险,比如降低每吉瓦时的资本支出之类的。有了这些,我想我们在工厂方面的工作就总结完了。
德鲁·巴格利诺
迈克,你要上来吗?我们来谈谈能源?
科林·坎贝尔
好的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
好的,交给你了。好的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
大家好。
迈克·斯奈德
我叫迈克·斯奈德。我负责我们的 Megapack 业务部门。我加入 Tesla 已经快9年了。今天我很高兴能和大家聊聊 Megapack 产品、这项业务,以及我们面前一些令人振奋的事情。
迈克·斯奈德
从这项业务一开始,我们始终专注于为客户打造成功的项目,而不仅仅是
科林·坎贝尔
箱子里的电池。
迈克·斯奈德
我们构建了一个硬件和软件平台,它能够适应世界各地的环境,并能从小型岛屿项目扩展到大型吉瓦时级电池项目。
迈克·斯奈德
我们投入时间和人才,力求充分了解项目的每一个方面、流程中的每一个步骤和每一种风险,最终提供一个经过深思熟虑、直观易用、能为客户带来巨大价值,并且尽可能即插即用的解决方案。
迈克·斯奈德
而且,是的,看到这些项目,看到它们全都汇集在一段蒙太奇中,真是不可思议。
德鲁·巴格利诺
看到了未来。是的,是的,被压缩了。
迈克·斯奈德
这是建设这些项目的10年,看到它们产生的影响,以及看到我们面前的一切,真是不可思议。
科林·坎贝尔
当然。
迈克·斯奈德
我们的工业产品已经发展到第6代,也就是我们正在……正在加利福尼亚州莱思罗普生产的 Megapack XL。我们已在50个国家部署了超过16吉瓦时的工业和住宅产品。实际上,Megapack 是市场领导者。它在效率、可靠性、能量密度以及安装便利性和最低安装成本方面都是同类最佳。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我们称它为 XL,是因为它实际上是能够在世界各地的道路上运输,而无需封路、办理各种离谱许可证之类手续的最大、最重物体。它是超大型号,而且不会有 XXL,不妨就这么说吧。
迈克·斯奈德
这个项目,或者说这个产品,需求非常惊人。2023年将是很棒的一年。我们正在建设吉瓦时规模的项目。莱思罗普工厂继续扩大规模和提升产量,近期路线图上还有新产品。所以有很多值得期待的事情。
迈克·斯奈德
我们是如何走到这一步的?第一,对固定式储能交付的方方面面都抱有近乎狂热的专注。这是什么意思?有哪些例子?正如你们在这里看到的,以 Megapack 外壳为例,我们设计了……电线重量直接进入外壳底座。通常你需要在地下安装一大堆导管和电缆。现在你可以把它们提起来,直接安装到外壳底座中,从而提高部署速度并降低成本。
迈克·斯奈德
接下来我们看到电池和电力电子系统。而电力电子系统确实是 Megapack 的精妙与优雅之处。它负责将直流电转换为电网上的交流电。大脑直接内置于产品之中。产品开箱即可连接世界上任何电网。它使它能够……特定场地中的所有 Megapack 作为一个整体运行。
迈克·斯奈德
实际上,正是它成就了 Megapack。我认为这是 Megapack 最不可思议的特性。当你建成整个场地时,我们最终得到的是市场上能量密度最高的解决方案,每英亩最高可达300兆瓦时。作为参考,这套解决方案的功率密度是典型燃气调峰电厂的2倍。所以这就是未来,这就是我们前进的方向。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这款产品会一次淘汰一座化石燃料发电厂。
迈克·斯奈德
我们再多谈一点电力电子。Tesla 是电力电子领域的领导者。我们已在储能和车辆领域部署了超过1.4太瓦的电力电子设备。按年度计算,我们交付的电力电子设备比太阳能和风能行业的总和还多。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而电力电子设备的影响力怎么强调都不为过。它们确实是可持续能源经济中的黏合剂。在发电、储能和最终使用之间,你知道,那些电力电子设备每秒切换,你知道,数千次。每秒数十万次,从而高效响应汽车或电网中的任何需求。由于它们的核心在某种程度上有点由软件驱动,因此能够提供过去电网并不具备的功能。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这也是可再生能源与储能结合起来是如此出色的解决方案的原因之一。
迈克·斯奈德
是的。我们如此重视电力、电子和控制的一个原因,是它会直接影响项目。举个例子,在左边这里,我们有一项称为虚拟机模式的固件功能。虚拟机模式的作用是帮助维持电网稳定,就像汽车的减震器一样,可以抑制振荡或振动,让行驶保持平稳。所以你可以想象,如果不抑制这些振动,车辆可能会失控,或者电网上可能会有人受伤。
迈克·斯奈德
可能会发生停电。我们有一家电网运营商正在使用虚拟机模式,他们说,除非具备这项功能,否则不会让电网以100%可再生能源运行。除非虚拟机模式能够运作。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是的,他们试过了,效果不太好。
迈克·斯奈德
还有虚拟。
德鲁·巴格利诺
为什么叫虚拟机模式?它就像合成惯性,通过软件让电池电站表现得像一台巨型旋转机器,真的是这样。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而这种类似惯性的作用可以稳定电网。但你不需要一台巨型旋转机器。你不需要像大型化石燃料电站或巨型水轮机那样的设备。只要让电池来做就行,而且你可以根据电网该部分的任何需求对它进行编程,甚至让它随着。随着电网状况的变化而动态改变。
科林·坎贝尔
对。
迈克·斯奈德
这就是为什么我们如此重视这一点,而且我们相信,这是电池未来创造价值的方式。它既关乎提供能源,也将更多地关乎增强电力稳定性。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是的,是的。
迈克·斯奈德
Autobidder 是我想提到的另一项软件功能。Autobidder 是一个自主能源交易平台,最基本的含义就是低价买入能源、高价卖出。而这个。
科林·坎贝尔
所有者可以净赚其中的差价。
迈克·斯奈德
但运营电池储能实际上非常复杂,每5分钟需要作出多达数百甚至数千项决策。它比光伏电站、太阳能电站、风力发电站、热能电池或火力发电厂复杂得多。这主要是因为电池用途广泛,并且能够以许多不同方式创造大量价值,所以必须作出这些决策。实时作出决策,以便优化并从中获得最大价值
科林·坎贝尔
那些能够的电池。
迈克·斯奈德
所以市场上原本没有现成的解决方案。因此我们自己构建了一个,在市场上,我们一直是市场,我们已经将它们部署在澳大利亚、得克萨斯州和英国,它已经证明自己是市场领导者。我们会继续投资 Autobidder,随着
科林·坎贝尔
我们拓展到新市场。
迈克·斯奈德
我们走到今天的第2点,是对执行速度的不懈专注。这里有2点需要说明。第1点是建造工厂。你们在这里看到的是位于莱思罗普的 Megafactory 建设延时影像。我们在不到12个月的时间里,将它从一座 JCPenney 配送中心改造成世界一流的制造设施,这非常了不起。我们做到这一点的方式,实际上与我的同事们所描述的类似。
迈克·斯奈德
这就是利用 Tesla 的垂直整合。让汽车制造团队与施工和工程团队共处一室,让所有利益相关方和决策者共同快速作出所有决定。在我们规划下一批工厂的当下,我们正在运用从莱思罗普获得的经验。
迈克·斯奈德
第2点,是更快地安装项目。我已经提过这一点,但即插即用可以说是我们追求的核心。在过去4年里,我们把安装速度提升到了4倍,并把施工和制造环节涉及的总人工减少到了三分之一。我们认为,这是释放我们的规模化能力,以及让客户与我们共同实现规模化的关键。我们需要极其专注于缩短从 Megapack 离开工厂到在电网上投入运行的这段时间。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且这不仅关乎集中式储能,也关乎分布式储能。关于未来的路线图,呃,至少是 Tesla 这里的路线图,而且,也许你们有些人知道我们在得克萨斯州这里的这种零售计划,我只是想稍微谈谈这些是如何整合在一起的。Tesla Electric 真正释放了分布式能源和储能产品的全部价值。因此,它使我们的客户能够成为自己的公用事业公司。
德鲁·巴格利诺
页面上的数据来自我们的南澳大利亚虚拟电厂。这是我们在整个2022年开展的另一个 Tesla Electric 项目。我们拥有其中5,000名客户的数据。你们可以了解正在发生什么。假如他们接受的是默认的公用事业服务,考察为他们供应这些电力的成本,平均是每月140美元;如果他们都有太阳能系统和 Powerwall,但太阳能系统和 Powerwall 不与电网交互,也不参与能源市场,那么服务该客户的成本将从原本会是每月140美元降至每月70美元。
德鲁·巴格利诺
如果,如果 Tesla Electric 以有利于电网的智能方式运营这些资产。Tesla Electric 基本上是我们基于 Autobidder 开发的软件,用于这些分布式能源资源,我们实际上可以付费给客户,让他们把他们的、他们的、他们的能源服务提供给电网。这就是去年在澳大利亚发生的情况。而澳大利亚的情况有些特殊。他们代表着未来。
德鲁·巴格利诺
特别是在南澳大利亚,2022年太阳能和风能供应了南澳大利亚70%的能源。相比之下,得克萨斯州为30%,加利福尼亚州为35%。但它,但这表明了这一切的发展方向,即集中式和分布式储能资源都将提供实现完全可再生能源电网的关键。而 Tesla Electric 正是我们用来为拥有我们产品的客户实现这一点的零售计划。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且,你们知道,这就是我们的推广方式。首先,按照它目前的形式,它在得克萨斯州面向家中装有 Powerwall 的用户提供,但我们需要扩展到这个范围之外。有超过10亿人生活在电力零售竞争市场中,这些市场每年的能源支出超过2万亿。这是一个巨大的机会,我们打算像推进 Tesla Insurance 那样,逐个市场地推出它,从而为客户创造价值,降低我们产品的总体拥有成本。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以实际上,我们接下来要做的是——这在得克萨斯州相当令人兴奋——到今年夏天,我们将为拥有我们汽车的人提供一项零售电力计划,他们每月只需支付30美元,就可以在夜间不限量地在家充电。这是降低我们车辆总拥有成本的一部分。我们之所以能这样做,是因为得克萨斯州有大量风能。而在得克萨斯州,风是在夜间吹的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以实际上,在夜间为这些客户的汽车供电,是对所有人而言最好的做法。因此,这是一种激励人们在夜间直接使用可再生能源在家充电的方式。这是我们一开始谈到的宏图计划的一部分。所以我们对此非常兴奋。正如我所说,我们确实认为这与 Tesla 保险类似,可以进一步降低电动汽车的总拥有成本。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以综合来看,我们确实才刚刚处于这场大规模储能部署增长的开端。而且,是的,是的。
迈克·斯奈德
回顾一下这个。这个宏图计划,我们谈到数十太瓦时,需要数十太瓦时的固定式储能。因此,我们的目标是实现每年1太瓦时的产量,这是我们莱思罗普产能的25倍。
迈克·斯奈德
短期来看,我们看到市场对 Megapack 产品的需求非常强劲,2023年每年超过100吉瓦时,并且未来几年每年增长超过100吉瓦时。所以需求是存在的。而且很自然地,随着我们继续专注于成本、速度和价值,也就是我们提到的这些方面,很明显,我们需要建设更多产能,而且我们
科林·坎贝尔
需要迅速提升产能。迅速地。
迈克·斯奈德
所以,虽然挑战很大,但对 Tesla 来说,这也是一个巨大的机遇。对 Megapack 业务来说,这是一个巨大的机遇,我很期待看到它将对我们的电网转型产生的影响。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我也是。是的。好,好。
科林·坎贝尔
谢谢。
德鲁·巴格利诺
谢谢大家。是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
好。劳里、布兰登,上来吧。
科林·坎贝尔
大家好,我是法务团队的布兰登。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
感谢你们,不仅是感谢你们前来,而且
科林·坎贝尔
现在成为投资者,我们已经。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
我们拥有一个积极参与的董事会和管理团队。
科林·坎贝尔
我们已经与你们会面,而今天正是这一切的集大成。
埃隆·马斯克
我们听到了你们的声音,这正是我们很高兴能与你们共同举办这次投资者日活动的原因。
朱晓彤
现在,大家将听到更多来自我们的
埃隆·马斯克
董事会的消息,时机合适时。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
但现在,我很高兴介绍
科林·坎贝尔
劳里·谢尔比,她将讨论可持续发展和我们的员工。劳里。
劳里·谢尔比
谢谢你,布兰登。大家好。我叫劳里·谢尔比,负责环境、健康、安全、安保和可持续发展团队。我加入 Tesla 已经5年半了,所以接下来我要谈谈 Tesla 的影响。
劳里·谢尔比
当然,这要从我们出色的团队成员说起。今天,大家已经听到了许多有关我们卓越产品、流程和软件的内容。大家看到了许多数字和许多图表。大家也听到了一个共同的主题。这个共同的主题就是,Tesla 团队推动着我们的成功,并带来改变。无论你是在我们的工厂、销售、服务和交付中心、仓库,还是在一线,你都能看到,也能感受到正在发生的协作。
劳里·谢尔比
你也能看到每个人为 Tesla 工作时所怀有的自豪感。所以,在我继续之前,我想向全球 Tesla 团队大声致意并表示感谢。那么,让我们。
劳里·谢尔比
太棒了。太棒了。谢谢。我们正通过这些工作创造大量有意义的就业岗位。我们是一家大型雇主,而且每天都在增长。我们的员工人数达到12.9万,其中超过一半的团队成员从事车辆制造。而且,我们近60%的团队成员位于美国。
劳里·谢尔比
人们希望加入我们的使命,而我们需要发展,也需要聘用最优秀的人才。工程师希望为 Tesla 工作。看看第1名和第2名,SpaceX 和 Tesla。2021年,我们收到了300万份申请。300万份。这太不可思议了。
劳里·谢尔比
至于我们的文化,Tesla 的文化是,任何人都可以随时就安全、人员、成本、生产、质量提出想法或改进建议,因为我们有一个非常简单的流程,叫作“主动担当”。而“主动担当”其实就是员工参与。正如这张图所示,随着“主动担当”数量上升,伤害事故就会下降。你知道为什么吗?从事这项工作的人。正是从事这项工作的人知道该如何改进这项工作。
劳里·谢尔比
可持续发展。可持续发展就是一切。它是我们的使命。大家一整天都听到了相关内容。我们总体规划的一部分。但在 Tesla,我们不会只是为了满足要求而勾选方框。我们真正关注的是我们的产品和软件将带来的影响。2021年,我们的客户避免了844万公吨温室气体排放。这相当于让170万辆内燃机(ICE)汽车整整1年不上路。是的。
劳里·谢尔比
对。
劳里·谢尔比
我们还专注于把工作真正做好,并将可持续发展融入我们的运营。我们的用水量和废弃物量逐年下降,而且我们正在运营中发展和建设可再生能源项目。就像大家听到的超级充电一样。所以,这不仅关乎我们的产品,也关乎我们制造产品的方式,这两个阶段都包括在内。
劳里·谢尔比
Tesla,我们公司正在解决清洁能源等式的两端。我们拥有清洁发电、清洁储能。我们也拥有零排放交通。正如这张幻灯片所示,从2012年到2021年,我们的产品产生了更多能源,而这些能源由所有 Tesla 车辆和我们的工厂消耗。这太了不起了。
德鲁·巴格利诺
对,我喜欢这掌声。
劳里·谢尔比
对,我接受掌声。
劳里·谢尔比
所以,我们车辆的排放比汽油动力车辆更少。即使在最糟糕的情形下,也就是电网100%使用煤炭,Model 3 的排放仍低于普通内燃机(ICE)汽车。而且我们只会变得更好。大家今天已经听到了。我们制造的每一款产品都更加高效。我们建设的每一座工厂都更具可持续性。所以,情况只会变得越来越好。
劳里·谢尔比
所以,在我们建设零排放未来之际,我们一直在与利益相关者、与股东讨论如何改进我们的报告框架。我们正在与 TCDF 保持一致。所以是 TCFD。所以,我们正在与 TCFD 保持一致,我知道你们很多人一直在向我们询问这件事。我也希望大家继续关注,因为我们的影响力报告中还会有更多内容。谢谢大家。下一位是扎克·柯克霍恩。
科林·坎贝尔
谢谢。
扎克·柯克霍恩
谢谢你,劳里。
扎克·柯克霍恩
好了,这是我们今天准备好的发言中的最后一个部分。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们会把今天讨论的内容汇总起来,从公司层面对我们的财务状况进行总结。也许在我开始讲这里的细节之前,作为一家公司,我们从未举办过投资者日。我们从未请我们的领导团队走到台前,让他们谈谈自己正在开展的工作。所以,你们知道,我觉得自己非常幸运,能够与这群人并肩工作并支持他们的团队。我也想感谢他们。
扎克·柯克霍恩
他们正在后面的一个房间里听着,感谢他们为今天投入的全部工作,也感谢他们把公司带到了今天的位置。所以,谢谢 Tesla 团队。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们为今天做准备时,大家都在问,嗯,扎克,我们应该谈些什么?而我们给大家的唯一指导其实就是,嗯,谈谈你们正在做的事情,并结合总体规划来谈。今天几乎每个人都非常详细地谈了什么?他们为了降低成本而开展的全部工作。因为在这个行业、这门生意中,你是生存还是死亡,取决于你管理成本的能力。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以,我也想谈谈成本。
扎克·柯克霍恩
如果我们看看规模化生产时间最长的产品,也就是 Model 3,我们在2018年年中达到了每周5,000辆汽车,也就是我们的设计产能。
扎克·柯克霍恩
从那以后,我们将这款产品的成本降低了30%。
皮特·班农
产品。
扎克·柯克霍恩
关于这一点,我想说两点。第1点是,正如大家一整天以来所听到的,降低成本深深植根于我们的文化之中。而我认为,这是我们作为一家公司今天能够走到这里的最重要原因之一。我想说的第2点是,当我们致力于降低成本时,只是削减成本并让产品变得更差很容易,但我们必须在降低成本的同时改进产品。
扎克·柯克霍恩
这是一件很难做到的事,但也是继续前进所必须做的事。如果你看一下我们今天生产的一个版本的 Model 3,再把它与我们在 2018 年生产的 Model 3 对比,就会发现我们在降低产品成本的同时,也为车辆加入了一长串改进。
扎克·柯克霍恩
成本降低并非只来自一个方面。这里没有什么灵丹妙药。在这段时间里,我们通过 Model 3 项目将产量提高到 3 倍,突破了产量极限,同时也提高了生产效率。因此,在我们的弗里蒙特工厂,我们现在的生产效率是 2018 年年中的 2 倍。我们在间接费用效率和产品改进方面取得了很大进展,正如我们讨论过的那样,此外还有包括本地化在内的一长串其他举措。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们在上海的工厂,而随着我们提升产量并找到提高效率的方法,我们也会与供应商合作,让他们这样做。这会带来材料成本的降低,从而提高我们产品的可负担性。
扎克·柯克霍恩
展望我们的下一代汽车,我们的目标是将成本降低 50%。今天早些时候,我们已经谈到了一些。从 Model S 和 X 平台转向 3 和 Y 平台时,我们削减了 50% 的成本。所以这里的任务就是再做一次。这一点非常重要,因为随着我们提高可负担性,能够购买我们产品的客户数量会大幅增加。如果把这一点与我们的总体规划联系起来,它就能让我们的产量实现指数级增长,同时让产品成本线性下降。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我要说的第 2 点是,再强调一次,成本降低并非来自任何单一方面。所以你可以看到这里的各个类别,包括车辆方面、电池和动力总成制造成本的降低,以及其他方面。这些类别的规模相对均等。因此,为了从产品中削减 50% 的成本,我们必须审视所有环节。
扎克·柯克霍恩
但比汽车前期成本更重要的是。
扎克·柯克霍恩
当我们向可持续经济转型时,尤其是在车辆所有权方面,考虑一个……这些产品的全生命周期成本真的非常重要。这里的图表展示了 5 年期间内每英里的总拥有成本。我们必须考虑融资成本、保险成本、电力成本。德鲁稍微谈到了我们正在得州建设的工厂,以及汽车的磨损和维护等。
扎克·柯克霍恩
如今在美国,我们已经做到基础版 Model 3 的每英里成本低于丰田卡罗拉,后者是全球销量最高的汽车。随着我们迈向下一代平台,我们将继续降低这一成本。随着我们开发该平台的自动驾驶出租车版本,这一成本还会进一步下降。因此,这是一款产品,它具备——我们预计它的每英里成本将大幅低于全球销量最高的产品。
扎克·柯克霍恩
关于降本,我接下来想谈的是运营费用。我们在财报电话会议上花了很多时间讨论毛利率和产品成本。我们没有花太多时间讨论运营费用,但我认为这是我们故事中真正重要的部分之一。自2018年以来,我们的非 GAAP 运营费用占营收的比例降低了60%,按每辆已交付汽车计算则降低了75%。这相当惊人。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我想详细谈谈我们是如何做到这一点的。运营费用的第一个组成部分是研发,这里最重要的一点是,我们会限制所开展项目的数量。也就是尽量减少同时并行推进的项目数量。这里的关键在于,最大限度提高我们从每个项目中产生的营收和现金,同时也最大限度提高项目之间的技术共享程度。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以我们刚才稍微谈到了,我们能源业务中的电力电子技术如何与电力电子技术以及我们的车辆业务共享。
扎克·柯克霍恩
如果看看其中的 SGA 部分,我认为这里的情况变化非常显著。这里展示的是按每辆已交付汽车计算的 SGA 与传统汽车行业的对比,后者同时包括整车制造商和经销商网络。我们估计,按每辆汽车计算,我们要低60%至70%。如果把它换算成美元,每辆汽车就是数千美元。这也是为什么我在上一次财报电话会议上说,作为一家公司,我们考虑营业利润率多于毛利率,部分原因就在这里,因为我们在 SGA 方面所拥有的整合,尤其是向经销商网络进行的垂直整合,带来了效率,使我们在成本结构方面相较其他公司具备竞争优势。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我还要指出的另一件事是,情况并非一直如此,而且就在不久前,这些柱状条的位置还会颠倒过来。如果我们把时间稍微往回拨,谈谈在弗里蒙特工厂推出 Model 3 时的情况,当时 S 和 X 每周生产2,000辆汽车,再加上 Model 3 每周5,000辆,我们就达到了每周7,000辆。你们今天已经听到这里的一些人谈过“生产地狱”。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我认为我们作为一家公司从未谈过的是,后台运营地狱也在同一时间发生了。每周7,000辆汽车,每年350,000辆汽车,而我们希望达到每年2,000万辆,却在每周7,000辆时就举步维艰。我们对自己说,如果还希望高效地扩大这家公司的规模,就必须彻底重新思考管理后台运营的方式。
扎克·柯克霍恩
因此,这开启了一个我们今天仍在继续推进的过程,我们把它称为 Tesla 操作系统。就像我们对管理汽车的软件进行垂直整合一样,我们也对运营公司的软件进行了垂直整合。公司所有主要部门都在使用,不是所有部门都已经使用,但几乎所有部门都在使用我们的内部软件。
扎克·柯克霍恩
最近,我们移除了第三方招聘招聘软件,现在作为一家公司,我们运行自己的招聘软件。这一点非常重要,因为第三方系统构成的复杂网络提供的是通用解决方案,需要投入大量精力才能针对我们的特定需求进行定制,而我们已经能够通过内部应用工程团队部署专用的轻量级软件,它只做我们需要它做的事,不做任何多余的事。
扎克·柯克霍恩
该团队与业务内部的产品流程改进团队密切合作,后者会审视我们作为一家公司正在管理的所有流程,并遵循汤姆提到的制造领域中完全相同的过程,审视我们的流程,删除不需要的流程步骤,简化现有的流程步骤,并将剩余部分自动化。坦率地说,由此产生的成果相当惊人。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我认为它也超出了我们的预期。这张图表左侧列出了我们在 SGA 领域看到的一些效率提升案例。得益于这项策略,北美销售团队现在的效率是2018年的4倍。订单运营团队、金融服务。我的意思是,这些提升的幅度很大。而且我不。这张幻灯片上没有足够的像素把所有内容都列出来。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以这里只是几个例子。同样,当我们希望从产品中削减到手成本时,我们希望在削减成本的同时为产品增加功能或改进产品。使用 Tesla 操作系统,以及它与公司内部流程改进团队的整合,也是如此。因此,我们在提升性能和增加能力的同时,也大幅降低了按每辆汽车计算的成本。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们部署了一系列客户喜欢的自助服务功能,同时也简化了我们的幕后运营。我们利用 Tesla 操作系统拓展了自营保险业务,并对其进行了完全垂直整合。我们运行自己的内部软件,拥有自己的代理人、自己的理赔软件,以及运营保险业务的理赔人员。这一点也非常重要,因为作为一家科技公司,数据非常重要,而我们利用这些系统以及对这些系统中数据的访问权限,提取极其细致且具有针对性的报告,使我们能够实时了解业务的每个方面,从而可以根据需要调整运营。
扎克·柯克霍恩
有时会出现这样的例子,我们会说,天啊,我真希望我们在追踪这项数据。好吧,你知道,只要和应用工程团队开一次 Teams 会议提出请求,我们就可以开始追踪这些数据并做出那些更改。因此,公司内部与流程改进相关的反馈循环相当惊人。最后我想在这里提到的一件事,也是我个人颇为自豪的一件事,是我们在财务团队的结账流程方面取得了很大进展,完成了10-Q和10-K的申报。
扎克·柯克霍恩
在市值最大的20家公司中,我们的速度名列前茅。所以财务团队在这方面做得非常出色。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所有这些降本工作都极其重要,因为为了实现宏图计划中的目标,我们今后需要投入大量资金。今天一整天里,我们已经提到,我们的目标是年产2,000万辆汽车、年产1太瓦时储能产品,然后让电芯生产、服务和充电业务随着其他业务的增长而扩张。
扎克·柯克霍恩
因此,我们估算了达到这一目标所需的总成本,而且随着我们继续取得进展和创新,这些数字周围当然存在误差范围。但其中,在公司迄今的历史中,我们已经投入了约280亿美元。也许这笔总投资看起来很大,但实际上我认为,相对于我们的雄心,它相当小。如果你看看我们2022年的经营现金流,然后只是说,好吧,我们假设它会有一些适度增长,也许不会增长那么多
大卫·刘
如果
扎克·柯克霍恩
你比较保守,但根据我们的预测,承担这种规模投资的能力对我们而言是非常容易实现的。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我经常被问到资本配置问题。我认为我们在这方面的策略非常直截了当。我在上一张幻灯片中稍微提到了一点。但明确来说,这里的首要任务显然是确保我们利用资本维持业务的日常运营。这是一项营运资本密集型业务,必须非常谨慎地进行管理。因此,你知道,在一个季度期间,我们的现金余额可能会出现数十亿美元的上下波动,这完全取决于我们生产和交付汽车的时间。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以,我们显然必须为此预留资金。下行保护是另一个非常重要的领域,我们也为此预留了资金。在过去几年里,贯穿整个疫情期间,我认为这恰恰凸显了为什么做好下行保护准备非常重要。维持日常运营是随后产生现金的引擎,使我们能够将其再投资于业务增长。我非常自豪的是,在过去几年里,尽管宏观环境起伏不定、供应链也受到干扰,但我们从未有过哪怕一次削减增长投资。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以,这仍然、仍然是我们的重中之重。
扎克·柯克霍恩
在投资增长之后,我们确实会寻找伺机使用现金的方式。这些方式更偏向财务层面,如果回报超过门槛,我们就可以将现金投入其中。这是我们降低弗里蒙特工厂成本历程的一部分。然后在盈余方面,你知道,董事会会定期开会,思考我们对未来现金流的预测情况,以及进行股票回购或派发股息是否合理。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以,为了结束今天演示的财务部分,我只想在这里给大家留下几个关键信息:我们以极高强度运用创新来降低成本,提高业务效率。这一点如此重要的原因是,它使我们能够提高产品的可负担性。当我们转向下一代平台时,尤其如此。
扎克·柯克霍恩
提高可负担性使我们能够从容地进行促进产量增长的投资。这一产量会产生现金,进而使我们能够进行更多投资。随着我们未来将这些整合起来,作为Tesla的领导团队,我们相信,我们将在制造领域达到前所未有的规模。
扎克·柯克霍恩
而这正是最终加速世界向可持续能源转型所必需的。
扎克·柯克霍恩
那么,今天事先准备的部分到此结束。我们将短暂休息一下,然后继续进行现场问答。非常感谢大家。
科林·坎贝尔
萨。
埃隆·马斯克
它。
扎克·柯克霍恩
它。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
萨。
德鲁·巴格利诺
哦,我可以说话了。
科林·坎贝尔
好的,那么。
扎克·柯克霍恩
那么,
埃隆·马斯克
嗯,让我们看看。那么,这可能是今天最重大的消息,我们很高兴地宣布,我们将在墨西哥建设一座超级工厂。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,是的,显然我们会举行盛大的开幕式,还有,你知道,奠基仪式之类的。但我们很高兴地宣布,Tesla 的下一座超级工厂将设在墨西哥蒙特雷附近。对此我们非常兴奋。
埃隆·马斯克
现在我确实想强调,我们将继续扩大所有现有工厂的产量,包括加利福尼亚、内华达,显然还有这里的得克萨斯,以及柏林和上海。所以我们打算提高所有工厂的产量。因此,墨西哥超级工厂的产量将是对所有其他工厂产量的补充。所以要说清楚,这不是把产量从任何地方转移到任何地方。这只是为了扩大全球总产量。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,所以会很不错。
埃隆·马斯克
那么,旁边起哄的人。
埃隆·马斯克
不管怎样,所以我想就是这样。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,我们非常高兴宣布这件事。事实上,我相信州长就在这里。
埃隆·马斯克
很难看清。欢迎。
埃隆·马斯克
我想是州务卿。不管怎样,所以,不管怎样,我们对此充满期待,也期待为盛大的奠基和开幕举办一场大型活动。那么,让我看看。说到这里,我想我们可以进入问答环节了。显然,我们这里人才储备雄厚。也许真该放一张长凳。不管怎样,台上的人可能太多了,但我们会尽量在合理范围内回答问题。
埃隆·马斯克
这更像是一次长期讨论,而不是,你知道,本季度剩余时间的产量会是多少之类的问题。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,让我们尽量把问题聚焦于长期价值创造。说到这里,尽管提问吧,
扎克·柯克霍恩
罗布。
迈克·斯奈德
你好,我是 Wolff Research 的罗布·拉什。
迈克·斯奈德
关于下一代的计划非常令人兴奋
德鲁·巴格利诺
车辆、动力总成和电池。
迈克·斯奈德
我希望你或许能跟我们稍微谈谈
德鲁·巴格利诺
部署这个的时间时间表。
迈克·斯奈德
而且听起来这不只是一款车。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这算是车辆组装方式、电池组合方式以及所有这些方面的一种范式转变。
迈克·斯奈德
那是否也会重新配置
德鲁·巴格利诺
到你们所做的一切之中?所以那些正在
迈克·斯奈德
这里生产的 Model Y,未来的生产方式会非常不同。也许可以让我们大致了解一下
德鲁·巴格利诺
接下来会发生什么。实施时间表又是怎样的?
埃隆·马斯克
嗯,我会稍微谈谈这个,但总体而言,最深刻的架构变化将出现在未来的车辆上。改造工厂意味着要让工厂停工很长一段时间,而我认为最好不要这样做。
埃隆·马斯克
但 Model Y 的生产方式存在不同变体,所以我们有采用后部铸件的变体,也有采用前部和后部铸件的变体,还有结构电池包。然后还会有许多较小的改进。但我认为,真正非常非常大的变化将会体现在未来的车辆上。
迈克·斯奈德
对。
劳里·谢尔比
我不知道。
埃隆·马斯克
你们想把拉尔斯也加进来吗,也许?我?
迈克·斯奈德
对。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,我是说,就我而言
拉尔斯·莫拉维
我同意你的看法,100,埃隆,这,这。确实很容易把创新应用到新车型上,但从长远来看,我们显然会把它们带回现有车型。
埃隆·马斯克
我们一直都在谈这个,但我们
拉尔斯·莫拉维
就时间安排而言,我们不想让工厂停产。你知道,我们会一如既往,尽可能快地从左向右推进。你知道,埃隆提到过,墨西哥将生产我们的下一代汽车,但我们也会在其他工厂生产。所以,真正重要的是让所有工厂都启动并运转起来。我们预计那会是一款产量巨大的产品。
埃隆·马斯克
而且,是的,我们会让这件事
拉尔斯·莫拉维
在接下来的几年里迅速实现。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们请亚当来提问。
皮特·班农
谢谢。
德鲁·巴格利诺
首先是在墨西哥的诺拉布埃纳。
迈克·斯奈德
太好了。恭喜。埃隆,有一个关于将第一性原理、
德鲁·巴格利诺
思维和创新应用于一个迄今为止似乎一直不在
迈克·斯奈德
你们控制范围内的领域的问题,也就是一些关键材料的采矿和提取。我记得几年前,你们有一项关于使用氯化钠来
埃隆·马斯克
从一些材料中提取锂的专利。
迈克·斯奈德
从一些黏土和锂辉石黏土以及
埃隆·马斯克
诸如此类的东西中。
德鲁·巴格利诺
那么,这如何融入
迈克·斯奈德
也许将真正的创新带入
德鲁·巴格利诺
一个可能需要稍微
迈克·斯奈德
你知道,也许需要醒一醒并把那些成本降下来的采矿行业的计划?
德鲁·巴格利诺
因为这似乎可能会成为一个真正的制约因素。
埃隆·马斯克
嗯,无论在任何时间点,我们认为什么是限制因素,我们都会去解决。我们希望尽可能少做这些事。所以我们不想进入采矿或精炼行业。如果不得不做,我们会做。
埃隆·马斯克
我确实认为,重点真正应该放在精炼产能上。
埃隆·马斯克
你知道,我们需要生产数量极其庞大的阳极、阴极、锂、氢氧化锂、碳酸锂。真正最大的瓶颈是精炼产能。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。所以这就是我们在科珀斯克里斯蒂建造锂精炼厂的原因
德鲁·巴格利诺
就现有的采矿公司以及它们对价值链这一环节的关注而言。所以,我们目前确实有大型锂供应商,而且我们。他们知道,你知道,我们将如何推进科珀斯精炼厂,以及我们在那里尝试的技术。我们让他们了解这些,是因为我们认为这些技术从根本上更具可扩展性。随着我们验证这些技术,我们计划,计划与他们分享,因为正如埃隆所说,这并不是说我们真的想做这些事,我们做这些事是因为进展得不够快。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,如果,如果我们能证明这件事可以做得更快,我们的意图就是把这些知识转移给我们的大型、我们目前的供应商。而且其实同样如此。其实我们一直在试验的是一种黏土工艺,我们也在继续研究,这方面也是如此。所以我们也与供应商合作进行了试验,并在那里分享知识。目的只是帮助全世界把这件事做得更好。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而归根结底,这个,这里要做的是把锂提取出来,或者不管是什么,把它从这个……中提取出来,
埃隆·马斯克
而且很显然,我们正在紧邻这栋、这栋建筑的地方建设一座阴极加工设施。所以沿路再往前一点,你会看到另一处大型施工,那是用于阴极精炼的。
埃隆·马斯克
但就像我说的,我们真的更希望由其他人来做。我们做这件事是因为我们必须、必须做,而不是因为我们想做。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
是的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且,而且在那种情况下,美国确实根本没有任何大规模的正极材料生产,而这件事必须做。而且,而且再说一次,如果我们要做,就会尝试从第一性原理的角度来做。所以我们,我们在那里尝试了很多新东西。我们相信它们会奏效。而且随着它们再次得到验证,我们希望把这些成果带回给我们的供应商,让他们能以更少的投资、更快地建设新设施。
皮特·班农
好的,我们转到本。
埃隆·马斯克
嗨,本。
罗尚(Tesla)
加利福尼亚。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
贝尔德。
埃隆·马斯克
那么,可再生能源方面也类似。鉴于它是宏图计划3如此重要的支柱,Tesla 是否还能做更多事情,推动可再生能源行业的其他企业加快步伐?
埃隆·马斯克
嗯,我是说,我不知道我们还能做些什么,但
戴维·刘
我可以
埃隆·马斯克
说,如果外面有创业者想要获得一种几乎肯定会成功的机会,那就是精炼锂,或者生产负极和正极材料,或者锂离子电芯所需的任何、任何材料,这根本不需要考虑。
埃隆·马斯克
对,我认为我们正在竭尽所能。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,是的,关于、关于可再生能源这件事,我们 Tesla 能做的是,我们越能降低储能成本,越能降低固定式储能的成本,并且越能以汽车在正确时间充电之类的形式为电网带来灵活负荷,可再生能源就越有价值。因为就像现在的得克萨斯州。我不是在开玩笑。那里有很多风,而在夜间,风能,几乎有点太多了,因为他们不想关闭核电站什么的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,所以,所以,所以,所以,把真正低成本的储能接入电网,会让可再生能源变得更有价值,而这最终会加快它们的部署。所以,我想,这、这就是我们专注于此的方式。
科林·坎贝尔
对。
扎克·柯克霍恩
谢谢。我来自杰富瑞。我有2个问题。第1个,当我思考这个行业时,每个人都想成为 Tesla。每家汽车制造商都在试图效仿你们的做法。
科林·坎贝尔
做得好。
扎克·柯克霍恩
他们没有做的一件事,就是专注于用尽可能少的车型实现尽可能多的增长。所以我只是想了解,既然你们的目标是到2030年达到2000万辆,你认为需要多少款车型才能实现这一目标?这又如何契合你们实现超大规模的努力?
扎克·柯克霍恩
你们如何处理这件事?此外,可能到了某个时候,消费者也不希望在每个街角都看到一辆 Tesla,或者同样的测试。所以我只是想了解一下你对此的看法。我的另一个问题是关于、关于双向的。
埃隆·马斯克
我是说,你谈了很多关于
扎克·柯克霍恩
让世界拥有更多可再生能源,以及更好地使用汽车。我认为双向充电是更好地使用汽车的一种方式,但你们过去似乎一直不愿意做
科林·坎贝尔
这件事。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以我只是想知道你们对这个话题的最新看法是什么。
德鲁·巴格利诺
当然。关于双向充电。
德鲁·巴格利诺
并不是说我们有意识地决定不做。只是当时它并不是优先事项。我想,也许可以这样理解:随着我们审视、随着我们继续改进车辆中的电力电子系统,我们找到了在实际上降低车载电力电子系统成本的同时带来更广泛功能的方法。而在 Tesla 做所有事情时,目标通常都是用更少的投入获得更多。所以我们正处于某种电力电子系统改造的过程中。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我想说,这会在接下来的,你知道,就说2年吧,把这项功能带到我们的所有车辆上。但是,但是它是。对,我想我就这样说吧。
埃隆·马斯克
对,我认为不会有很多人使用双向充电,除非你有 Powerwall。因为如果你拔掉汽车的插头,你的房子就会断电,而这极其不方便。
德鲁·巴格利诺
对,大部分价值来自在正确的时间给汽车充电。重点其实不在于把能量反向输送。
埃隆·马斯克
对,我是说,如果你有一台能够承担住宅负载的 Powerwall,那么你可以把汽车作为 Powerwall 的补充能源,然后你知道,你不会因为拔掉汽车、汽车的插头并让房子断电而把所有人逼疯。所以我认为,未来把它作为补充能源有一定价值;如果你有 Powerwall,就不会降低屋内人员的便利性。
皮特·班农
还有车型数量的问题。
埃隆·马斯克
抱歉,什么?哦,多少款车型?
德鲁·巴格利诺
车辆型号?
埃隆·马斯克
其实不会有那么多。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
10款?
埃隆·马斯克
我不知道,不会有那么多。
埃隆·马斯克
我是说,传统汽车现在的情况是,人们已经没什么可做的了。所以当没什么可做时,他们最后只能重新洗牌,而得到的东西几乎还是一样。我是说,路上有多少种汽车变体?感觉有数百种。
埃隆·马斯克
但它们是好的变体吗?不,大多不是。它们只是为了有变体而有的变体。但看看手机是如何趋同的。我的意思是,过去有数百种翻盖手机。现在我们有什么?以后也会是这样。
朱晓彤
乔治,来自 Canacord Genuity 的乔治·杰纳里加斯刚刚
戴维·刘
有一个关于你们计划如何
埃隆·马斯克
扩大在中国的市场份额,以及
迈克·斯奈德
以及……之间的政治紧张局势是否
埃隆·马斯克
美国和中国会影响你们在那里长期的雄心。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
谢谢。
埃隆·马斯克
我不知道。嘿,汤姆,别。别太紧张。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是啊,嗯,
朱晓彤
嗯,实际上,我们在中国的市场份额仍在相当强劲地增长。尤其是今年年初,我们进行了一次价格调整。之后,我们实际上创造了巨大的需求,真的超过了我们的产能。正如埃隆所说,只要
科林·坎贝尔
你
朱晓彤
以可负担的价格提供有价值的产品,你知道,你就不必担心需求。这基本上就是我们遵循的理念。我们尽一切努力削减供应链方面的成本,提升工厂效率,并把这种价值传递给客户。我认为,只要我们继续这样做,我就不太担心在中国的市场份额。第二部分,地缘政治。没有别人。
朱晓彤
我们尽最大努力。我们实际上为社区创造了大量就业机会,而且在我们的供应商、工厂那里,我们也会创造大量就业机会,并将为当地经济作出很大贡献。我认为,你知道,只要这个国家还需要我们。我,我看不出这方面有多大风险。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
科林。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我是奥本海默的科林·拉什。你知道,这次演示中有一点令我印象深刻,就是你们谈到的运营效率指标。你能不能稍微谈谈学习周期的速度,以及随着你们从创新角度进入其他各种领域,你们作为一个组织如何追踪并看待这一点。
埃隆·马斯克
有人想试着回答吗?
德鲁·巴格利诺
我的意思是,我来说一件非常宏观的事,那就是你无法改进自己不衡量的东西。而我们在 Tesla 会毫不留情地进行衡量。一旦你开始衡量那些有助于提高运营效率的事项,你实际上就有了一条能够采取行动的路径。所以我想,关键是一把好的衡量标尺。
科林·坎贝尔
好的。
埃隆·马斯克
关于需求,有件事我应该说一下,过去这些年我已经说过几次,但有时需要再说一遍,那就是压倒性的是这个。
埃隆·马斯克
人们拥有一座城镇的愿望是有的。Tesla 极其高。限制因素是他们是否有能力支付一辆 Tesla,而不是他们是否想要一辆 Tesla。这个,这个房间里的人很容易忽视这一点。如果你的收入远远超过一辆汽车的价格,那么你会考虑物有所值,但不会考虑是否负担得起。但对绝大多数人来说,决定因素是可负担性。这就是为什么我们不能简单地把汽车价格翻倍。
埃隆·马斯克
或者你也可以说,从极限情况来思考:如果你有一辆,呃,你知道,无限令人向往的汽车,但它要价1000万美元,那也没有意义,因为人们并不可以——大多数人并没有那么多钱。所以,需求很大程度上取决于负担能力,而不是渴望。非常重要。我们之前不确定的一件事是,Tesla 的需求价格弹性究竟如何。也就是说,当我们降低价格时,需求会增加多少?
埃隆·马斯克
而我们发现,即使价格只发生很小的变化,也会对需求产生很大影响。非常大。所以了解到这一点是件好事。
埃隆·马斯克
是的。然后,自动驾驶这个问题非常、非常重大,因为你可能会让你目前拥有的这项资产产生,我不知道,5倍的效用。所以,如果乘用车每周使用10或12小时,外加大量停车费用,那么自动驾驶汽车每周可以使用50到60小时,或者类似的时长
劳里·谢尔比
而且
埃隆·马斯克
你还可以省去大量停车费用。所以,你知道,如果这,如果这是真的,那么当整个车队实际上启用自动驾驶时,这可能会——很可能会在一夜之间带来历史上规模最大的资产价值增长。
皮特·班农
埃马纽埃尔,
埃隆·马斯克
非常感谢。德意志银行的埃马纽埃尔·罗斯纳。那么,当你们开始推出这款下一代汽车并提升产量时,就细分市场或车型重点而言,你们近期的首要任务是什么?你们展示的那张幻灯片中有两辆被罩住的汽车,看起来似乎是以重点车型形态为依据。其中一辆可能看起来像厢式车,另一辆看起来可能像一款更小的汽车,比如可能是 Model 2,我猜。
埃隆·马斯克
就提升下一代汽车产量而言,你们最近的家庭重点是什么?而且,由于成本下降了50%,你们把价位降了这么多,要如何确保不会蚕食现有车型的需求,你知道。
埃隆·马斯克
我是说,就拥有我们汽车的意愿而言,对我们汽车的需求完全可以说是无限的。
埃隆·马斯克
目前这与无限没有区别。负担能力才是关键。所以,随着你让汽车变得更负担得起,我们的需求会疯狂增长。基本上,问题是我们如何制造这些汽车?困难的部分是制造汽车。这一点我怎么强调都不为过。困难的部分是制造汽车,以及建立与汽车配套的整个供应链。这是一项难度非同寻常的物流挑战。
埃隆·马斯克
汽车所需的所有东西都必须随汽车一起扩大规模,同时一切都在以指数速度爬坡。而只要其中一样东西出了问题,原因并不重要。地震、洪水、火灾、革命。我以为我已经全都听过了。
埃隆·马斯克
这条供应链的任何一个部分中断,你现在就会抽搐。
埃隆·马斯克
最困难的部分无疑是制造汽车,以及建立与之配套的供应链。
埃隆·马斯克
不过,你们想谈谈供应链吗?
埃隆·马斯克
我想他们可能会。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
你知道,我在演示中提到过,完美才算及格。我们确实需要一切都完美地发生。至于缓解不同风险的策略,其中有些风险在预料之中,有些则没有,实际上要针对具体情况量身定制。而且确实需要独特的专业领域知识,以及对你所管理的特定供应链有深入了解,才能制定出那些策略。所以,正如埃隆提到的,我们什么都见识过,你知道,首先是来回实施的关税,然后是海运物流问题、芯片短缺、新冠疫情、洪水。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
日本有一场火灾和一座被击垮的晶圆厂。马来西亚的新冠病例大幅激增,那里承担着许多芯片后端的——许多芯片都在那里停摆了。还有更多。这也是埃隆参与处理的一件事。是的,那确实,令人神经紧张,但不知怎么还是运转起来了。
皮特·班农
是的。
罗尚(Tesla)
而且,尽管这很困难,但我认为我们一直在打基础,以便与我们供应链的所有层级保持尽可能密切的联系,建立这种控制,并且,你知道,引导供应链的不同层级。这就是我们试图缓解随之而来的风险的方式。你知道,再说一次,双重采购、三重采购、设置冗余,这就是我们一直试图缓解这种风险的方式。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
是的。关于这一点,当我们思考汽车时,当你把 3Y 视为一种架构、把 SX 视为一种架构时,我们的下一代平台不止覆盖一个细分市场,而且我们确实在考虑所有尚未涉足的细分市场以及市场会在哪里,并与供应链合作伙伴共同设计,这样我们就能在需要进入的那些细分市场中迅速推进。但正如埃隆所说,如果你把一辆汽车做得既令人向往又负担得起,你知道,很多时候它属于哪个细分市场未必重要,因为它就是你想要的那一辆。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
我们在 Model 3 上已经见识过这一点,当时很多人认为轿车不会大获成功,但我们卖出了大量 Model 3。所以,下一代平台并不是一款汽车,它是,它是多款汽车。而且在我们将,你知道,真正尝试重点关注的那个细分市场上,相比我们从哪里起步,我们更重视负担能力和吸引力这一点。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,我是说,有一句,好像是,我想是一句老话,比如战斗是一回事,靠战术;战争是一回事,靠物流。这里的物流挑战极其巨大。而当你开始占据一个行业非常显著的百分比时,你不可能过度配置产能。这不现实。有些事情,比如你说,好吧,双重采购或三重采购,也许小东西可以这么做,但大东西不行,因为如果你采用三重采购,其中一个就像是一架有3个、3个发动机的飞机,而3个发动机中的任何一个发生故障,你都会坠毁。
埃隆·马斯克
这就像,你知道,所以你要么必须过度配置产能,这会推高资本支出,并让某些地方出现闲置供应商和大型仓库;要么就按一定的超额量进行设计,那是,你知道,合理的,然后你会产生加急费用,因为某个地方不可避免地会出问题,你不得不用飞机把东西运来运去。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,实际上,进展速度就是我们能够扩大10,000个物流问题规模的速度。其中最重要的是电芯生产。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,我们实际上会刻意尝试让电芯生产或电芯供应做得过量,使其超过汽车所需的数量。因为如果它低于汽车所需的数量,那么工厂就会停摆。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,但这些多出来的电芯要怎么办?就像,好吧,更容易扩大或缩小产量的是 Powerwall 和 Megapack 的产出,也就是固定式储能。因此,我们可以在电芯和电池包方面过度配置产能,并扩大固定式储能的产量,而固定式储能比汽车生产更容易扩大规模。所以,从战略上说,我认为这是件好事。
埃隆·马斯克
是的,我是说,与车辆的资本开支相比,Megapack 的资本开支微乎其微。而且,Megapack 的需求取决于是准无限的。它,它基本上,只要我们对公用事业公司有竞争力,我们能卖出多少 mega mega 就卖多少,就像,它是,它是的,对那个确实有准无限的需求。或者说很多太瓦时,而我们要达到每年很多太瓦时,还有很长的路要走。
皮特·班农
然后请丹。
科林·坎贝尔
谢谢。
扎克·柯克霍恩
巴克莱的丹·利维。
大卫·刘
我想我们知道,各地区的竞争动态存在显著差异。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
你知道,各地区的成本动态不同。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们从你们的中国超级工厂看到了这一点。
德鲁·巴格利诺
成本远优于你们几个月时的水平。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我意识到那是一座新工厂。
朱晓彤
但它们显然有着不同的动态。
大卫·刘
那么,降本
扎克·柯克霍恩
策略,也就是你们今天阐述的这些策略,是否
德鲁·巴格利诺
会因地区而异,还是存在
扎克·柯克霍恩
一种更具全球性的、普遍适用的
埃隆·马斯克
的降本方法?
朱晓彤
是的,我认为我们在这里的策略上相当一致。我们会尽可能地将其本地化。比如在中国,95%,我们超过 95% 的供应链都已本地化,从一级、二级一直到三级。这让我们在 Cox 上产生了巨大的节省。而且我们也有一支高度本地化的劳动力队伍,我们能够获得该地区以及上海长三角地区的熟练劳动力。
朱晓彤
我特别指的是,在中国超过 30,000 名员工中,我们的外派人员可能不到 20 人。所以我们在那里进行了非常深入的本地化,从而能够拥有这样的成本结构。我们也努力在其他地方的不同超级工厂复制这种做法。当然,你知道,供应商基础不同。你知道,劳动力市场因地区、因国家而异。但我们会尽最大努力,去本地化。
汤姆·朱
是的。而且,而且我认为那,那绝对让我们拥有了与全球其他 ems 竞争的优势。嗯,另一件事是,你知道,就像 Zach 说的,我们采用这种直销模式,你知道,我们在运营支出上也节省了巨额资金。我们完全掌控全公司的所有开支,而且你知道,我们不在营销或广告上花钱。我们节省下来的一切都会成为,你知道,我们能够提供给消费者的价值。
汤姆·朱
所以在这方面,这些年来我们也一直遵循相当一致的策略。
拉尔斯·莫拉维
我的意思是,当然,Colin、Pete 和我谈到的制造方面的东西,无论你在这里制造,还是在欧洲制造,还是在亚洲制造,都适用于所有地方。我们从头开始考虑这个问题,并不针对任何特定地区。
扎克·柯克霍恩
是的,关于 Tom 所说的本地化以及 Lars 刚才的观点,我只想补充一点:实际上,我认为我们正在朝着工厂、流程和降本方法更加标准化的方向发展。所以,在思考下一代平台时,我们一直在考虑我们期望以此实现的产量、需要建造多少座独立工厂,以及以最快速度在全球扩大这种布局的方式是什么。
扎克·柯克霍恩
我们在 Model Y 上的做法是,每座工厂都在前一座工厂的基础上渐进改进,这意味着每个工厂设计都需要投入工程工时和工程费用,最终你得到的是彼此略有不同的工厂。而随着我们转向下一代平台,我想 Lars 你用的说法是“复制粘贴”。所以要从第一次就把它做对,你知道,当然会有一些东西是我们学习、复制并加以调整的,但我们会尽量实现最大程度的标准化和通用化,从而让我们能够在这方面以尽可能快的速度扩张。
埃隆·马斯克
谢谢。两个问题,一个问 Zach,一个问 Ashok。那么对 Zach,您如何看待这项业务的长期增长和营业利润率?当我们看1500亿、2750亿美元的资本支出时,这是其中的剩余余额吗?这基本上就是到2030年的资本支出指引吗?对 Ashok,您重点介绍的多行程重建与 Mobileye 使用其 REM 地图所做的事情有什么不同?
埃隆·马斯克
您能否向我们透露一些关于 AP4 硬件的信息?
扎克·柯克霍恩
关于营业利润率,你知道,我们打算随着时间推移继续降低运营费用占营收的比例。我们也在继续降低产品成本,并努力将毛利率维持在健康水平。所以你知道,从业务的硬件层面来看,你知道,我们预期随着时间推移会继续保持在健、健康的水平,然后在此基础上还会叠加软件部分。
扎克·柯克霍恩
所以,Elon 已经多次谈到全自动驾驶软件可能对业务经济效益产生的影响。在这方面,你知道,盈利能力、营业利润率会受到显著影响。具体谈到您关于资本支出指引的问题,你知道,那张幻灯片的意图并不是提供具体指引,而只是为了保持透明。透明地展示我们内部的粗略估算,并提供背景说明:相对于我们预期这项业务产生的现金流,我们认为达到每年2000万辆汽车和1太瓦时储能是非常可行的。
扎克·柯克霍恩
随着我们不断学习,这个数字会变化;我们可能会选择在更多方面进行垂直整合,也可能在其他地方发现提高效率的办法。就像我们之前围绕是否要采矿进行的整个讨论一样。但关键就是要说明,根据我们的预测,这件事完全有可能实现。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
关于多行程重建,我当时想表达的观点是,我们希望自动标注大部分数据,而且我们可以从车队收集数据,然后重建局部区域,用作这些片段的监督信息。由于我们希望打造一个可扩展的自动驾驶系统,所以我们其实不想依赖 HTMAPs 或任何类似的东西,尽管使用同样的技术,我们可以很轻易地构建出某种东西。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
但这主要用于自动标注,并且会为重建所涉及的所有视频序列提供精确的3D标签。
埃隆·马斯克
有一件事。对于这一点,我不知道我们是否谈了很多,但在训练方面,我们拥有世界上规模最大的神经网络训练系统之一,并且预计到今年年底将这项能力提高一个数量级,到明年年底可能再提高一个数量级,采用 Nvidia 和 Dojo 的某种组合。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,这种规模在很大程度上会让人相当畏惧。它极其庞大。
皮特·班农
也许是最后两个问题,一个来自 Alex,一个来自 Chris。
德鲁·巴格利诺
好的,我是 Piper 的 Alex Potter。所以我肯定想请 Drew 或台上的其他任何人介绍一下干法电池电极的最新进展。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
对。
德鲁·巴格利诺
所以,如果你们试图为电芯配置过剩产能,把其中许多东西扩大规模。显然,其中有很多变动因素,供应链就像一支复杂的管弦乐队,但至少对我来说,其中很大一部分归结为干法电池电极。那么你们的发展趋势如何?那是其中最吸引人的部分
科林·坎贝尔
对我来说,工厂参观,还有看着
德鲁·巴格利诺
透过那扇窗户,看到这显然不是一个科研项目,还有你们愿意披露的任何信息,包括良率、进展,以及你们今天所处的位置与原本预计会达到的位置相比如何。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
是的。
科林·坎贝尔
谢谢。
丽贝卡·蒂努奇
当然。
德鲁·巴格利诺
是的。我的意思是,正如你看到的,对吧,就是说,这是一座真正的工厂,以自动化方式生产大量干法电极。我们已经取得了很大进展。
德鲁·巴格利诺
这是一个连续的过程。比如说,我们是完美主义者,而且我们有明确的最终目标。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且我们正在,随着每一周过去,都朝着那些最终目标取得进展,无论是设备的速度、该。该流程的良率,还是下游流程。
德鲁·巴格利诺
我们的进展速度也还没有停滞。负极和正极方面都是如此。而且我认为,埃隆提到的产能过剩对我们而言有一个很棒的地方,那就是它让我们有机会边推进边进行试验,而不是只能受困于我们碰巧在1年半前启动的某项方案。关于这一点,埃隆曾多次对团队说,报废设备或损失金钱是可以接受的。
德鲁·巴格利诺
浪费时间是不可接受的。所以我们一直采用概率性的方式来处理:我们认为什么最有可能成功?实际上甚至在这里的工厂里,你们也看到了不止1条负极生产线。它们实际上在运行最终工艺步骤的2个略有不同的版本,也就是粉末进入设备的步骤。这是一场竞争,你知道,哪一种会有更高的良率,哪一种会表现得更好。
德鲁·巴格利诺
而且我们有条件能够这样做。我们正在充分利用这一点,尽可能快地推进这项技术。
埃隆·马斯克
干电极问题确实是个相当棘手的问题。我的意思是,我们收购 Maxwell,实际上就是为了干电极技术。但这恰恰说明了,一项技术在小规模下可行与在大规模下可行之间存在多么巨大的鸿沟。
埃隆·马斯克
我们有一支才华极其出众的工程师团队,一直致力于扩大干电极工艺的规模,并使其可靠且稳定。相当长一段时间以来,我们一直在为此努力研磨,无论从字面上还是比喻意义上都是如此。看来我们很可能会在今年把它扩大到量产规模。
德鲁·巴格利诺
对,对。我的意思是,我们。我们基本上每周都在提高产量。大概每个季度达到每周 1k,是我们的内部目标。而我们,你知道,我们正按这个进度推进。我认为。你们看到的实际上就像是每台设备每小时处理1吨材料。这有点像,很难,像,想明白这究竟意味着什么,但它,它是,它确实不同于那种,哦,某个东西在实验室里可行。
德鲁·巴格利诺
就像,嗯,当每小时处理数吨材料时,问题的种类就是不一样。比如,即使只有 0.1% 的细粉逸散到现在放置设备的外罩内,你也会遇到粉尘问题,而且你,而且像,那可能会造成一些电子元件短路。就是像这样的事情,当你处于实验室规模时,你甚至都不会注意到。但当你在数月内处理数千吨材料时,就会变成,哦,我们发现了一种新的故障模式,而这就是我们目前所处的阶段。
德鲁·巴格利诺
不过,我们正在逐一解决这些问题。团队也在埋头攻克,攻克这些问题,而且每周都有进展。
皮特·班农
最后一个问题来自克里斯。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
感谢你们回答这个问题。我有几个关于
德鲁·巴格利诺
下一代汽车的后续问题。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
首先,你们认为我们什么时候能
皮特·班农
看到它?
德鲁·巴格利诺
也许是原型车。
卡恩·布迪拉杰
第二,就以下方面而言,你们是否有任何认为可以分享的细节:
德鲁·巴格利诺
尺寸、内容、性能?然后第三,我想你提到过,
卡恩·布迪拉杰
除了墨西哥之外,你们还会在其他工厂生产它。我们是否应该将其理解为,
皮特·班农
你们可以在一家现有的
卡恩·布迪拉杰
工厂推出它,早于你们完成墨西哥新工厂的建设?
埃隆·马斯克
我想我们实际上可能不得不拒绝回答这个问题。
埃隆·马斯克
我们会举办一场正式的产品发布活动。但如果我们回答你的问题,就有点操之过急了。也许再来一个问题,如果那是。对,对。我不知道有谁
迈克·斯奈德
会。
皮特·班农
丹诺夫,
埃隆·马斯克
我有两个问题。今天下午确实非常令人印象深刻。非常感谢。埃隆,我很好奇,随着你已经翻了一番,而且还会再次翻番,如何,你从中学到了什么
拉尔斯·莫拉维
关于管理一家规模更大的企业,以及你可能不得不,
埃隆·马斯克
你知道,做些什么来管理一家更大的企业。
刘大卫
然后第二,我很好奇你对
埃隆·马斯克
以下问题的看法:你知道,生成式 AI,以及过去几个月 AI 领域这些迅速的突破,能如何帮助你们让汽车变得,你知道,没那么难制造。
弗朗茨·冯·霍尔茨豪森
谢谢。
埃隆·马斯克
我看不到 AI 会很快帮助我们制造汽车。
埃隆·马斯克
到那时,我是说,在任何时候,我们任何人都在解决大问题,我们就放松休息吧。
埃隆·马斯克
我是说,我对 AI 这件事有点担忧。
埃隆·马斯克
我认为这是某种,我不知道,我们应该对此感到担忧的东西。
埃隆·马斯克
我不知道。我认为我们应该需要某种类似监管机构之类的组织,监督 AI 的发展,并确保它的运作符合公众利益。而且,你知道,这是一项相当危险、相当危险的技术。
埃隆·马斯克
我担心自己可能做过一些加速它发展的事情,这就。我不知道。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,我是说,我认为有些 AI 技术显然就是有用的,比如我们在自动驾驶方面所做的工作,你知道,有些人认为这是一个 AGI 类型的问题。我认为它还算不上 AGI 问题,但它确实需要非常复杂的神经网络,因为道路系统是为眼睛和生物神经网络设计的。所以与之对应的自然就是配有数字神经网络的摄像头。
埃隆·马斯克
而我们发现的另一件事就是,有一个。如果你真的看看我们车内的神经网络架构,坦率地说,它简直疯狂。网络套网络,套网络,再套网络。
阿肖克·埃卢斯瓦米
可视化工具一打开就崩溃。对,它复杂到现在没人能把它可视化出来。
埃隆·马斯克
对,很难可视化。
皮特·班农
对。
埃隆·马斯克
就像,实际上它看起来简直疯狂。所以我猜,我们开车四处行驶时,大脑里也发生着类似的事情,这相当不可思议。
埃隆·马斯克
所以,你知道,我不知道,就像 Tesla 正在 AI 领域做好事。
埃隆·马斯克
我不知道。这件事让我压力很大,所以我不知道该说些什么,你知道。
刘大卫
好的。
皮特·班农
鉴于现在是7点,我想我们的时间就到这里了。非常感谢各位前来,以及。
埃隆·马斯克
也谢谢大家。
德鲁·巴格利诺
回头见。
科林·坎贝尔
萨。
Lars Moravy
Sa.
Lars Moravy
It.
Zach Kirkhorn
Good afternoon, everyone.
Zach Kirkhorn
Good afternoon.
Zach Kirkhorn
My name is Zach Kirkhorn. I lead finance here at Tesla and welcome to our Investor Day.
Zach Kirkhorn
For those of you here in the audience at our global headquarters in Austin, Texas, we welcome you. Thank you for being here and thank you for traveling in. For those joining us virtually, thank you for being a part of the day today. So as we reflect back on the history of the company, there's been distinct phases of product advancement, technology innovation and rapid volume growth. The most recent of which has been the global expansion and localization of the Model Y program.
Zach Kirkhorn
And so today we want to talk about the future. We don't want to talk about this quarter or next quarter. We want to go further out into the future. And we've divided today's presentation into three parts. The first of which we're going to go macro. What does it take to convert Earth to sustainable energy generation and use? The second, we want to talk about Tesla's contribution to that global need. We're going to go function by function through the company and you'll meet our entire leadership team and we're going to get into the details of what those teams are doing as part of the broader goal.
Zach Kirkhorn
And then in the third part, we're going to bring it back up and talk about what this all means for, for the company as a whole.
Zach Kirkhorn
So before we get started, statements made in this presentation are forward looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. More details can be found in our written materials. So with that, let's get started. Part 1 Elon Musk and Drew Baglino.
Elon Musk
All right, Master Plan Part three.
Elon Musk
So as Zach was mentioning, the, the thing that I think is we wanted to convey probably more, more importantly than anything else that we talk about here, is that there is a clear path to a sustainable energy Earth. It's not. It doesn't require destroying natural habitats. It doesn't require us to be austere and stop using electricity and sort of be in the cold or anything. The story, and I think that this holds together quite well and we'll be actually publishing a detailed white paper with all of our assumptions and calculations is that there is a clear path to a fully sustainable Earth with abundance.
Elon Musk
In fact, you could support a civilization much bigger than Earth, much more than the 8 billion humans could actually be supported sustainably on Earth. And I'm just often shocked and surprised by how few people realize this.
Elon Musk
Most of the smart people I know actually don't see this clear path. They think that there's, there's not a path to a sustainable energy future, or at least there's not one that is sustainable at our current population or that would have to resort to extreme measures. None of this is true. So we're going to walk through the calculations for how to create a sustainable energy civilization.
Drew Baglino
And to set the stage. Today our energy economy, it's, let's be honest, it's dirty and it's wasteful. Over 80% of global energy primary energy comes from fossil fuels. And only one third of that global energy actually ends up delivering useful work or heat. This is the problem statement, but we're here to talk about the solution.
Elon Musk
Yeah, it's like if for some of this I'm going to elaborate because there's a very wide range of technical expertise out there from people who are like, you know, whatever level 9 Wizards in the subject to people who do not do engineering at all. So if you have a gasoline car, you're converting less than a third, often maybe only 25% of the energy in the gasoline is converted into motion. The rest is turned into waste heat.
Elon Musk
That doesn't do any good at all. And there's a lot of energy required even to get the oil out of the ground, to refine the oil and to transport the gasoline to the gas station. So when you look at all that for a typical gasoline car is, is actually going to be using less than 20% fully considered of the energy from the oil actually goes into motion. So this is a. When I see people, when we see people doing calculations for what does it take to create a sustainable energy earth, they assume that the same energy amount is required for an elect for electric electrified civilization versus a combustion civilization.
Elon Musk
This is not true because most of the energy of combustion is waste heat.
Drew Baglino
And even to get the fuel to combust in the first place and get it to the end use, there's a lot lost along the way. I mean this is the primary energy consumption 165 petawatt hours a year. Petawatt hour is a trillion kilowatt hours. So it's a large amount of energy. But the nice thing about electrified economy, there's a better way we're going to talk about it, is that through end use efficiency and through efficiency along every step of the way actually the total energy use halves.
Drew Baglino
So this is one of the most enabling aspects of electrifying everything, is that the sustainable energy economy is that much easier to accomplish. It's actually half the problem statement of the fossil fuel economy.
Elon Musk
Yeah, and we're being conservative here. So it could be better than half but we're trying to have assumptions that are reasonable, not overly optimistic, in fact, slightly pessimistic. So it's really better than half. But just say for it's, it's easy to make the argument that we need half as much energy with an electric economy versus a combustion economy.
Colin Campbell
Yep.
Drew Baglino
So how the master plan works. You want to talk?
Elon Musk
Yeah, so. So the thing that is needed at very large scale, that is not currently present, is a vast amount of battery energy storage. Our rough calculations are that this is about 240 terawatt hours or 240,000 gigawatt hours.
Elon Musk
This is a lot of batteries, but it is actually a very achievable amount. We'll go into details on that. So that's a combination of electric vehicles and stationary storage. So if you've got solar or wind, you've got to store the energy when the wind is not blowing or the sun is not shining. And so we're assuming sort of an 80:1 ratio of stored energy to power. So 30 terawatt hours of power. 30 terawatts of power.
Elon Musk
Our actual capital expenditure calculation for manufacturing investment is more like 6 trillion. But we, you know, we made it higher to make it 10 trillion.
Drew Baglino
And this is across mining, refining, you know, battery factories, recycling vehicle factories, all the things that we're going to talk about needing to invest in to build this sustainable energy economy.
Elon Musk
Yeah, no, if you look at the total world economy, it's just under 100 trillion. So if this was spread out, say over 10 years, it would be 1% of the global economy. Over 20 years, it would be half a percent of the global economy. So this is. Yeah, not a big number relative to the global economy.
Elon Musk
As Drew mentioned, you need about half as much energy with an electric economy versus a combustion economy. And in terms of wind and solar, how much land would be used? It's less than 0.2% of the land area of Earth.
Elon Musk
Like, generally, people don't realize quite how much energy is reaching us from the sun. It's roughly a gigawatt per square kilometer.
Elon Musk
And, you know, sun doesn't shine all the time, but it's. If you multiply that by, say, four to get the continuous power, four or five, then that gives you the land area of solar. And you can put wind and solar often in the same place. So a lot of places that currently have wind, you could have solar there and you double your energy.
Drew Baglino
You can also put wind offshore. It doesn't even need to be on land. So wind is even more flexible.
Elon Musk
You could put Solar offshore too.
David Lau
Yep.
Elon Musk
So Earth is 70% water. Anyway, the point is that with a pretty, really a remarkably small amount of Earth's land area, we can go fully sustainable.
Elon Musk
Yeah.
Drew Baglino
And from. Do the resources and raw materials exist to support this transition? We'll go through that in detail, but we do not see any insurmountable resource challenges at all. In fact, in the end, we should be mining less ore to accomplish this economy than we currently do with the fossil fuel economy. And we're going to talk through that.
Ashok Elluswamy
Yeah.
Elon Musk
Just to emphasize that again, the electrified economy will require less mining than the current economy does. Less, not more.
Drew Baglino
Okay, so this is the plan. And now we'll get into a little more of the details of the plan. Basically, five areas of work. First, renewable power, the existing grid. Second, switch to the to electric vehicles. Third, switch homes, businesses and industry heating to heat pumps. Fourth, high temp heat delivery and storage for high temp industrial and chemical processes. And a little bit of green hydrogen in there for chemical processes that need hydrogen.
Drew Baglino
And finally, sustainably fueled planes and boats. These are the five areas and we're going to go into detail on all of them.
Elon Musk
Yeah, I mean, my personal opinion is that as we improve the energy density of batteries, you'll see all transportation go fully electric with the exception of rockets. That's awkward. But, but you can make the fuel with CO2 and water, so you can make methane with CO2 and water.
Drew Baglino
So in fact, you can do that with just electricity.
Elon Musk
Yes, exactly. So. So in fact, on Mars, if we hopefully get there at some point, the atmosphere is CO2 and there's water ice throughout Mars. So you can take the CO2 and H2O and turn that into CH4, which is methane and oxygen. So ultimately, even rockets can be electrified.
Drew Baglino
So first, repowering the existing grid with renewables. And this is going to be a consistent theme. You'll see our estimates for the number of terawatt hours total and trillions of investment at the bottom of the page. You know, this is already actively occurring in front of US. 60% of the generation added to the US grid was solar in 2022. And actually on a year on year basis, solar deployment is growing 50% year on year as of 2022.
Drew Baglino
So this is a, this is a serious upswing. And if we continue this trend, this is going to be behind us before we even know it.
Elon Musk
Yeah.
Drew Baglino
Second, switching to electric vehicles. Again, 21% reduction in fossil fuel use by doing this alone. Obviously, Tesla is heavily engaged in this activity as along with many others. Overall EV production grew 59% year on year in 2022 and EVs hit an amazing 10% market share. I mean, it's an awesome milestone. I'm super excited to see that.
Elon Musk
And yeah, this is obviously happening very rapidly and I mean I think really all cars will go to fully electric and autonomous and so riding a non autonomous gasoline car is going to be analogous to riding a horse and using a flip phone. That's basically going to be the situation.
Drew Baglino
And we actually took a somewhat conservative assumption here in terms of how many batteries are required because the more the fleet is autonomous, the fewer, the smaller the fleet needs to be just from a utility basis. So we're not accounting for all of those benefits or really much of those benefits at all in this number. And what does this fleet look like? You know, just rough view from our perspective. Of course we could be wrong, but you know, you can see the sort of breakdown of the fleet by millions of vehicles.
Drew Baglino
You know, our goal is to do 20 million electric vehicles a year.
Elon Musk
Yeah. Fewer vehicles will be needed, at least passenger vehicles with autonomy. So there's some debate as to what that number is, but it's a number less than the number of vehicles needed today. There's roughly 2 billion cars and trucks in operation in the world today.
Drew Baglino
And yeah, so what we show here is actually I think only 1.4 million or so. So we're represent 1.4 billion, I mean, or so. So a smaller fleet. And you know, the numbers here in this presentation are around 85 million vehicles a year produced. Just to give you a sense of how we're thinking about this again, we're going to put all these assumptions up online and you know, encourage people's thoughts.
Elon Musk
Yeah. So yeah, so we're basically heading rapidly towards an electric or autonomous future.
Drew Baglino
Exciting.
Elon Musk
Yeah.
Drew Baglino
And one of the reasons why EVs are so enabling is this end use efficiency point.
Drew Baglino
Tesla Model 3. It's four times more efficient from the well to wheel than a Toyota Corolla. And that's all about the efficiency of getting the electricity to the into the car in a sustainable energy economy. And then how efficient the car is in transferring that stored energy to motion on the road when compared to the engine in the Toyota Corolla. And all the, you know, extraction, refining, transmission, distribution of the gasoline to the Toyota Corolla.
Drew Baglino
And just for this is a Fun reference, Model 3 can drive over a mile on the energy it takes to boil a pot of water for pasta and then it can drive another mile on the energy it took to cook the pasta and that pasta is £1 from all three is like £4,000. Just to give you a sense of just like what? Like it really doesn't use a lot of energy to move a Model 3, that 4,000 pound object down the road.
Elon Musk
Also, heat is a lot more energy than motion.
Drew Baglino
Yeah, yeah. But people, you know, you just boil a pot of water, you don't even think about it. Yeah. It's just interesting how efficient these cars are. Next, switching to heat pumps in homes, businesses and industry.
Drew Baglino
You know, right now heat pumps meet 10% of building heating needs install rates growing 10% year on year. It really needs to accelerate. Heat pumps can serve, you know, heat applications up to 200c in businesses and industry. And from an investment perspective, as you can see on this page, it's actually the lowest hanging fruit in terms of displacing fossil fuels. You might be saying, well, what exactly is a heat pump?
Drew Baglino
So heat pumps don't move heat, don't create heat, they move heat. When you think about like the natural gas furnished in your house, like it's, it is generating heat itself. But what the heat pump is doing is actually moving heat from outside of your house into your house. They're just an air conditioner or a refrigerator in reverse. So we're surrounded by heat pumps. There's like, you know, they're all over this factory, they're in your house.
Drew Baglino
And all this really is, is about bringing them to displace all the fossil fuel heating in all the homes, business in the industry that, that we can. And from an end use efficiency perspective, there's a three times reduction in the total energy required to heat these buildings. So a real obvious thing to do.
David Lau
Yeah.
Elon Musk
Heat pumps, there are cars.
Drew Baglino
Yeah.
Elon Musk
Now as default. And at some point we might make a heat pump for our home.
Drew Baglino
So yeah, maybe, maybe, maybe.
Drew Baglino
Next a little bit more detail on electrifying high tempo sort of industrial chemical processes. So over 50% of industrial heat is greater than 400C. You know, cement, steel, fertilizers, chemicals, plastics, metals, refining, all need like 1,500 C. So we need a solution here.
Drew Baglino
Ultimately it's purpose built equipment that enables electrification. You know, carbon graphite is stable up to 2800C. There's other options in the 1500C range, like Silicon carbide, other materials. So the idea here is you create and store heat when renewable power is available. If this is a sustainable energy economy, you know, renewable energy is intermittent. Peak of the day, you've got more generation than you need you make a bunch of heat then, and then you transfer that heat into the industrial process 24 hours a day using the stored heat you created when the sun or the wind was blowing.
Drew Baglino
That's the concept here. And then on the hydrogen side, we also need green hydrogen to decarbonize metals and chemical refining processes. This is things like ammonia making steel. You know, there's roughly 120 million tons of hydrogen sourced from fossil fuel today to do these things. And hydrogen can also directly replace coal which is currently used in a ton of steel production through a process called directly reducing iron.
Drew Baglino
You can replace blast furnaces with a hydrogen reducing direct reduced iron furnace. And this is the way to eliminate fossil fuels from these aspects of the economy and the CO2 associated with them.
Elon Musk
Yeah, so I mean some of this, there's like room to disagree, but some amount of hydrogen is needed for industrial processes. My personal opinion is that hydrogen will not be used meaningfully in transport, but and shouldn't be. If you're going to use a chemical fuel, you should use Ch4, not H2, but nonetheless it is needed for industrial processes and can be produced just by splitting water essentially.
Drew Baglino
I mean something that's been done for decades and decades. This is not rocket technology.
Drew Baglino
And lastly, a small part of the pie, but a necessary part of the pie is sustainably fueling planes and boats. Shipping accounts for 3% of global CO2. It's ripe for electrification. Even with lithium iron phosphate. Long haul ships can be fully battery powered. So that's a great opportunity to electrify. Energy density is a little bit harder for planes, but short haul is doable. Today with some improvements, we'll get long haul underway.
Drew Baglino
But even, even in the meantime, we can leverage sustainable aviation fuels produced and stored using excess renewable electricity. There's a lot of work going on in this space and it's, it's, it's not.
Elon Musk
Yeah, yeah. I mean to, to really get long range aircraft and long range shipping to use lithium ion, you need to redesign the ship and not just. Or the plane and the plane to take advantage of the fact that it is a new source of energy. It's a different architecture. So just like with an electric car you wouldn't just, you know, take a gasoline car and stick a battery in it. That's very suboptimal. It's much more efficient to have the battery be the structure of the car and you know, make it as, make it mass efficient and optimized for battery, for batteries the same.
Elon Musk
If that's done with aircraft, I think you can get long range aircraft at, around with, with cells at around 450 watt hours per kilogram, which you can buy it right now. Actually it's expensive, but I think that price will come down.
Drew Baglino
So when we stack up all of these efforts, we end up with the numbers we shared at the beginning of the presentation. 30 terawatts, 240 terawatt hours, $10 trillion. And you're, you may be saying like I need some context. Is this feasible?
Drew Baglino
Spoiler alert, it's entirely feasible.
Drew Baglino
Just looking at it from a growth rate, growth rate perspective, how much do we need to grow the deployment of these technologies? We're talking about only a 3x growth rate in solar and wind deployment. Solar is already growing at a breakneck pace, as is wind. This gap is going to be closed really quickly. When we look at the electric vehicles, they have to grow 11x. Well they grew 60% year on year last year. That growth rate is also going to close pretty, pretty darn.
Drew Baglino
That gap is going to close pretty quickly as well. And lastly, storage. You know, Tesla's energy storage business has grown at 65% CAGR since 2016. The global, you know, energy storage business is accelerating pace as well. I mean all these gaps are going to close, especially as, as this momentum of the transition to sustainable energy accelerates. And of course our goal on this page is 20 million EVs per year and 1 terawatt hour of stationary storage per year, basically as soon as we can.
Drew Baglino
And then, you know, what about this investment? How do I have a reference point on this investment? You know, Elon mentioned it's 10% of, you know, one year's world GDP. Another way of thinking about it is how does it compare to what we're investing, like what we invested last year in the fossil fuel infrastructure and it's 60% of that investment. So actually building this sustainable energy economy is less than extending the fossil fuel economy from a year over year investment basis.
Drew Baglino
So very doable when we look towards does this fit on the planet? Absolutely. Less than 0.2% of land as a reference point. The total land area intensively farmed today is 12 and a half percent of all land. So I mean, you drive around, you see some farms, but you don't see them everywhere. This is, this is an order of magnitude, more than order of magnitude difference between farming and what we're talking about for sustainable energy land.
Elon Musk
And it doesn't need to displace farmland or you know, forests or jungle or any kind of ecological preserve. It can be used in very sparsely
Drew Baglino
populated desert regions, barren areas, areas that are just not really fit for development or otherwise used. So Yeah, I mean, 0.2% can fit into a lot of places.
Elon Musk
Yeah, it's, it's, there's, there's essentially no meaningful ecological impact. In fact, transition to a sustainable energy economy economy would result in a substantial reduction in current ecological impact.
Drew Baglino
It's a great way to put it.
Elon Musk
Yeah.
Drew Baglino
And what about on the mineral extraction side? So this is a cartoon that sort of gives you a sense for all the ore and the like extracted minerals that are coming out of the earth every year. It's about 68 gigatons. So each truck is a gigaton. What does this look like when we're in a sustainable energy economy? Looks like that the fossil fuel extraction disappears. We replace it with the materials required to fulfill the sustainable energy economy actually reduces.
Drew Baglino
Now, it's not to say that we don't need to continue to explore, you know, bring on mining and refining for the sort of specific materials for the sustainable energy economy. We do, but the investment in mass flows are all very achievable. Just looking at what is already happening on the planet, like this is nothing out of scale of what has been done and is already being done.
Drew Baglino
And then we calculate it on a sort of, you know, element by element basis. The resources are there to support the transition. You know, this is cumulative demand to move in the sustainable energy economy direction until 2050 relative to USGS resources today. You know, we're not breaking the resource bank for any of these materials. And then when we look at what really happens as we move forward, history teaches the more we look, the more we find what people think happens is, oh, there's this many resources, next year there's going to be less because we're going to extract them.
Drew Baglino
What actually happens is as we extract resources, we, we find more. And you can see on the right what has actually occurred with the key materials to the sustainable energy economy since 2000, as the Sustainable energy economy has been growing and Tesla's been growing and all the industries around us have been growing, the actual resource availability has increased, not decreased.
Elon Musk
Yes, there still seems to be quite a bit of confusion about the, about lithium. Lithium is extremely common. It's one of the most common elements on Earth. There is, there's no country that has monopoly on lithium or even close to it. There's, there's enough lithium or in the United States to electrify all of Earth. If the United States was the only place producing lithium, there's enough Domestic material to electrify Earth.
Elon Musk
It's very common. The limiting factor is the refining of the lithium into battery grade lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate. That's the actual limiting factor.
Drew Baglino
And the same is true for these other materials. And this is again, these are not like crazy technologies. It's just the investments need to be made. And the investments, they're not gigantic. They just need to happen.
Elon Musk
Right. Nickel's maybe of them all the trickiest one to solve. But as we showed with the graph, there Maybe need like 30% of the world's known nickel reserves. So.
Drew Baglino
And the nickel reserves have actually grown since 2000.
Elon Musk
There is more. Exactly. So and you only need nickel for basically aircraft, long range boats and very long range cars or trucks. But the, the vast majority of the heavy lifting for electrification will be iron based cells. And the earth is. Iron is actually literally the most common elements on Earth. So trivia point, if you say like what is Earth made of by mass? It is most. It is made of iron more than anything else.
Elon Musk
And second oxygen and then everything else after that. So basically we're a muddy rust bowl is what earth is. So an iron cathode is sort of. You're definitely not going to run out of iron. There's so much iron is insane.
Elon Musk
So that's. Yeah, yeah.
Drew Baglino
And ultimately this resource extraction, we go through this effort, we build these batteries and then we recycle these batteries. So ultimately we're doing this to build this sustainable energy economy. But the maintenance amount of ore that we require is really an order of magnitude or more less because of recycling. So in the end a sustainable energy economy is within our reach and we should accelerate it.
Elon Musk
Yeah, I mean, so this is really the main message of today. And I really wanted today to be not just about tells the investors who own stock, but really anyone who is an investor on Earth. And what we're trying to convey is a message of hope and optimism and hope, optimism that is based on actual physics and, and real calculations. It's not wishful thinking. Earth can and will move to a sustainable energy economy and will do so in your lifetime.
Elon Musk
Thank you.
Drew Baglino
Yes, thank you.
Drew Baglino
And I just want to welcome up Lars and Franz to the stage.
Ashok Elluswamy
Hi.
Franz von Holzhausen
Hi, I'm Franz, I lead design at Tesla.
Lars Moravy
And I'm Lars. I've been doing vehicles with Franz for almost 13 years now.
Franz von Holzhausen
So I joined Tesla in 2008 to vertically integrate design into the company. It didn't exist before, was a pretty small team. It was tasked with designing the most beautiful, innovative and well engineered vehicles on the planet.
Drew Baglino
No small task.
Franz von Holzhausen
In 2008, there's not a lot going on in the EV sector then. Since then, we focused on constant improvement in cost, efficiency, innovation, things that you'll continue to hear about today, while continuing to design the most desirable cars.
Franz von Holzhausen
Today, we produce cars differently than we did 10 years ago, but the end result is always an exciting, futuristic and desirable set of vehicles.
Lars Moravy
Back then, we only had a handful of designers and engineers like myself, but we had a great vision to radically change transportation.
Franz von Holzhausen
So back in 2008, when we were designing Model S, we didn't have a factory. In fact, we had a really small engineering team and a tiny design team.
Franz von Holzhausen
But that allowed design to lead all the conversations. It let us innovate forward thinking ideas like how do you fit seven people into a sedan? Or how do you make door handles disappear into the. Into the doors? Or putting a huge touchscreen into the center of the vehicle, Something that had never been done before.
Lars Moravy
And then we won Motor Trend Car of the Year.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yes. And we won Motor Trend Car of the year in 2013. Our first, our first great award first car, pretty good start, kind of a home run, I think.
Franz von Holzhausen
But that whole process resulted in a linear process that you see on the screen. We designed first, then we engineered, and then we figured out how to manufacture it.
Lars Moravy
Yeah, I mean, I think that's really important. When we were designing the car together, we didn't even know where we were going to build it. And so we came up with.
Franz von Holzhausen
We didn't even know Lars when we were designing it.
Lars Moravy
That's true, we didn't. So once we got Fremont, we were very fortunate and we figured out the manufacturing solutions. Sort of like we were flying a plane and putting the wings and building the engine at the same time. So we knew we had to do better.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yeah, we knew we had to be better in order to scale. And as part of the master plan that you've read, Model 3 needed to be a smaller, more efficient and more affordable version of Model S. But it
Zach Kirkhorn
had to be equally great.
Franz von Holzhausen
It had to have all the things that people loved in their Model S or, or Model X, but be much more affordable. And so we approached the process a little bit differently than the first time around. Now we had teams that we all worked together, so we were able to combine design, engineering and manufacturing process all at the same time. But somewhere along the way, we changed the manufacturing process to be fully automated.
Franz von Holzhausen
And so we leaned into this whole new way of manufacturing a car, but we had already engineered it so things didn't quite go as well as planned.
Lars Moravy
It was an amazing product but it landed us in production hell. Many of us who lived through that carry those battle scars. It was a great idea, but it wasn't the right timing. Like Franz said, automating something that we designed to be built manually is super hard. And we have many, many failed examples of that at the Fremont factory that we ripped out. But some of them eventually still work. This is one I actually worked on with a small team of engineers.
Lars Moravy
It's still running today and some of the engineers that came by said we couldn't do it, are no longer with the company but it's running and it's running faster than ever.
Lars Moravy
So we kind of self imposed constraints on the design when we were doing it to be built manually and we really didn't think about it. But despite all that, model 3 is the best selling EV ever.
Rebecca Tinucci
It yeah.
Franz von Holzhausen
And Model Y which is derived from Model 3 is about to pass that.
Franz von Holzhausen
But we knew we had to improve the process further. And with Cybertruck we designed a vehicle around a vision that actually started with a manufacturing process. And in this case the materials dictated the design.
Lars Moravy
Forming full hard stainless steel isn't rocket science, but it sure isn't easy and it limited the way we could do it.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yeah, absolutely. It really forced us to think about designing something in a way that you couldn't normally stamp panels, you couldn't form them in a traditional way. So you ended up with very linear bending processes that are just not in automotive kind of language of manufacturing today. But it actually created a very efficient and process and one of the most dynamic designs ever, I believe. It's definitely something that's going to change the road landscape.
Lars Moravy
Hopefully you guys saw it down there and you experienced it. It's definitely real. Those are real trucks. We're on our way to build them. But what that stainless steel opportunity did for us, it let us rethink the factory footprint. We don't stamp those. That's a huge part of it. We don't even paint them. So our footprint got smaller and we started to think about innovative ways to take those constraints and make great products.
Franz von Holzhausen
But that constraint didn't really change the end result of the truck. It's a super dynamic truck and it has all the functionality you would expect out of any of the other competitive trucks. And the best thing about it, it's coming this year.
Lars Moravy
So ideally after all that we would design, engineer, manufacture and plan for automation happening together. It gives us the opportunity to question requirements. This is something that is fundamentally only available at Tesla. The places I used to work and the top manufacturing companies in the world, they don't sit together.
Franz von Holzhausen
One team, nowhere I know has all these teams together, thinking about these processes from the very beginning.
Lars Moravy
In fact, all of those engineering teams, manufacturing, design, automation, they're all in one org. They all report to one person. We can't point fingers at each other, so we have to solve them together. Which is the best way to innovate. A traditional way of making a vehicle is this. You stamp it, you do build a body in white, you paint it and you do final assembly. And what's interesting is these shops are dictated by the organizational structures that exist, and they're dictated by the boundaries that exist in the factories that are laid out.
Lars Moravy
If something goes wrong in final assembly, you block the whole line and you end up with buffering in between. This is at the tail end of its manufacturing optimization. Henry Ford first invented this assembly line in 1922. It's been 100 years, and it's really hard to make a change after 100 years. And when you watch it happen, it's actually really silly to a guy like me. You take all these stamped panels, you put them together, then you put them in a framing station.
Lars Moravy
You build a body that looks something like a car. You put the doors on and then you paint them. Once you get the color, you take the doors off, and then you start putting the interior inside the car. It comes in through the openings that already exist. I wish it went in like this big piece like this, but there's actually people coming in and out of the car. There's awkward movements. Then we lift the car up, we put stuff from underneath it, we put it down, Then we put the seats in the car, and finally we close it all out with glass and we bring those doors that went away for a trip and we put them back in the car.
Lars Moravy
Most of the time we're doing this with a big giant car and moving it and doing really nothing to it at all.
Franz von Holzhausen
What's funny, though, in this kind of whole process is that just recently, Toyota just called this an engineering work of art.
Lars Moravy
True.
Lars Moravy
The model, yeah, that was humbling. But at Tesla, it's not good enough. If we're going to scale the way we want to do, we have to rethink manufacturing again. As part of the master plan, we have to make another step change in cost. We started this on model Y when we made these huge gigacastings and we deleted hundreds of parts. We simplified assembly with the model Y structural battery, where we decided the floor should be a part of the car.
Lars Moravy
The battery is the floor. We put the seats in the interior on the battery, and we bring it up through a big open hole and we assemble it. And this allowed us to do things in parallel, fully rethinking the process and reducing the final assembly line by about 10%. And we thought maybe we could do this other places.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yeah, I mean, in a way the constraints become part of the solution rather than a problem.
Lars Moravy
So when you think about what I'm trying to say, I really want to hammer this home. When you have a car that's about 5 meters long and you have people working around it like we did in model 3, and we change that to this process where we take different parts of the car, we can do more at the same time like we did with the model Y structural battery pack. What you see here is us doing that on the front part of the vehicle or the rear part of the vehicle.
Lars Moravy
That means we can get more people working on the car or robots working on it at the same time. That means we have better operator density, less time doing nothing. I call that space time efficiency. It has nothing to do with quantum mechanics. We can have that conversation later. But we get 44% more operator density, which means more work, less time walking back to the station. 30% improvement in space time efficiency.
Lars Moravy
And because we're not building it in and out of the car with those slow movements of those robots I showed you from production hell, when we go to automate it, it's going to be a lot easier in the end. That will probably look something like this. Where we balance parallel and series manufacturing in a way where we only do things that are necessary. With a much shorter final line blocking a lot less of the entire rest of the factory.
Lars Moravy
So we can optimize material flow using the best practices. And what that means, it's going to look something like this, where we build all the sides of the cars independently. We only paint what we need to, and then we assemble the parts of the car once and only once, we put them where they need to go. The interior is attached from a bottom up or a top down strategy so there's more access for those robots and people.
Lars Moravy
We aren't moving heavy objects around and doing nothing to it. And it means we're doing more work on the car, more of the time. And then when we take it all, all of these tested sub assemblies and we put them together, we finally assembled the car only one time putting the sides on with all of their parts to a front and rear that was already assembled, carrying the floor in with the seats and finally boxing it out with the doors one time.
Lars Moravy
Just like Cybertruck. So in the end you get the same car, but it's not going to be a Model Y. Yeah.
Franz von Holzhausen
This is not. This is a Model Y for illustration, not the next generation vehicle.
Lars Moravy
In the end, what does that mean? To increase the scale and adoption of electric vehicles on the orders of magnitude that we just showed you, we have to make constraints part of the solution. It leads us to greater than 40% reduction in footprint, which means we can build factories faster with less capex and more output per unit.
Lars Moravy
Faster, less capex, more output per unit dollar. Zach's going to go into more details on this later, but it also means through this innovation and some of what my other engineering colleagues are going to talk to you about in the future, we'll reduce costs as much as 50%. This is the two for one concept you hear me and Elon talking about on earnings calls.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yeah. So I think our track record approves that we can deliver the best cars and we deliver the best cars in spite of because of these constraints. And I'd love to really show you what I mean and unveil the next gen car, but you're going to have to trust me on that until a later date. Just. And I promise we'll always be delivering exciting, compelling and desirable vehicles like as we always have.
Lars Moravy
Have we ever not? We always do.
Franz von Holzhausen
But what else is Tesla known for?
Mike Snyder
Speed.
Lars Moravy
So with that, I want to bring on Colin, who's in charge of making our cars go fast.
Colin Campbell
Thank you, Lars. Thank you, Franz. My name is Colin Campbell and I have the real privilege of leading powertrain engineering here at Tesla. We make the fastest cars that you can buy for the money, whether they're electric or gas. And the Model S plaid that we're looking at here, it has more than 1,000 horsepower and pound per pound, the motors in that car, or as powerful as jet engines. Our cars are super fun. People absolutely love driving in them.
Colin Campbell
And the other thing that you probably all know about our powertrains is that they're efficient. Our coast go 25 to 30% further than other EVs in our class for the same amount of efficiency. But at Tesla, efficiency means more than just reducing how much energy the cars use. It's about how we develop, how we manufacture, how we how we refine, and how we scale the powertrain.
Colin Campbell
Now, the Model 3 and Y powertrain is a great example of this. Broader meaning of efficiency. So since we launched it back in 2017, we've continuously improved that powertrain and the factory that builds it. So the drive unit, the engine of the car, is 20% lighter. For the same power, we use 25% less heavy rare earths than when we started. And the powertrain factory, which is behind me today, is 75% smaller and 65% cheaper than the one that we originally built.
Colin Campbell
And what I really want to emphasize is that we did all of this without compromise. Our cars are just as powerful, they go just as far, they cost the same or less, and the factories have the same output. So how did we do that?
Colin Campbell
We did it by designing the entire vehicle and the entire factory together as one company. And this sets Tesla apart. We have small and highly capable teams. And to make a critical decision, we can have the battery cell chemists, the mechanical engineers, the manufacturing engineers, the supply chain team, the automation designers, the software programmers, all in one room, working together in real time. And that allows us to make decisions that are best for the whole car and to make them really fast.
Colin Campbell
And that approach is unlike traditional automotive engineering, which is really fractured. And if you were to go buy, like a premium German electric car, the engineers who designed the drive inverter in that car, they did not work for that car company. They worked for a contractor. And at Tesla, we designed the entire car and the factory that builds it. And I want to highlight a few examples of what we've been able to do in house thanks to that unique approach.
Colin Campbell
So inside the charger of your Tesla are transistor packages, and that's at the top of your screen here. And every electron that moves you down the road flows through one of these packages. We designed our own custom package, which is what you're seeing here. And we can extract twice as much heat out of that package as what we could buy off the shelf. And so what does that mean? It means that the silicon carbide wafer that's inside those packages can be much smaller.
Colin Campbell
And silicon carbide is an amazing semiconductor, but it's also expensive and it's really hard to scale. So using less of it is a big win for us.
Colin Campbell
And then on top of that, orchestrating all of these transistors and making them switch in the right ways is computationally extremely intensive. It used to require four microprocessors, which are shown here in the bottom left. We have developed our own custom microprocessor. It's purpose built for high power electronics. It's half the cost. And it does in just one the job of all of those four. And these are just two examples of many that I could use to showcase our expertise in high power electronics.
Colin Campbell
And that expertise has allowed us to take the cost of the chargers that were in our Model S when we launched it in 2012, both the cost and the mass, and cut both of those in half.
Colin Campbell
And even more important, power electronics are central not just to our cars, they're also central to our superchargers into our energy storage products. And Rebecca and Mike will be talking more about that. So in addition to the work that we've done in software and hardware, we've also done a lot of work in house on software. So this is the drive unit for Model 3 and Y. And if we take a cross section, we see this data and the rotor, and they're responsible for the core function of the drive unit, which is converting electricity into motion.
Colin Campbell
And our custom software lets us simulate the rotating magnetic field that is responsible for that conversion and getting that simulation exactly right. It's central to the cost, the weight, the size, and even the sound of the drive unit. Now, you can buy software that will do all of this, but our tools are faster and they're more accurate, and that was not easy to do. And that allows us to quickly iterate through millions of possible drive unit designs to find the best one.
Colin Campbell
I want to highlight one more area where Tesla really excels, because we integrate work that is often farmed out. So when you are making a new product, it's not enough to think about the product itself. You have to think about how you're going to make it at scale. So Tesla, our powertrain and our powertrain manufacturing equipment is both designed under one roof. The engineers who are designing the motor, they are in the same room as the engineers who are designing the machine that's going to put that motor together.
Colin Campbell
And that collaboration pushes us from day one to design products that are not only high performance, but are really easy to assemble.
Colin Campbell
So all of this expertise that we have in the powertrain team, in hardware and software, in manufacturing, it's going to have a major impact on our next platform, in our next powertrain. So silicon carbide transistors that I mentioned that are key component, but expensive, we figured out a way to use 75% less without compromising the performance or the efficiency of the car.
Colin Campbell
And of course, we know that battery cell supply is one of the constraints on the scalability of EVs. Right now, our new powertrain is compatible with any battery chemistry that will give us great flexibility in battery sourcing.
Mike Snyder
If we want to make EVs more
Colin Campbell
accessible to people, they have to be cheaper. We've reduced the drive unit cost to about $1,000. And we don't think any other automaker is even close to that number.
Colin Campbell
Finally, the bigger a factory is, the longer it takes to build. If we can build the same number of cars from a smaller factory, we are going to be able to scale EV production faster. Our next powertrain factory is 50% smaller than the one that's behind me today, even though it has the same capacity.
Colin Campbell
All of these improvements, I think, are going to be transformative for the adoption of EVs and our ability to scale them. There's one more thing that I want to highlight.
Colin Campbell
So I talked about how we had reduced the amount of rare earth in our powertrains. And as the world transitions to clean energy, the demand for rare earth is really increasing dramatically. And not only is it going to be a little hard to meet that demand, but mining that rare earth, it has environmental and health risks. So we want to do even better than this. We have designed our next drive unit, which uses a permanent magnet motor to not use any rare earth materials at all.
Colin Campbell
So how does all this fit into the master plan? We can make lower cost products that are still efficient and compelling, and we can make them at scale. We're going to use less of constrained commodities. Silicon carbide, rare earths, we're going to build them all in compact and high output factories that are easy for us to build quickly.
Colin Campbell
We're going to make that easy to scale powertrains all the way up to the levels that Drew and Elon mentioned at the beginning. And this achievement, like all of the achievements that I mentioned today, it's only possible because of the incredible people on our powertrain teams. They are absolutely committed to the cause of sustainable energy. And that is why we can do what no other company can do. Thank you.
Drew Baglino
So next I'd like to welcome my
Colin Campbell
colleagues Pete Bannon and David Lau.
Pete Bannon
Thanks, Colin.
Pete Bannon
Good afternoon everybody and welcome to Texas. Pictured here is the low voltage system of a Model S from 2012. This car was primarily designed with vendor source controllers integrated by Tesla. There are over 300 low voltage devices that encompass everything from the mundane to like the light in the glove box to the complicated like the infotainment computer to the safety critical like the airbags steer by wire and break by wire.
Pete Bannon
The low voltage harness is built from individual wires cut to length, crimped and inserted into connectors. A manual process that is tedious, error prone and doesn't scale well. Going forward, we want to reduce the size and complexity of the harness and enable automated manufacturing.
David Lau
These wire harnesses introduce extraordinary complications, especially in the early stages of development and bring up of a vehicle. Because when we're trying to bring up this entire system and we see that it's not working properly, we don't know whether it's a problem with the software, with the controller, the processor, any of the endpoints in this entanglement of wires. And so we have to go and debug everything all at once.
David Lau
And Pete's going to tell us about how we're going to make it better.
Pete Bannon
So I'm going to talk briefly about a few things that we've changed over the years since the Model S. With the Model 3, Tesla started designing an increasing share of our controllers. By merging controllers together and we were able to simplify the design with a significant reduction in wire count and weight. Going From S to 3, we reduced the wire harness by 17 kg compared to model S. And this is a pretty big deal. And just to put that into context, our VP of engineering, Lars, will deliver a bottle of your favorite Spirit to your desk if you manage to save a kilogram of weight from the car.
Pete Bannon
So this improvement cost him quite a lot.
Pete Bannon
Did we skip one? Yeah. The original model 3 controllers were enhanced and then built into Model Yes. Those improved controllers were then moved back into Model 3 when we introduced the heat pump. At that point we had shared controllers across both cars, which helped simplify our supply chain. Those Model 3 and Y controller designs were then updated and enhanced for the new versions of Model S and X that we introduced in 2021.
Pete Bannon
For Cybertruck. We are now designing 85% of the controllers in the car for the next gen platform. We're going to finish the job and designing 100% of the controllers to give us full control of the design and the supply chain at the component level. Having full control of the supply chain at the component level has been critical to Tesla over the last few years as the supply constraints have hampered our ability to build cars.
David Lau
And with that control comes control over all the software, which enables us to develop features and functionality that we never even dreamed of at the time we designed the hardware. So that's why you see software in your car is getting better and better over time in ways that we didn't even think of when we designed the hardware in the first place.
Pete Bannon
Yes, Sentry mode is one of my favorite last minute changes with the introduction of Model 3 in 2017, we deleted relays and fuses from the car in favor of E fuses. E fuses replace moving parts with solid state transistors. They provide fine grained control of the power supply system to software and allow software to do advanced things like load shedding in the car under adverse conditions. E fuses also allow for software controlled retries for transient faults and they allow for detailed monitoring of the power system over time.
David Lau
The theme you hear a lot about today is software controlled hardware. And when I think about that in my team, software controlled hardware is fundamentally about being able to sidestep what otherwise would have been static trade offs between one attribute or another in a piece of hardware. We are able with software to instill intelligence, context awareness and context specific behavior into what otherwise would have been a piece of hardware that had to get optimized.
David Lau
For one type of scenario. We get more of everything.
Pete Bannon
In 2022, we completed the transition lead acid batteries to lithium ion batteries and which use a new toolless connector. We expect lithium ion batteries to last for the life of the car, so don't expect anyone to wake up to a dead battery ever again. This eliminates a major source of failures for our car and the tool less connector makes it easier to service the car. And it also includes a software feature to allow validation that the connector has been properly installed at the end of a service event, which removes another source of failures in our cars.
Pete Bannon
Obviously the mass and volume savings are also significant, which is super helpful.
Pete Bannon
At Tesla we're always trying to improve every single component in the car and a nice example of that is the 15 inch display that was originally shipped in the 2017 Model 3. Over time, the cost of the display has gone down 24%. We've been able to reduce the weight by 12% and we've reduced the power by 33%. At the same time, we've increased the brightness of the display by 50% and improved the color accuracy. So this is one of our favorite things at Tesla does make a component cheaper and better.
Pete Bannon
At Tesla, the drive to improve efficiency in the car is never ending. I think of it as like peeling a carrot. You just take a swipe at it, a little bit falls off, doesn't really make much of a difference. But if you just keep at it over time, it accumulates into a pretty significant improvement. One of the changes that we're looking to make right now is to change something that's been steady for the last 60 years. 12 v.
Pete Bannon
12 v has been as I said, for 60 years the demand for power in the car has been steadily increasing to the point where we now have to have pretty large wires to drive over 200amps of current around the car, which increases the mast and costs. With Cybertruck and all future Tesla platforms, we will be moving to 48 volts. This reduces the current needed by a factor of four. And since power loss in the harness is resistance times the square of the current, a 4x reduction in current leads to a 16x reduction in lost power while distributing energy in the car.
Pete Bannon
That allows for smaller wires, smaller E fuses and smaller controllers. It also allows us to to make those heat sinks smaller or in many cases remove it completely, all benefiting the car in terms of mass and weight. 48 volts is the future for low voltage design at Tesla and likely the rest of the industry.
David Lau
In due course, we welcome and encourage other OEMs and the entire supplier network to join us on this evolution.
Pete Bannon
You bet.
Pete Bannon
The number of wires in the car is driven by the number of endpoints that need to be powered, powered and controlled. In the past, centralized control has led for wires spanning the entire car. For cybertruck design we have moved to a local controller where the wire is connected to the nearest controller and those controllers are connected over ethernet. Wires are routed to the nearest controller where the data is converted into a network packet for transmission to the correct location on the car.
Pete Bannon
To be effective, the network must be reliable, have low latency and low jitter. And these are all attributes that we've been able to achieve with the current design. The design has eliminated most of the cross car wires in cybertruck and with the next gen platform we're going to finish the job and eliminate all of them.
David Lau
This consolidated vehicle network allows us also to make a whole lot more dynamic changes on the fly to how components in the vehicle talk to each other, rather than the traditional approach of separate can buses that are spread throughout the vehicle in hardware.
Pete Bannon
And one of the nice things is that you can see the entire vehicle through a single connection, which wasn't possible in the past. For debug for the next gen platform, we're looking to optimize the controller design across the entire car and across all of the organizations, not just for a given subsystem. Simplifying the wire harness will enable automation. 48 volts will allow us to reduce the size, mass and cost of the low voltage system.
Pete Bannon
And it's one of the key things to enabling us to scale production of the low voltage systems for the master plan 3 David Cool.
David Lau
So I joined Tesla in 2012, and even in those very early days of the Model S, we already had the ability to update software over the air in all the controllers throughout the entire vehicle, at a time when other cars were just so starting to update software in only their infotainment units. And furthermore, we've had sophisticated anonymized data logging and telemetry capabilities that allow us to understand how the fleet is doing, what customers are doing with it, and how it's responding in the field to that usage.
David Lau
These two capabilities combined, OTA updates and data insights, give us the ability to iterate quickly on our software and and to maximize the amount that we learn and proceed and the progress that we make in every one of those iterations. We've used these capabilities to inform countless design decisions in both software and hardware.
Pete Bannon
Yeah, one example is that we were able to monitor and track the use of the sunroof in our cars and found that our customers never use their sunroof. So we made this easy decision to remove it.
David Lau
Very barely. Yeah, haven't had Sunrise for a while.
David Lau
As another example, we are able to use our collision data to design our crash safety systems for what happens in the real world, far beyond what regulatory and consumer ratings tests prescribe. And then furthermore, we're able to use that data to recreate in simulation all of those crashes every single time we make a change to the vehicle's design or to the software that controls the airbags and other restraint systems.
David Lau
Here on this graph, the gray dots that show up first are specific crash tests that are prescribed by regulatory and consumer ratings agencies throughout the whole world and the rest of the color that fills in around and on top of it, those represent the crashes that we've seen happen in the real world. Those are what we design for and what we test to.
Colin Campbell
Right.
Pete Bannon
And last year, this data was used to change the algorithm for seat belt tensioning to reduce injuries in the field, which was OTA to all of our cars.
David Lau
Here are a few statistics that demonstrate how staggeringly quickly we gain new insights from the anonymized data that we've received from the fleet every day. Every day, 123 million miles driven, 1.9 million charge sessions. And those rates are only increasing as we deliver more and more cars into the world.
David Lau
As another example, we've analyzed patterns in the way the fleet drives and charges to optimally sized battery packs for our next generations of vehicles. And you'll hear lots of other examples throughout the rest of the day. About how we're using data to inform decisions in the product and in manufacturing. So you've heard a lot from Pete, Colin and others about how important vertical integration is for us in hardware, but it's especially important for us in software.
David Lau
And this is extremely difficult from the way the rest of the traditional automotive supply chain is set up. In most situations, all the controllers in the car are delivered by different tier 1 suppliers whose software is written by tier 2 suppliers who farm some of that software out to different tier three suppliers, and so on and so on. Making a change that spans multiple components takes months of coordination before any work can even start.
David Lau
And furthermore, integration of software in the server side with what's happening in our vehicles has always been a core part of our DNA and enables us to do things that nobody else can. Most engineers think about the vehicle as a complete, consolidated, fully contained system. But in the software team, we think about the system as including the vehicle as well as all of our backend server side applications and infrastructure, and the resultant feedback loop from the entire fleet that informs all the decisions we make as an engineering team.
David Lau
For example, we recently released a feature in Model S and X that automatically predictively adjusts and raises the suspension for ride comfort before the car hits a section of rough road. We do that by leveraging the fleet to generate a map of road roughness everywhere our cars drive. Sounds pretty simple, but requires coordination of software across a number of different components inside and outside of the car. The restraint control module, whose inertial measurement unit senses the road roughness.
David Lau
The AutoPilot computer, whose GPS module and localizer figure out where the car is in the world. Our navigation server, which aggregates the anonymized telemetry from the fleet and annotates our map with things like updated speed limits, lane topology, and now road roughness. The onboard navigation engine, which looks ahead of the route that the car is traveling on and determines whether things are about to get rough.
David Lau
And finally, the air suspension controller, which takes all of those factors into account and decides continuously whether it is appropriate to adjust the suspension for ride comfort. And before we released this feature to the world, we sent prototype versions of it to the entire fleet that ran passively in the background, sending us anonymous data about every time it would have engaged, which taught us exactly how it was going to behave in the wild, in every environment, in every circumstance.
Pete Bannon
Yeah, being able to test new algorithms in the background without impacting the car is really critical ability for us, especially for safety. Critical things like automatic emergency braking.
David Lau
And we've used it to iterate on early versions of our stability control algorithms, which were introduced to the entire Model 3 fleet in 2017 with extremely high confidence, even on a very foundational and safety critical function.
David Lau
Okay, so far you've heard me talk a lot about how we leverage our software systems to iterate quickly on the customer facing product. But what I haven't talked about and what we haven't said much about publicly in general, is how we leverage these capabilities in our own internal operations. So, for example, in the early days of manufacturing Model S, we very quickly realized that there are a lot of different ways you could misassemble a car.
David Lau
You could forget to plug in a wire you could not fully set a connector you could pull apart from the wrong bin. So when we designed our manufacturing processes for Model 3 and all of our other vehicles going forward, we took a page from the software playbook which says test early and test often. And we applied that mantra to every single car that we build every at every step of the assembly line. So now when a production associate plugs something into the car, the central car computer sees that connection, confirms that it's the correct part for the type of car that's supposed to be built, installs a software update if necessary, checks configurations and calibrations, and runs a barrage of tests on that thing and all the other things that are connected to it.
David Lau
And if it finds an anomaly that can't be fixed purely with software, it throws an alert immediately that is displayed prominently on the vehicle's display as well as sent to back end command and control systems so that a human can come over and fix the problem before the rest of the car gets built on top of it. And we're taking a similar approach in service through a combination of onboard vehicle diagnostics, natural language processing applied to customer narratives.
David Lau
When a customer schedules a service appointment, and a suite of internally developed tools, we are successfully diagnosing, scheduling and ordering parts for over 33% of customer concerns and service.
Roshan (Tesla)
Yep.
Pete Bannon
And we also use testers built around our own controllers to test sub assemblies before they get to the car, which will be even more important as we go to Lars unboxed assembly strategy 100%.
David Lau
We'll know with extremely high confidence that before those boxes get put together, that they are. That they are assembled. They themselves are assembled correctly.
David Lau
Okay, you've heard at lots of other events about all the awesome things that our autopilot and AI teams are doing to make the car drive itself, bringing us into the future of autonomy. But we've also been thinking for years. About all of the other pieces that we are going to need to manage a network of autonomous vehicles. A lot of this has been happening behind the scenes in the form of platform level functionality that we'll leverage later.
David Lau
But you've seen some of it surface already in terms of features that our customers and our internal operations teams can benefit from. Like in 2021, we built on top of our mobile app phone key and gave our customers the ability to share their car with anyone by sending them an invitation in a text message or an email. Last year we introduced profile synchronization which synchronizes your seat, steering and mirror positions, as well as your settings, media favorites and stored navigation locations across all vehicles in your account.
David Lau
Internally, we have an app that allows our personnel in engineering, manufacturing, delivery and logistics to view, locate and drive all Tesla owned vehicles at their site.
David Lau
And when customers bring their car into service, when they receive a Tesla owned service loaner vehicle, we are starting at some locations to automatically add that vehicle to the customer's mobile app account. So that combined with cloud synchronized profiles and phone key, it's a completely seamless experience. As soon as the customer walks up to that loaner, it behaves and feels exactly like their own car. And all this is built on top of end to end encryption and cryptographically signed commands so that customer data remains private and obscure.
David Lau
And and the fleet only trusts commands from authorized parties. So that's a bit of a preview of all the pieces that we're building looking ahead to our future of autonomous fleets, synchronization, permissions, management, security and privacy.
David Lau
And that has been a whirlwind tour through some of the things that we're doing behind the scenes to enable the efficiency, cost reduction and speed that we are going to need for our next phase of growth and for the next phase of the master plan. And so now to tell us about the latest in full self driving, I'd like to introduce Ashok.
Ashok Elluswamy
Thanks David and Pete. Hey everyone. My name is Ashok Kailiswamy. I work on autopilot and self driving at Tesla. I joined Tesla back in 2014, so I've been working on this problem for almost nine years now.
Ashok Elluswamy
Yeah, some of you might be wondering, hey, what the self driving got to do with the plan to a sustainable future. But it's actually a critical part of this plan and here's why.
Ashok Elluswamy
Currently, when the car is not being used, it is sitting idly in parking lots, not doing anything. But when autonomy is truly unlocked, this car, instead of being idle, can go serve Other customers.
Ashok Elluswamy
This fundamentally reduces the need to scale manufacturing to extreme levels because each car is being used way more.
Ashok Elluswamy
But this is no trivial problem. Building a scalable self driving system is I think one of the hardest real world AI problems out there right now. Nonetheless, we at Tesla have have made significant strides in making one of the most generous systems at solving this problem.
Ashok Elluswamy
There are three main parts to get right to build a scalable problem. First is the architecture, the architecture of the AI system. Second is the data. And third is the compute. We'll start with the architecture.
Ashok Elluswamy
At Tesla we are betting on AI machine learning neural networks to help us build a general vision and planning system. In the early days we used to have single camera, single frame neural networks that produce some outputs. These were stitched together in some post processing steps for the planner. But this was very brittle and was not leading to great success. So what we did in the last few years is transition most of our stack into this multi camera video neural networks.
Ashok Elluswamy
These neural networks take in the live feed from the car in real time of the eight cameras in the car and produce a single unified 3D output space.
Ashok Elluswamy
There are many tasks that we produce such as the presence of obstacles, their motion, lanes, roads, traffic lights, what have you. This is one example output that you're seeing here. This is from our occupancy network that predicts the positions of obstacles and their motion. You can see that it precisely captures the swervy violent motion of this truck next to us. And this helps the planning system to avoid a collision with this object.
Ashok Elluswamy
Some of the tasks, such as lane connectivity, are more complicated to model using naive methods in computer vision. So we don't stop at the computer vision techniques. But we reach out to techniques in other areas such as language modeling, reinforcement learning to model this task. This is similar. These networks use similar techniques such as transformers, attention modules, autoregressive modeling of tokens, similar to what large longish models like ChatGPT do out there.
Ashok Elluswamy
With such an end to end system of solving perception, we have really removed the brittle post processing steps and produce high quality output for the planning system.
Ashok Elluswamy
Even the planning system is not stuck in the old ways. It is now starting to use more and more AI systems to solve this problem.
Ashok Elluswamy
The neural network based planners are needed especially in complicated urban planning when there's a lot of other objects interacting with us. This is for example, an intersection where we have to turn left while leading to crossing objects and to the pedestrians crossing the road. We have to do this both safely and smoothly while respecting everyone's right of way and preferences.
Ashok Elluswamy
If this was done naively, each configuration would take 10 milliseconds of compute and there are easily thousands of configurations to reason about. This would not be feasible using traditional compute, but using AI, we have packaged all of this into a 50 millisecond compute budget so it can run in real time.
Ashok Elluswamy
The second big piece of this puzzle is the data. This is where Tesla has a unique advantage because it can tap into the fleet, tap into the fleet to access the exact data that can fix the problems.
Ashok Elluswamy
But raw data is not sufficient. In order to train these networks, you need label data. You need labels to supervise the networks. And if you only depended on the human labelers, this data would be too tiny to train these large multi camera video modules. We need lots and lots of data to train these networks. Hence we have built a sophisticated auto labeling pipeline that collects data from the fleet, runs computational algorithms in our data center, and then produces the labels to train these networks.
Ashok Elluswamy
Here you are seeing a 3D reconstruction that is happening by collecting various clips from different cars in the fleet and assembling them, all of them together, into a single unified representation of the world around the car. You can see all the lanes, the road boundaries, curb crosswalks, even the text on the road being accurately reconstructed by these algorithms.
Ashok Elluswamy
We don't have to stop at this kind of reconstruction. Once we have this base reconstruction, we can build various simulations on top of it to produce an infinite variety of data to train. For all the corner cases. We have a capable simulator that can synthesize adversarial weather, lighting conditions and even the motion of other objects to test all the corner cases that might even be rare in the real world.
Ashok Elluswamy
Here's an example of why this data is critical and how we can solve problems using data. So, back in the days, for example, in this case we had some false breaking where we thought this car that's actually parked there was going to move into our path and hence we were precautiously braking.
Ashok Elluswamy
But it is unnecessary because the car is truly parked. So how can we solve this? What we did was we mined the fleet for similar cases where the car falls braking due to some parked car. We added 14,000 videos to our training set. And then once we train the networks again with this new data, it now correctly understands that okay, there is no driver in this car, hence it must be part so then there is no need to break.
Ashok Elluswamy
And this is a systematic way to solve problems. On the chart on the right side, you can see that every time we add data the performance improves and then we can do this for every kind of task that we have in our system. And this is what we call as data engine. We identify challenging cases such as the one you saw earlier. There could be other different types of challenging cases too. We mine the fleet for such data, put it through our auto labeling system and produce the labels.
Ashok Elluswamy
Add it to the training set, and once you have the newly trained models, we deploy them to the fleet.
Ashok Elluswamy
If we rinse and repeat this process, everything gets better and better.
Ashok Elluswamy
The final critical piece is the computer. In order to train these large models in a reasonable amount of time, you need lots of compute. In addition, compute is also required to produce the labels automatically. This is just compute in our data centers. In addition, we also have high computers in the car which can run up to like 150 teraops of compute.
Ashok Elluswamy
On the back end we have a 14,000 GPU cluster and roughly 30% is used for auto labeling and the remaining 70% is used for training.
Ashok Elluswamy
We also have a 30 petabyte of video cache and this is growing to 200 petabytes. All of this is going to significantly increase once we bring Dojo, which is our training computer on board, into this. Just to give a reference, just the occupancy networks that you saw earlier use 1.4 billion frames to train these networks.
Ashok Elluswamy
We have already shipped our FSD beta software to pretty much everyone that has bought it in United States and Canada. This amounts to roughly 400,000 customers who can turn it on anywhere. And then the car would attempt to drive to the destination. It's still supervised, but it can already handle turns, stop at traffic lights, yield with other objects, and generally get to the destination.
Ashok Elluswamy
We observed that people who use FSD are already 5 to 6x safer than the US national average.
Ashok Elluswamy
Like I mentioned earlier, the solution to scalable FSD is getting the AI architecture, the data and the compute just right. And we have assembled a world class team to execute on this. We are pushing the frontier on these three items. And as we improve the safety, the reliability and the comfort of our system, we can then unlock driverless operations which then makes the car be used way more than what is used right now.
Ashok Elluswamy
With that, I'd like to introduce Elon back on stage to give some more updates.
Ashok Elluswamy
Yeah, this next video.
Elon Musk
It's kind of weird seeing the arms and legs just separate.
Elon Musk
We have a whole lab full of arms and legs.
Elon Musk
With bearing in mind that when we did AI day, this version of Optimus didn't work work at all.
Elon Musk
So the rate of improvement here, I think is, is quite significant. It's obviously not doing parkour, but it is walking around and we have multiple, multiple copies, I suppose, of Optimus.
Elon Musk
The thing that I think Tesla brings to the table that others don't have is that we have, We have the real world AI. We're the most advanced in real world AI. So the same AI that drives the car, which you can think of the car really as a robot on wheels and this is a robot on legs. So as we solve real world AI, and I don't think there's any, I don't think there's anyone even close to Tesla on solving real world AI. That same computer and software goes into Optimus.
Elon Musk
So it's not that helpful to have a humanoid robot if you have to program every individual action. It needs to be able to walk around autonomously and solve tasks. You should be able to instruct it in simple things by showing visually what the robot needs to do or just telling it what to do. So, so I think that's a key advantage that we have. And then we also are good at designing things for manufacturing and then manufacturing itself.
Elon Musk
So the, the actuators in Optimus are all custom designed Tesla actuators. So we designed the, the electric motor, the gearbox, the power electronics, obviously the battery pack and everything else that goes into to Optimus.
Elon Musk
We're actually quite, we were quite surprised to find how little was available off the shelf because there's a lot of vast number of electric motors, gearboxes and whatnot that are available in the world. And we found none of them were useful in, in a humanoid robot. Literally none. So you have to custom design the actuators for a humanoid robot. And so the same team that designed the groundbreaking electric motors that are in the, say the model S plaid designed the actuators in the robot.
Elon Musk
So I mean, for practical purposes, what this means is that we should be able to bring an actual product to market at scale that is useful
David Lau
far
Elon Musk
faster than anyone else.
Elon Musk
And you know, assuming the things I'm saying are true, or at least I think they are true, you can just, it's just a question of the timing.
Elon Musk
You start getting into interesting questions of like, what's the ratio of humans to humanoid robots? I think it might be greater than one to one, you know, because you could, you could sort of see a use, a home use for robots, certainly industrial uses for robots, humanoid robots.
Elon Musk
I think, I think we might exceed a one to one ratio of humanoid robots to humans.
Elon Musk
It's not even clear what an Economy means at that point, you know, since an economy is output per person times persons. But if output is much higher and there's no limit on persons, then what's the actual limit on the economy? You know, we're still pretty far from Kardashev scales here, but we're getting there. So, anyway, so probably the least understood or appreciated part of what we're doing at Tesla, but will probably be worth significantly more than the.
Elon Musk
The car side of things long term.
Elon Musk
So, charging.
Ashok Elluswamy
I think Rebecca's next for talking about charging.
Zach Kirkhorn
Char.
Colin Campbell
Thanks.
Rebecca Tinucci
Hi there. My name is Rebecca Tannucci, and I lead our charging infrastructure teams here at Tesla. And at Tesla Charging, we have understood since day one that a great charging experience is the linchpin to electric vehicle adoption. And that understanding has meant that we've always taken a holistic approach to charging. That's a word that you've heard a lot here today. But what it means for charging is that we've considered every use case.
Rebecca Tinucci
We think a lot about what it means to charge at home, even if that home is an apartment or condo. And we spend a lot of time thinking about what does it mean to charge away from home, including if that's for daily commuting or if you're going on a road trip. And this holistic approach has led to some pretty incredible results. In 2022, we provided 9 terawatt hours of charging across our various charging methods. Over 50% of that was supplied via convenient AC home charging.
Rebecca Tinucci
And when our customers are away from home, they can visit one of our 80,000 charging points. That includes 40,000 of our beloved superchargers.
Rebecca Tinucci
Now, getting here has meant that we've spent 10 years building charging infrastructure when basically no one else in the industry would do it. And while we certainly have a lot of areas that we want to improve, those 10 years have afforded us the opportunity to get pretty good at charging. First, we have the industry's lowest deployment cost. Our costs are often 20%, if not 70%, lower than alternatives. And that goes for both our supercharging hardware and deployments and our AC charging product lines.
Rebecca Tinucci
A lot of reasons that we're able to achieve this, you've heard a lot of them here. Today, we're vertically integrated. We manufacture and engineer all of our own charging equipment. We share components across our different product lines. And on the supercharger side, we also install and operate all of our own sites. And that's led us to be pretty obsessed with finding new ways to innovate around installation. As an example we have recently extended our excellence in manufacturing to how we build supercharger sites.
Rebecca Tinucci
We are pre building four post supercharger units at our factory in Gigafactory. At our factory in New York, we load them on a truck, we truck them to site, and then we crane them into position. This method saves us 15% on our deployment costs and we can install a site in a matter of days.
Rebecca Tinucci
Once we install a site, we also operate it really efficiently. Over the last few years, we've been able to cut our per kilowatt hour cost by 40%. Again. A lot of reasons for this, but one at the top of the list is we've focused on increasing our site utilization. Site utilization is just how many sessions or kilowatt hours can we push through a site or a post? And basically doing that allows us to spread our cost over more sessions, thus lower cost per kilowatt hour.
Rebecca Tinucci
But of course that's easier said than done because when we push up site efficiency, of course the risk is that we have a poor customer experience and we have wait time at our sites. This is where Trip Planner comes in. Trip Planner is our in vehicle routing or navigation system. Other electric vehicle manufacturers, well, some of them have vehicle side data, other infrastructure providers have site data, but at Tesla we have both.
Rebecca Tinucci
And what that allows us to do is to use Trip Planner to route vehicles towards available sites and away from congested sites so we can balance our utilization without risking wait time. And the results speak for themselves. Over the last few years, we've been able to drive up site utilization by 30%. That means lower per kilowatt hour cost while also cutting our wait time in half. And we think this can get even better.
Rebecca Tinucci
Today we're feeding Trip Planner with real time site information and information about vehicles currently at sites. Going forward, we'll be moving that to projecting site occupancy based on the understanding of what vehicles are currently routing to those sites. And ultimately our vision for Trip Planner is that it's the air traffic controller for electric vehicle charging across all all infrastructure on a global basis.
Rebecca Tinucci
And the last thing we focused on to get here is quicker charge times. We're really proud of what we've been able to accomplish here. We've shaved off 30% of our charge time average, supercharging site time, visit time over the last few years. This has taken improvements on the hardware side with our software on our vehicles and on our infrastructure. And we're really excited to continue pushing this trend down.
Rebecca Tinucci
Looking forward, the job does not get any easier as you Heard earlier, we aspire to a fully electrified global fleet. That fleet, from an industry standpoint, needs 9 petawatt hours of charging on an annual basis. And while Tesla charging certainly doesn't have to supply all of that, it does require that for our part, we have a few new focuses in order to scale
Laurie Shelby
first.
Rebecca Tinucci
If you want a fully electrified global fleet, all of those vehicles have to have a great and reliable charging experience. So, as many of you know, recently we have started opening up our networks on a global basis. Over 50% of our superchargers in Europe are currently open to other electric vehicles. We've also opened up in Asia Pacific with our first sites in Australia. And just yesterday, we opened our first 10 Supercharger sites here in North America in the US to other electric vehicles.
Rebecca Tinucci
We've also invested a lot to be able to make this a really easy experience for our new customers. All you have to do is sign into our Tesla app to unlock a post and start charging. We've also on physical site changes, we've also added hardware to our sites. They're called MagicDocs and basically that is installed in areas where we have different charging standards and they allow for other electric vehicles to come to our site without having to bring their own adapters or hardware.
Rebecca Tinucci
We've also just started installing our fourth generation Supercharger posts. Those are being installed in Europe first. And while it's not a big mention, not a big thing to mention, they do have longer charging cables so that we can more easily reach the charge ports of different vehicles.
Rebecca Tinucci
The second thing we need to make sure we do, when we talk about scaling all of this charging infrastructure is we need to make sure that it's powered from renewable sources. We're very proud that over the last two years we've procured enough renewable energy to offset the amount of charging we've provided to customers. But as we look forward and we talk about this fully electrified fleet on a global basis, we really want to make sure that the demand for charging more closely follows when renewable sources are available.
Rebecca Tinucci
Now, this chart is on an aggregate basis for the US and it varies based on what your renewable generation sources are locally. But basically what this shows is we want to kind of move that charging curve. And for solar and wind, in this example, it means more daytime charging. And we think the best way to go towards daytime charging is to install AC charging that is convenient and low cost everywhere. Vehicles are typically parked throughout the day.
Rebecca Tinucci
So that's really the plan. While supercharging and home charging, definitely, definitely stay A big part of the puzzle. Our teams are currently scaling to install AC charging everywhere. Vehicles charge during the day so we can power them from renewable sources.
Rebecca Tinucci
So summing it up, While we've spent 10 years installing infrastructure that is low cost, it's efficient and it provides a great customer experience, we're really just getting started when we talk about supporting master plan part three. We've got to scale capacity on an industry wide basis to 9 petawatt hours on an annual basis. We've got to open up to non Teslas and make the charging experience for everybody really great and we've got to power all of this via renewable sources.
Rebecca Tinucci
And one more thing, yes, we've got to scale our infrastructure and yes, we want to power it via renewable sources, but we're Tesla so we also want to make sure that we're continuing to focus on providing really incredible charging experiences. With that, I want to welcome up our leaders of supply chain, Roshan and Karn to talk a little bit about that topic.
Karn Budhiraj
Thanks rebecca.
Karn Budhiraj
Hi, my name is Karn and my team leads supply chain for electronics, powertrain and battery at Tesla. And we've also got responsibility for indirect purchasing, construction procurement and warehousing and distribution.
Roshan (Tesla)
Hi, my name is Roshan, I've been with Tesla for over 14 years. My team manages vehicle commodities, solar logistics planning and capital equipment.
Karn Budhiraj
10 years, forgot that. So today we wanted to provide you a quick overview of Tesla supply chain and what really separates us from the typical automotive supply chain. As you've seen in presentations prior from Pete and Drew and some others, Tesla designs a lot of the subcomponents that go into our vehicles. So we're not buying things that are off the shelf from suppliers. So supply chain is not purely a commercial relationship as it is in most other companies.
Karn Budhiraj
We actually have an arm within supply chain called supply industrialization engineering. And the burden of taking a drawing a design from concept and turning it into thousands of products produced at the right cost and at the right yield falls with this group. Of course they work very closely with design engineering, but really the level of detail that our engineers get involved in terms of building the capability of the supply suppliers is pretty detailed.
Karn Budhiraj
So you know, once we get a new part, naturally with electric vehicles, a lot of the supply chain doesn't exist. Our engineers would basically take the drawing, turn it into a manufacturing concept, do the equipment selection and physically go to the supplier and stay there for weeks or months, however long it takes to basically do the line bring up. Once the line is brought up and we're Hitting the right rate, the right quality at the right yield.
Karn Budhiraj
Then we work on things like automation and yield improvement and those types of activities. So there's a big group of mechanical, electrical, industrial, you name it, engineers within supply chain and it's their responsibility to take care of this. Now, this is a huge strategic advantage because we manage every detail of our supply chain because we're so integrated with our partners that we know about issues before they happen.
Karn Budhiraj
It's almost live. We've got dashboards, we've got connections, and across the 10,000 or so factories across the world that are making our components, we have a pretty good view of the health of those suppliers. And this has been a key asset and how we've been able to kind of manage things through a lot of different issues over the past couple of years.
Zach Kirkhorn
So,
Karn Budhiraj
you know, supply chain is a game of perfection. Perfection is a passing grade. It's like a, you know, if one part doesn't show up, that line goes down and our CEO finds out about it in less than 20 minutes. Tesla is very different than Apple. They outsource manufacturing, we do it in house. So supply chain is kind of right in the middle. And perfection is increasingly elusive and very expensive. If you kind of look at all the issues we've had to encounter over the past year and today we're just going to talk about how we got through the past and then what are we going to do going forward and how are we going to get there?
Karn Budhiraj
So let me draw your attention to this slide. On the left you'll see a portfolio, our existing portfolio of products. Right at the top you've got the SNX platform. In the middle you've got 3 and Y. I think everyone's more than familiar with those. And then the Tesla Energy platform, which is a very high rate of growth for us.
Roshan (Tesla)
And you don't forget the solar and Supercharger.
Karn Budhiraj
And Solar and Supercharger. Thank you, Roshan. And you'll see a reduction in so and. And then we basically got the Tier 1 and Tier 2 parts. This might be boring, but a Tier 1 supplier is any supplier that builds and supplies parts directly for consumption in our five factories. And our Tier 2 supplier basically does the same thing for a Tier 1 supplier. So they are the supplier supplier to our supplier. And depending on the supply chain of any one of these products, this can actually go down to the tier 6 levels.
Karn Budhiraj
For example, if you're talking about the battery cell, we really get involved with the minds of like, where we're procuring the lithium The Cobalt and all that sort of stuff because we're procuring such high volumes of it. So you'll see a reduction in the number of parts on the SNX platform to the 3 and Y platform. And, and this is because of the great work our design engineers have done of making the car simpler and easier to manufacture in parallel.
Karn Budhiraj
We actually had a similar strategy in supply chain. We had cast a wide net to a lot of suppliers for the SNX platform. There's a lot of suppliers that we invited to partner with us and we used that platform as sort of a filter to see which suppliers have the technical, financial and cultural capabilities to match us. Right. Like who do we invite to the party when we really scale things up. And we, you know, we've really dramatically reduced the number of suppliers that we were dealing with for the 3NY platform.
Karn Budhiraj
And this is an approach we'll continue to do for future platforms as they come along that are even more high volume. So this, this has really been our approach. It's made things a lot easier and it, you know, we could, we could figure out the of sort suppliers that were capable of moving at our pace and then the ones that didn't have the desire to, or the capability to. You need both desire and capability.
Karn Budhiraj
Secondly, the complexity on the tier 2 level is very high.
Ashok Elluswamy
Right.
Karn Budhiraj
These are the suppliers to our suppliers and there are a lot of components. Think about silicon, think about resistors, capacitors, diodes, all the little assemblies, raw materials. Raw materials, all the, that's even further down.
Roshan (Tesla)
Yeah.
Karn Budhiraj
But all these little sub assemblies that have to come into Tesla, the complexity is immense. So even though at the tier one level we're talking about 8,000 parts total, it seems like a lot, but it's not a lot. The management of the tier 2 is really where we excel. And I'd like to illustrate that with an example. Meet the car computer. Very innocent sounding name and it's anything but. This is an absolute monster to manage.
Karn Budhiraj
So I think you've all seen the picture on the left of the autopilot board. That's the top of the autopilot board. The autopilot board also has a bottom and the bottom is populated heavily with components. On the other side of the heat sink you've got the mcu, the multimedia cluster board. This board is equally complex. It's also double sided, eight layered. And these boards, these computers run so hot at peak operation that they have to be liquid, liquid cooled through a heat sink.
Karn Budhiraj
So this assembly requires taking those two boards and then bonding them to a heat sink that's hermetically sealed as an assembly. Of course, flashing the software and all that sort of stuff. And then that's one part number that comes to Tesla. So this is an example of one tier, one part number that's a very complex assembly to manage at the tier 2 level. And there's more than 7,000 components here. There's a, you know, as we stand here, a component's being assembled onto a car computer every 1.4 milliseconds.
Karn Budhiraj
The line that builds this computer is the length of a football field. So it's, it's quite complicated. And initially, when we first started building this board, due to the complexity of it, we had to rely heavily on labor. But once we dialed in the quality, the rates and the yield, we started focusing on making this more efficient. The only way to control cost is by removing labor. The first step is removing labor. The second step is fully automating.
Karn Budhiraj
The first step is turning off the lights and letting the factory run, ideally. And that's going to be the goal for us here. So 95%. But our work is not done. We're going to be going a lot further than this. So this illustrates the point that a part is not a part. A part has a lot of complexity underneath it. Supply chain is a game of multiple tiers. And what's made us successful is our involvement and all the details with our supply engineers that are Tesla employees, they're Tesla supply engineers.
Karn Budhiraj
So they're like on our payroll that go and ramp up these capabilities that are suppliers and then just managing each and every attribute of it. You know, 7,000 a day, through the chip shortage, through the pandemic, through all the other stuff that we had to deal with was very difficult to manage. But because we had all the details, we were able to pull this off. Of course, supply chain is not just about parts, it's also about logistics and a lot of other things.
Karn Budhiraj
So I'll hand it off to Roshan for sharing some stats.
Roshan (Tesla)
Yeah, so talking about inboard complexity, just over the course of just last year, we moved about 16 million pallets from our suppliers to our factories. Just to visualize that if you put those pallets side by side, it could cover half the circumference of the Earth.
Roshan (Tesla)
And talking about, again, the tier 2 complexity, over 1 billion electronic components get moved every week to support the production that Karnan team manages.
Karn Budhiraj
This is right now, 1 billion components a week, 52 billion a year. This is going to go up, by the way.
Roshan (Tesla)
And on top of that, we also have the responsibility to make sure the right component is supplied to the right service location to support the growing fleet of our vehicles. And we have about 685 service centers that these components need to show up just in time.
Roshan (Tesla)
And then we've also been, as a result of Pandemic, and even before that, we're working on dual sourcing and triple sourcing some of our critical components. As a result of it, we have suppliers around 45 countries in the world.
Ashok Elluswamy
Yeah.
Karn Budhiraj
Our approach really has been to bring the manufacturing of some components closer to the point of consumption. It makes the supply chain more green because you're not burning diesel, moving stuff around. And it also gives us a security of supply of having multiple sources in case one factory gets taken offline.
Roshan (Tesla)
And that's how we got through Pandemic also.
David Lau
Yep.
Roshan (Tesla)
So last three years were incredibly hard. Karn and I used to look a lot younger pre Covid, but on a serious note, Pandemic really changed the game of supply chain management. We were just not being a regular supply chain person. We were rolling up our sleeves and negotiating with state governments, city managers, mayors to help kickstart our suppliers to restart their operations. You know, there are some really inspiring stories where our supply chain team really fought hard to make sure that the factories don't go down.
Roshan (Tesla)
And it's also a testament to the resilience of our supplier partners. Having said that, you know, it was not all about resilience and never give up attitude. We had also laid the foundation of having dual sources. And also, you know, in many instances, we had many, you know, things that we had simplified. The parts that we had simplified, the supply chain design that we had simplified, due to which we were able to get through the Pandemic in much better shape than rest of the automotive.
Karn Budhiraj
It forced us to adapt. You know, we encountered issues one at a time. It was really a team effort. We heavily relied on the government relations team. You literally had to. The COVID pandemic, as you're aware, you know, happened in different countries at different times. But unfortunately, you need all the parts to make the car. So at any given point, there was one factory that was lying down, there was one jurisdiction that was being used, you know, that didn't wanna.
Karn Budhiraj
They wanted to shut down a factory because you had an outbreak. So learning the rules, understanding, coming up with argument points, leveraging the team and getting those, it was a difficult but good experience.
Roshan (Tesla)
Exactly.
Karn Budhiraj
We learned a lot.
Roshan (Tesla)
Yeah. And as we were just figuring out to work with COVID then the Port congestion hit on the west coast. Logistics lead time went up by, you know, twice the, twice the amount. And we were operating with less than 35% accuracy in the system. That means at any given point the ETAs of the vessels were 75% off. So we figured out how to work with that. And then the chip shortage hits.
Karn Budhiraj
Yeah, the chip shortage, that was a nightmare. But we got through it. I mean, you know, I think it's a testament to the tenacity of the team and the resilience of our supplier partners. It's mostly behind us and I think the results speak for themselves. Tesla was able to grow production volumes at a time where the rest of the industry had a hard time staying flat. I think they shrunk actually cumulatively. And you know, we're often asked the question, how do we manage through it?
Karn Budhiraj
And the answer is very much kind of baked through the presentations today. First we design our own electronics. So in order to control cost, we really had to go and build relationships with all the tier 2 suppliers to negotiate them directly. So these relationships are formed, you know, over 10 years ago and, and we've really gotten to know them well. So when a shortage hit, we knew, you know, who to escalate to, who to call, who to ask for help and, and really kind of swarming the issue at the point of constraint.
Karn Budhiraj
So the best team, you know, strong relationships with vendors. And then we also have a pretty sophisticated capacity planning function. Tier 2 capacity needs to come, come on, earlier than Tier 1 capacity. Tier 3 capacity has to be even earlier. And our team does a very good job of having that strategic alignment with all our partners to make sure that the capacity is ready before we need it. We're a mission based company.
Karn Budhiraj
Our goal is to put as many EVs out there. We did not let the pandemic phase us. We were full throttle and it was pedal to the metal in terms of our demand signal that also helped. The silicon industry has very long lead times. They invest billions of dollars in and sophisticated fabs that take years to build. So that stability and demand is something they appreciated and it's something that is very, very much a Tesla thing.
Karn Budhiraj
So this was looking back, right? This is how we got here, this is how we got from zero to 40,000 cars a week. Let's talk about how we get to 20 million. So the question gets asked, you know, is Tesla going to basically break the chip industry if we grow to 20 million vehicles? The answer is no. But let me walk you through our logic on that. So as it stands right now. A Tesla enabled with a full self driving computer has four times the silicon content of a regular vehicle.
Karn Budhiraj
So at about the 2 million run rate, we're consuming about 700,000 12 inch wafer equivalents. That's the industry trend that's thrown around for capacity in silicon. That's how much we're using. So a little bit below a million. And the global wafer capacity, based on the estimates we've seen, seen it's about 135 million. So we're about half a percent off the industry. Not a lot. Now if you get to 20 million. When we get to 20 million and if we don't make any simplifications in terms of part count, which is also a separate work stream, I think Colin talked about it, Pete talked about it.
Karn Budhiraj
We're not going to have all these different components. We're really going to simplify the architecture because simpler is better. But even if you don't do that, and we take the most pessimistic case, we're going to need 8 million wafers. Okay. And the industry is going to scale to 200 million by that point. So still we're less than 5% of the market share. And if we run the same offense we ran all along and continue to work with our partners and you know, invest in fabs and invest in capacity, we'll have the capacity ready by the time we need it.
Karn Budhiraj
So I really don't see this as an impediment from a supply chain perspective to get to 20 million.
Roshan (Tesla)
Now I would like to talk about a page that we took out of the electronic playbook and applied it to the mechanical side. Our vehicles use currently the heat pump based technology for the thermal system. But before heat pump, our vehicles used to have a dispersed thermal system connected by hoses. Engineering was inspired from circuit boards and then created a system which was extremely integrated where 60% of the system was the size of a basketball, where it contained about 100 components, 50 ceiling interfaces and several different manufacturing processes.
Roshan (Tesla)
All were packaged into this tight size. Now why are we talking about this? Well, we launched the system right during the outbreak of the pandemic in Model Y. The team was forced to manage hundred plus components from different suppliers around the world remotely.
Roshan (Tesla)
So there are four videos playing at the same time. One is the video of the manual line that was created when we started the production. And this manual line produced a lot of quality issues, let alone throughput. So we quickly pivoted to a semi automated line. But in spite of that, although the throughput was great, the quality issues sustained. So our team decided that fully automated is the only way to go.
Roshan (Tesla)
So before we automate the line, we created a 3D simulation. Now not many companies or teams have this capability where at this point now when a part gets specked, we have the ability to create a 3D simulation of all the complex sub assemblies that would be involved in making the part and tell the suppliers exactly what equipment to purchase, what, what to test and create an end to end line in simulation. And that's what we did here.
Roshan (Tesla)
So with the help of the simulation, we had a very detailed sub assembly cell which was juxtaposed with the supplier's factory layout. And then we, after a back and forth of iteration and optimizing the processes, we implemented this fully automated line in less than eight months. And the results were remarkable.
Roshan (Tesla)
99% reduction in labor force. So a line that would need thousand associates to build the super manifold in full volume now just takes 10 associates.
Roshan (Tesla)
And the quality also went up by an order of magnitude. We have a defect rate of less than 0.05% and a super manifold rolls out every seven seconds. Because we have created many automated lines and these factories are the size of two football fields by the way.
Karn Budhiraj
Roshan had to one up me on that 1, 99% two football fields.
Roshan (Tesla)
So why are we talking about this in a world where labor costs are increasing, labor participation is decreasing, there's a huge turnover and the cost of implementing automation is going down by 3x in the next 10 years. This is how we are thinking about complex assemblies and we are going to push this type of thinking into our supply base more and more who will be building our complex assemblies. This is the only way we think we can confidently scale to the 20 million vehicles target.
Roshan (Tesla)
To summarize, we have laid the foundation in getting ready to execute Master Plan 3. Our strategy is supply chain design simplification. We are going to make sure that we have more control into the tiers of the supply chain. We are going to grow responsibly and sustainably with our long term partners and we'll automate.
Karn Budhiraj
Yeah, you know, going from 0 to 40,000 cars a week was tough. I mean it took a lot of trial and error, it took a lot of learning. There was a lot of pain, there's a lot of mental scar tissue as Elon calls it, through that process. But now the that we're at that level and the foundation is set. Going from 40 to 400 is not going to, it doesn't really phase us, we have a capable team. We've got capable external partners that have, you know, gone through hell with us.
Karn Budhiraj
Our leadership team is galvanized behind the mission and we're going to get it done. So I'd like to thank you for your time and hand it off to Drew and Tom for the next presentation.
Drew Baglino
Thank you.
Tom Zhu
Hi everyone, my name is Tom Zhu. I'm now responsible for global production and sales and delivery service. I joined the company back in 2014 and I've been running the company's business Integrated China and apac. Today I'm representing all the gigafactories and talk about how we can make more cars and faster.
Tom Zhu
So right now we have four vehicle factories on three continents to serve our markets. The total number of manufacturing employee is over 65,000. This is also including our amazing team in Reno. They are making power trains, battery packs and drive unit for our vehicle factories. The total installed capacity in all these vehicle factories, about 2 million cars a year. That said, we always looking for opportunity to grow more capacity from the existing footprint.
Tom Zhu
So you expect this number will grow over time.
Tom Zhu
To build more factories is the start to building more cars and we certainly the expert of it. This is the before and after image showing you the progress we made back in 2019 when we built a gig factory in Shanghai. So in nine and a half months time we built a greenfield project to establish the vehicle factory. And three months later we start deliver our first customer vehicle. People are really asking me, you know how Tesla can build a factory that fast.
Tom Zhu
Really? We learned from our Fremont factory a lot. We talked to the survivor from the production hell and tried to avoid all the mistakes we made. And we decided to design a straight line with the minimum number of up and downs and turns for easier manufacturing ability and easier construction. We also challenged all the assumptions people ever know to build a vehicle factory. When we delete and simplified all the redundancies and the buffers, that's helped us to save a lot of time.
Tom Zhu
Also we have a very strong in house construction team in Tesla. If there ever a job cannot be done by others better and we bring this in house so we have this in house construction team have a full control over all the activities on site from design engineering to construction site management. So this team didn't just build Giga Shanghai, they also built Giga Berlin, Giga Texas and Giga Nevada. And they're really the hero behind the scenes.
Tom Zhu
Like Lars shared earlier, going forward with the new platform, the more modular design and densified gigafactory will Be able to make more cars from even reduce the footprint. That also means we can build more factories at the same time with the drawing effort of all manufacturing teams around the globe. I'm happy to share. Early this morning we hit the 4 million mark for total Tesla ever build.
Tom Zhu
And the the 4 million vehicle actually built in this factory. When you took a tour on our shop floor you probably walked past it. All right, so took us 12 years to build the first million vehicle and about 18 months to the second build the second million. The third million took us 11 months and just assuredly less than seven months. We built the fork million cars. So we're getting better and faster.
Drew Baglino
Exponential growth really.
Tom Zhu
Kudos to the team.
Tom Zhu
So what it takes to ramp a gigafactory? Well, if you have 600 robots, 10,000 trained employees or 5,000 human and 5,000 optimus and hundreds of processes you can do it sounds simple but it's extremely hard. So. So there's two key metrics we predominantly focused on. It is an overall equipment effectiveness and the cycle time. In Tesla we're setting the passing rate for our vehicle factories with 90% OEE and 45 second cycle time.
Tom Zhu
What that means the OEE really evaluate the equipment uptime, the machine performance and the quality. Simply put, this is the actual production time on a good quality product versus the planned productive time. The higher the better. 45 second cycle time. That means you expect every 45 seconds there's a car running off the final assembly line in the factory. And the faster we rent, the faster we can get to economy of scale.
Tom Zhu
If you look at the chart on the left Shanghai be able to significantly drop our labor hours per car during the ramp. The little dip that has happened in the last Q2, 20, 22 because of the COVID shutdown. And on the right is a Fremont model Y shop. Even this is a six year old facility, the team there still be able to optimize the material flow and eliminate all the single point of failure and drive higher output. Hence reduce the labor hours.
Tom Zhu
And actually this factory keep setting new record. Yesterday they just had a new factory daily record.
Drew Baglino
Congrats Fremont team.
Karn Budhiraj
Absolutely.
Tom Zhu
So how can we reduce the cycle time keep improving efficiency? We follow the philosophy Elon shared about building rockets which is questioning basically find the right problem to solve. And we start with delete, simplify. Then we try to accelerate, pressurize the line and find if the solution actually work. And at last we think about the automation. There's one example in gigafactory Shanghai in the paint shop we Find that there's overlap baking range between the PVC sealer and the topcoat.
Tom Zhu
It was done by two different ovens. And we decided to combine the two processes. Eventually that helped us didn't just help us to reduce the cycle time, but also save the 9% of energy consumption and 9% of the CO2 emission. Also we commonized the SNX design in Fremont. Right now we have a common body and common headlamp. We eliminated about 40 parts and reduced about 10% of the cycle time. So all these improvements really help us to get to a faster ramp trajectory.
Tom Zhu
And we didn't just learn from these high volume existing factories. We also learned from the new factories. Most recently, our Berlin factory team implemented a 5G private network on the shop floor. Helped us to overcome about 90% of overcycle issues for a particular process in ga shop. We're going to soon implement this globally.
Ashok Elluswamy
So
Tom Zhu
right now we have an integrated global organization from production all the way to sales and delivery service. This will help us to strengthen feedback loop between manufacturing and the service. We obviously wanna bring a delightful customer ownership experience to our car owners. And with this direct feedback loop, we be able to turn customer escalations and feedback into quick actions improvement on shop floor immediately.
Tom Zhu
With that effort in the past six months, we'll be able to reduce the time in service and early ownership service. Also service appointment with time significantly.
Tom Zhu
So four factories not enough. If we want to hit the 20 million car a year target, we're going to keep building new factories, new lines and that will come up with new product as well. And with all gigafactories now in one organization, we'll be able to replicate unified ideas across factories. Also we will help the new factories rev faster and also produce a better quality at a lower cost. Now I'm gonna hand over to Jul to talk about the cell manufacturing.
Drew Baglino
Thanks. Yeah, we're not just talking about new vehicle factories, but also new cell factories. And we're going to talk about how we follow the same model when we do so. But first I thought I'd just provide a little bit of an update on cell production. So remember battery day we showed this video with the spoon and how we went from dry powder to film. Let's just say there's no spoon. Now so many of you in this room saw this on your tour today.
Drew Baglino
But you know, here is our dry electrode machine here in Texas. One of the lines we have installed here, fully automated, no spoon from powder and foil in to coated electrode out. From from a peak productivity perspective per tool Perspective. This is over 20 times the productivity of the tools that we showed folks on the tour and Cato back in battery day. So we've made a lot of progress on the key, one of the key parts of the cell manufacturing process.
Drew Baglino
And we've also continued to focus on refining the way we make cells and the factories that the cells go inside. We, as you can see on this chart, from typical 2170 cylindrical cells to 4680 made a huge leap, which is basically a 5x reduction in the factory footprint and volume and volume and footprint. And then from going from what we did in Fremont in our pilot line to Texas, we improve further and we're improving again when we go into Nevada.
Drew Baglino
And what this actually represents is a series of actions taken by a very integrated holistic design team across, you know, the product design, the manufacturing design, the process design, the equipment design and the facility design. They all need to work together to make this happen. And you can see on the bottom, just as an example of simple simplicity, up, investment down and scaling up, you know, parts, we've reduced the number of parts in the cell, the number of processes, significant reduction in the number of processes and, and collaborating with those five design groups, we've been able to result, you know, build a end up in a, with a factory that's 10 times smaller volumetrically, which means it's faster to get built, it's much lower capex per gigawatt hour output.
Drew Baglino
And we can go and scale, you know, to our objectives of, you know, 240 total terawatt hours, 1 terawatt a year of stationary storage and 20 million vehicles a year with the scalability that is required to achieve our goals.
Drew Baglino
And we're not just looking at the cell factory itself, but also upstream materials where necessary. What you see here is the rendering of the 50 gigawatt hour a year corpus Christi Lithium refinery that we've already broken ground on here in Texas. The facility will start commissioning by the end of 2023 this year. This is a good example of something where we're basically talking about breaking ground and starting commissioning within 10 months and with actual production within 12 months.
Drew Baglino
That's the target. Similar to what we did in Shanghai. Again, the result of collaboration and intelligence, internal execution of construction in partnership with local communities.
Drew Baglino
This site is 30 minutes from the Corpus Christi port, located directly on rail. The process route we're taking is a direct soda ash leach of the input material, which means there's no acid roasting. We don't have any of the sort of waste products associated with an acid roasting step. We're designed to consume lithium spodumene, which is a very commonly traded lithium rock, but it is flexible to other feeds from primary and secondary sources.
Drew Baglino
And similarly, we're working on our cathode facility here in Texas. Maybe you've seen it as you're driving around, which is a 60 GWh year cathode facility behind the main building here. 10 months build time there as well. The equipment's being installed for the first line as we speak and we'll be commissioning starting next quarter.
Colin Campbell
So.
Drew Baglino
So we are doing this where we need to. Our plan is not to do it always. There are lots of competent companies out there, but we are also trying to sort of accelerate the pace of the industry by trying some new things that are a little bit more scalable and de risking certain innovations that improve productivity in terms of capex per gigawatt hour and things like that. And with that, I think that sums up our efforts on the factory side.
Drew Baglino
Mike, you want to come up and we'll talk about energy?
Colin Campbell
All right.
Drew Baglino
All right, take it away. All right.
Drew Baglino
Hello everyone.
Mike Snyder
My name is Mike Snyder. I lead our Megapack organization. I've been with Tesla for almost nine years. I'm excited to talk to you today about the Megapack product and the business and some of the exciting things we have ahead of us.
Mike Snyder
From the beginning with this business, we have always focused on building successful projects for our customers and not just the
Colin Campbell
batteries in the box.
Mike Snyder
We've built a hardware and a software platform that is able to adapt to environments all over the world and is able to scale from small island projects to large gigawatt hour scale batteries.
Mike Snyder
We've invested our time and our talent to best understand every aspect, every step in the process and every risk of a project to ultimately provide a solution that is, that is thoughtful, intuitive, provides great value to our customers, and is as plug and play as possible.
Mike Snyder
And yeah, just looking at these projects, it's incredible to see them all come together in one montage.
Drew Baglino
Seeing the future. Yeah, yeah, compressed.
Mike Snyder
It's 10 years of building these projects and it's incredible to see the impact and to see what we have in front of us.
Colin Campbell
Absolutely.
Mike Snyder
We're on our sixth generation of our industrial product, which is the Megapack XL that we're building out of the. Out of Lathrop, California. We've deployed over 16 gigawatt hours of industrial and residential products across 50 countries. And really Megapack is a market leader. It's best in class in Efficiency, reliability, energy density, and easiest to install, lowest cost to install.
Drew Baglino
And we call it XL because it is actually the largest, heaviest object that you can transfer around the roads of the world without having to shut them down and get crazy permits and things like this. It is extra large and there is not going to be an xxl, let's just say it that way.
Mike Snyder
There's been incredible demand for the project or for the product. 2023 is going to be a great year. We have gigawatt hour scale projects being built. The Lathrop factory continues to scale and ramp up and there's new products on the near term roadmap. So a lot to look forward to.
Mike Snyder
How did we get here? Number one, a maniacal focus on all aspects of delivering stationary storage. What do we mean by that? What are some examples? As you see here, the megapack enclosure, for one example, we designed the. The wire weighs directly into the base of the enclosure. So typically you need to install a bunch of conduits and cables under the ground. Now you can lift them up and install them directly into the base, increasing the speed of deployment and lowering the cost.
Mike Snyder
Next we see the batteries and the power electronics. And the power electronics is really the beauty and the elegance of the megapack. So this is what converts the DC power to AC power on the grid. The brain is built directly into the product. It is able to connect to any grid in the world right out of the box. It allows it to all the megapacks on a given site to work as one unit.
Mike Snyder
And really it's what makes it what it is. I think it's the most incredible feature of the megapack. As you build out the full site, what we end up with is the most energy dense solution on the market, upwards of 300 megawatt hours per acre. And just as a frame of reference, this solution is two times more power dense than a typical gas peaker plant. So this is the future, this is where we're going.
Drew Baglino
This is the product that retires the fossil fuels one power plant at a time.
Mike Snyder
We talk about power electronics a little bit more. Tesla is a leader in power electronics. We've deployed over 1.4 terawatts across energy storage and vehicle. And we deliver more power electronics than the solar and the wind industry combined on a per annum basis.
Drew Baglino
And power electronics, it's hard to overstate how impactful they are. They are really the glue in the sustainable energy economy. Between generation, storage and the end use, you know, those power electronics devices are switching, you know, thousands of times per second. Hundreds of thousands of times per second to efficiently react to whatever is needed either in the car or in the grid. And because they are so like, sort of slightly software driven, at their core, they can provide functionality that hasn't been available to the grid in the past.
Drew Baglino
And it's one of the reasons why renewables and storage together are such a great solution.
Mike Snyder
Yep. And one reason that we focus on power, electronics and control so much is because of the impact that it has on the projects directly. So just as an example, here on the left, we have a firmware feature that we call virtual machine mode. And what virtual machine mode is, is it contributes to grid stability, like a car shock absorber, that dampens oscillations or vibrations and keeps the ride smooth. So you can imagine if you don't dampen those vibrations, the vehicle could lose control or someone could get hurt on the grid.
Mike Snyder
You could have a blackout. We have one grid operator that's utilizing virtual machine mode and said they will not operate their grid at 100% renewables unless they have this feature. Unless they have virtual machine mode working.
Drew Baglino
Yeah, they tried and it didn't work very well.
Mike Snyder
And virtual.
Drew Baglino
Why is it virtual machine mode? It's like synthetic inertia, where you turn the battery power plants into like, through software behaving like it's a giant spinning machine, literally.
Drew Baglino
And that, like inertia stabilizes the grid. But you don't need a giant spinning machine. You don't need like a huge fossil fuel power plant or a giant hydro turbine. You can just have the battery do it and you can program it to whatever you need at that part of the grid or even have it be dynamically changing as the. As the grid conditions change.
Colin Campbell
Right.
Mike Snyder
And that's why we focus so much on, and we believe it's the future of how batteries are going to add value. It's going to be more about adding power stability just as it is about energy.
Drew Baglino
Yep, yep.
Mike Snyder
Autobidder is another software feature I wanted to mention. Autobidder is an autonomous energy trading platform that in its most basic sense is buying energy low and selling it high. And the.
Colin Campbell
The owner can net the difference of that.
Mike Snyder
But operating battery storage is actually very complex upwards, needing upwards of hundreds or even thousands of decisions every five minutes. It's much more complex than a pv, a solar plant, or a wind plant, or a thermal battery or thermal generation plant. And it's mostly because of the versatility and the ability of the battery to provide so much value in different ways that these decisions need to be made. In real time in order to optimize and get the most value out of
Colin Campbell
the batteries that can.
Mike Snyder
So there wasn't a solution that existed in the market. So we built one ourselves in the market that we've been markets, we've deployed them in in Australia and Texas and the uk it has proven to be a market leader. We're continuing to invest in Autobidder as
Colin Campbell
we expand to new markets.
Mike Snyder
Second point of how we got here, a relentless focus on speed of execution. And there's two points to be made here. First one is in building factories. What you're seeing here is a time lapse of the mega factory that was built in Lathrop. We took it from a JCPenney distribution center to a world class manufacturing facility in less than 12 months, which is incredible. And really the way that we did this is similar to what my colleagues have described.
Mike Snyder
It's leveraging the vertical integration of Tesla. It's getting the vehicle manufacturing team in the same room as construction and engineering and making decisions quickly with all the decisions with all the stakeholders and decision makers. We're using the lessons learned from Lathrop as we speak as we plan for our next factories.
Mike Snyder
Second, it's about installing projects faster. I've mentioned this already, but Plug and play is kind of at the core of what we're going for. Over the past four years we've increased the installation speed by 4x and we've reduced the total labor involved across both construction and manufacturing by 3x. We think that this is key to unlocking our ability to scale and our customers ability to scale with us. We need to be laser focused on reducing that time from when the Megapack leaves the factory to when it is operational on the grid.
Drew Baglino
And it's not just about centralized storage, it's also about distributed storage. The future roadmap of, of, well, at least here at Tesla and, and maybe some of you know about this sort of retail plan we have here in, in Texas and I just wanted to talk a little bit about how that all fits together. So Tesla Electric really unlocks the full value of distributed energy and storage products. So it enables our customers to become their own utility.
Drew Baglino
The data on the page is from our South Australia virtual power plant. Another Tesla Electric setup that we have over over 2022. It's 5,000 customers that we have the data for. You can get a sense for what's happening. So just if they were being provided default utility service and you looked at the cost of serving them that electricity on average $140 a month if they all had Solar and Powerwall, but the Solar and Powerwall wasn't interacting with the grid, wasn't participating in the energy market, the cost of serving that customer would go from what would have go from $140 a month to $70 a month.
Drew Baglino
If, if Tesla Electric is operating those assets in an intelligent way to benefit the grid. Tesla Electric being basically a software that we developed out of Autobidder for the purposes of these distributed energy resources, we can actually pay the customers to bring their, their, their energy services to the grid. That's what happened in Australia last year. And Australia is a little bit of a special case. They represent the future.
Drew Baglino
South Australia, in particular, solar and wind, supplied 70% of South Australia's energy in 2022. That compares to 30% in Texas and 35% in California. But it, but this is an indication of where this is all headed, of both centralized and distributed storage resources providing the key to unlocking fully renewable grids. And Tesla Electric is the retail plan that we're using to bring that to bear for our customers that have our products.
Drew Baglino
And, you know, this is how we're rolling it out. First, as it exists, it's available for, in Texas for people who have powerwalls in their homes, but we need to extend beyond that. Over a billion people live in markets with competitive retail electricity, and there's over 2 trillion in annual energy spend in these markets. This is a huge opportunity and our intention is to bring this to market by market in the same way that we've approached Tesla Insurance, where we can bring value to our customers to reduce their total cost of ownership of our products.
Drew Baglino
So actually, what we're going to do next, and this is pretty exciting here in Texas, by this summer, we're going to offer a retail electricity plan to people who have our cars where they can have unlimited overnight home charging for $30 a month. This is part of reducing the total cost of ownership of our vehicles. And the reason why we can do this is because Texas has a ton of wind. And in Texas, the wind blows at night.
Drew Baglino
So actually serving these customers with electricity at night for their cars is the best thing to do for everyone. And so this is a way to incentivize people to charge at home at night directly from renewable power. It's part of the grand master plan we talked about at the beginning. So we're very excited about this. And we do see this similar to Tesla insurance, as I said, as further reducing the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles.
Drew Baglino
So putting this all together we're really at the beginning of this massive ramp in energy storage deployment. And yeah, yeah.
Mike Snyder
Reflecting back on the. On the master plan, we talk about tens of terawatt hours, needing tens of terawatt hours of stationary storage. So we have our sights set on annual production rates of 1 terawatt hour, which is 25x our capacity at Lathrop.
Mike Snyder
In the near term, we see really strong demand for the megapack product, over 100 GWh per year in 2023 and growing by over 100 GWh per year over the next few years. So the demand is there. And naturally, as we continue to focus on cost and speed and value, the things that we've mentioned, it's clear we need to build more capacity and we
Colin Campbell
need to ramp it quickly. Quickly.
Mike Snyder
So while the challenge is big, it's also a huge opportunity for Tesla. It's a huge opportunity for the megapack business, and I'm excited to see the impact that it's going to make on our grid transition.
Drew Baglino
As am I. Yeah. All right, all right.
Colin Campbell
Thank you.
Drew Baglino
Thank you all. Yes.
Drew Baglino
All right. And Laurie, Brandon, come on up.
Colin Campbell
Hi, I'm Brandon with the legal team.
Karn Budhiraj
Thank you not just for coming, but
Colin Campbell
being investors now we have.
Karn Budhiraj
We have an active and engaged board and management team.
Colin Campbell
We've met with you and today is the culmination of that.
Elon Musk
We've heard you, which is why we're excited to share this investor day with you.
Tom Zhu
Now, you will hear more from our
Elon Musk
board at the appropriate time.
Karn Budhiraj
But for now, I'm excited to introduce
Colin Campbell
Lori Shelby, who's going to discuss sustainability and our employees. Laurie.
Laurie Shelby
Thank you, Brandon. Hi, everyone. My name is Laurie Shelby and I lead the environmental, Health, Safety, Security and sustainability team. I've been with Tesla for five and a half years, so I'm going to talk about Tesla's impact.
Laurie Shelby
And of course, that starts with our awesome team members. So you've heard a lot today about our amazing products, our process, our software. You've seen lots of numbers and lots of graphs. You've also heard a common theme. And that common theme is that Tesla's team is what drives our success and makes a difference. Whether you're in our factories, our sales, service and delivery centers, our warehouses, or in the field, you can see and you can feel the collaboration that's happening.
Laurie Shelby
And you also can see the pride that everyone has in working for Tesla. So before I go on, I want to give a big shout out and a thank you for our Tesla team globally. So let's.
Laurie Shelby
That was great. That was great. Thank you. So we are creating a lot of meaningful work through our jobs. We're a huge employer and we're growing every day. We're at 129k and more than half of our team works in vehicle manufacturing. And almost 60% of our team is based in the US.
Laurie Shelby
People want to join our mission and we need to grow and we need to hire the best people. Engineers want to work for Tesla. Look at number one and number two, SpaceX and Tesla. In 2021, we got 3 million applicants. 3 million. That's incredible.
Laurie Shelby
And our culture, our culture at Tesla is anyone at any time can raise an idea or make an improvement suggestion across safety, people cost, production, quality, because we have a very simple process called take charge. And take charge is really employee engagement. And as take charges go up, as you can see in this graph, injuries go down. And you know why? People who do the work. The people who do the work know how to improve the work.
Laurie Shelby
Sustainability. Sustainability is everything. It's our mission. You've heard about it all day. Part of our master plan. But at Tesla, we don't just tick boxes to meet a requirement. We really focus on the impact that our products and our software will deliver. In 2021, our customers avoided 8.44 million metric tons of greenhouse gas. That's equivalent to taking 1.7 million ICE vehicles off the road for a full year. Yes.
Laurie Shelby
Yeah.
Laurie Shelby
We're also focusing on doing really good work and driving sustainability into our operations. We have year over year reduction in our water use, in our waste, and we're growing and building a renewable energy program within our operations. Just like supercharging, as you heard. So it's not just about our products, it's the way we make our products, both phases.
Laurie Shelby
Tesla, our company is solving both sides of the clean energy equation. We've got the clean generation, the clean storage. We also have zero emission transport. As this slide shows, from 2012 to 2021, our products generated more energy that was consumed by all Tesla vehicles and our factories. It's amazing.
Drew Baglino
Yeah, I like the clap.
Laurie Shelby
Yeah, I'll take claps.
Laurie Shelby
So our vehicles use less emissions than gas powered vehicles. Even in the worst case scenario, 100% coal grid, the Model 3 has less emissions than the average ICE car. And we're only going to get better. You heard about that today. Every product we make is more efficient. Every factory we build is more sustainable. So it's only going to get better and better.
Laurie Shelby
So as we build our zero emission future, we've been talking with our stakeholders with our shareholders about how do we improve our reporting framework. And we are aligning with the tcdf. So tcfd. So we're aligning with the tcfd, which I know many of you have been asking us about. I also want you to stay tuned because there's going to be much more coming in our impact report. So thank you all. And up next is Zach Kirkhorn.
Colin Campbell
Thank you.
Zach Kirkhorn
Thank you, Laurie.
Zach Kirkhorn
All right, so this is our last section of our prepared remarks today.
Zach Kirkhorn
We'll kind of take what we've discussed today and summarize it at the corporate level for our financials. Maybe before I jump into the details here, we've never done an Investor day as a company. We've never brought our leadership team out and asked them to talk about the things that they're working on. So, you know, I feel very fortunate to be able to work alongside this group of people and support their teams. And I also just want to thank them.
Zach Kirkhorn
They're in a room in the back listening to this, for all of the work that they put into today and getting the company to where it is today. So thank you to the Tesla team.
Zach Kirkhorn
When we were preparing for today, folks were asking, well, Zach, what should we talk about? And really the only guidance we gave folks is, well, talk about the things that you're working on and talk about it in the context of the master plan. And what did almost everybody talk about today in great detail? All of the work that they're doing to take cost out. Because in this industry, in this business, you survive or you die based upon the ability to manage your costs.
Zach Kirkhorn
And so I'd like to talk about cost as well.
Zach Kirkhorn
If we look at our longest running scale production product, this is the Model 3, we reached 5,000 cars per week, which was our design capacity in mid-2018.
Zach Kirkhorn
And since then, we've taken 30% of cost out of this product.
Pete Bannon
Product.
Zach Kirkhorn
And there's two points I want to make about this. The first is that cost reduction, as you have heard throughout the course of the day, is deeply ingrained in our culture. And I think one of the most important reasons why we are here today as a company. The second point that I want to make is that when we're working on cost reduction, it's easy just to take cost out and make our products worse, but we have to take cost out and improve our products at the same time.
Zach Kirkhorn
This is the hard thing to do, but it's the necessary thing to do to continue to move forward. And if you look at a version of a Model 3 that we've built today and you compare it back to a Model 3 that we built in 2018, there's a long list of improvements that we put into the car while also taking cost out of the product.
Zach Kirkhorn
Cost reduction doesn't just come from one place. There's no silver bullet here. And we pushed the boundaries on volume with the Model 3 program increasing volume 3x over this period of time, we've improved productivity. So in our Fremont factory, we are twice as productive now as we were in mid 2018. We've made a lot of progress on overhead efficiencies and product improvements as we've discussed, and a long list of other things including localization.
Zach Kirkhorn
Our factory in Shanghai and as we ramp up volume and as we find efficiency, we work with our suppliers to do the same. And that leads to material cost reductions that improve the affordability of our products.
Zach Kirkhorn
And as we look forward to our next gen vehicle, our target Is to reduce 50% of cost. And we've talked about that a bit earlier today. From going from the Model S and X platform to the 3 and Y platform, we took out 50% of cost. So the task here is to do it again. And this is very important because as we improve affordability, the number of customers who have access to our products dramatically increases. And as we link this back to our master plan, it enables an exponential growth in our volume with linear reductions in the cost of our products.
Zach Kirkhorn
The second point I'll make here is that, and again, cost reductions don't come from any single one place. And so you can see the buckets here on the vehicle side, battery and powertrain manufacturing cost reductions and others. These buckets are relatively equal in size. And so in order to take 50% of cost out of the product, we have to go through everything.
Zach Kirkhorn
But more importantly than just the cost of the car up front.
Zach Kirkhorn
When we're transitioning to a sustainable economy, particularly with vehicle ownership, it's really important to think about the lifetime cost of a of the products. And this chart here is showing what the total cost of ownership per mile is over the course of five years. And we have to think about financing costs, insurance costs, the cost of power. Drew talked a little bit about that with the plants that we're doing in Texas, wear and tear and maintenance on the cars, etc.
Zach Kirkhorn
And we're already at a place today in the US where a base Model 3 on a cost per mile basis is less than a Toyota Corolla, which is the highest selling car in the world. And as we move towards our next gen platform, we will continue to reduce this. And as we work on robo taxi variants of this platform, this cost will come down even further. And so this is a product that has that we expect to have substantially lower cost per mile than the highest volume products in the world.
Zach Kirkhorn
The next thing on cost reduction I want to talk about is operating expenses. We spend a lot of time on our earnings calls talking about gross margins and product cost. We don't spend a lot of time talking about opex, but I think this is one of the really important parts of our story. So since 2018, we've reduced our non GAAP OPEX 60% as a percent of revenue and 75% on a per delivered car basis. This is quite staggering.
Zach Kirkhorn
And I want to go into the details about how we've done this. The first component of opex, which is R and D, the single most important thing here is that we constrain the number of programs that we work on. So minimizing the number of programs that we're running in parallel. And the key here is to maximize the revenue and cash generated from every program that we work on and also maximize the technology sharing between the programs.
Zach Kirkhorn
So we talked a little bit about how power electronics in our energy business is shared with power electronics and our vehicle business.
Zach Kirkhorn
If we look at the SGA side of this, I think the story here is pretty dramatic. So we're showing here a comparison of SGA per car delivered compared to the traditional auto industry, which is both an OEM and the dealership network. And our estimates are that we're 60 to 70% lower on a per car basis. And if you turn this into dollars, this is many thousands of dollars per car. This is part of the reason why on the last earnings call I made the comment that we think about operating margin more so than gross margin as a company, because the integration that we have here on the SGA side, particularly with vertical integration into our dealership network, this provides efficiencies that give us a competitive advantage from a cost structure standpoint relative to other companies.
Zach Kirkhorn
The other thing that I'll note here is that this wasn't always the case and it wasn't that long ago where these bars would be inverted. And if we go back a little bit in time and we talk about when we launched Model 3 in the Fremont factory, we went from 2,000 cars per week, which was S&X, adding 5,000 a week to that for Model 3 got us to 7,000 cars a week. You've heard some folks here today Talk about production hell.
Zach Kirkhorn
What I don't think we've ever talked about as a company is back office operations hell, which also happened at the same time. And 7,000 cars a week, 350,000 cars a year, we want to go to 20 million cars a year and we're struggling at 7,000. And we're saying to ourselves we have to completely rethink the way that we're managing our back office operations if we have any hope of efficiently scaling this company.
Zach Kirkhorn
And so this began a process that we're still continuing to work on today, but it's something that we refer to as the Tesla operating system. So in the same way that we're vertically integrated into the software that manages our cars, we've also vertically integrated into the software that runs our company. And all of our major departments in the company are using, not all of them yet, but almost all of them are using our in house software.
Zach Kirkhorn
Most recently we removed third party recruitment recruiting software and we're now running our own recruiting software as a company. And this matters a lot because rather than having a complex web of third party systems that are generic solutions that take a lot of effort to customize for our particular needs, we've been able to put in place with an in house applications engineering team, dedicated lightweight software that does only what we need it to do and nothing more.
Zach Kirkhorn
And that team works very closely with product process improvement teams that sit within the business who are looking through all of the processes that we're managing as a company and following the exact same process that Tom mentioned in the manufacturing space to look at our processes, delete process steps that we don't need, simplify process steps that are existing and automate what's remaining. And the results of this have been quite staggering, to be frank.
Zach Kirkhorn
I think it's exceeded our expectations as well. On the left side of this chart are some examples of the efficiency improvements that we've seen within our SGA areas. As a result of the strategy, the North American Sales team is four times more efficient now than they were in 2018. Order operations team, financial services. I mean these levels of improvement are large. And I don't. There's not enough pixels on the slide here to list out everything.
Zach Kirkhorn
So it's just a couple of examples. And then in the same way that when we look to take home cost out of our products, we want to feature up the product or improve the product while taking cost out. The same has been true with the use of Tesla operating system. And that integration with our process improvement teams within the company. And so we've increased performance and added capabilities while also dramatically reducing cost on a per car basis.
Zach Kirkhorn
There's a list of self service functionality that we've put in place which customers like and it also simplifies our operations behind the scenes. We've used the Tesla operating system to expand into our captive insurance space which we are fully vertically integrated into. We run our own in house software, we have our own agents, our own claims software and claims folks who run our insurance business. This is also very important because as a technology company, data is very important and we use these systems and the access to the data in those systems to pull out extremely granular and targeted reporting that enables us to see every aspect of our business in real time so we can make adjustments to our operations as needed.
Zach Kirkhorn
And there are sometimes examples where we say, man, I wish we were tracking this piece of data. Well, you know, it's a teams meeting away from the applications engineering team to make a request and then we can start tracking that data and make those changes. And so the feedback loop associated with process improvement inside the company is pretty astounding. The last thing I'll just mention here, which is something I'm personally quite proud of, we've made a lot of progress in our close processes within the finance team getting our 10Q and 10K filed.
Zach Kirkhorn
It's amongst the fastest of the 20 largest market cap companies. So great work to the finance team here.
Zach Kirkhorn
So all of this work on cost reduction is extremely important because we have a lot of money to spend ahead of us to achieve our goals within the master plan. So we've mentioned over the course of the day today, 20 million annual vehicle production as our target, 1 terawatt hour of annual energy storage production and then expanding cell production service and charging in line with the growth of those other businesses.
Zach Kirkhorn
And so we've estimated what we think the total cost to get there will be and there's certainly error bars around these numbers as we continue to progress and innovate. But of this, we've spent about $28 billion of that so far in the history of the company. And maybe this total investment looks large, I actually think it's quite small relative to our ambitions. And if you look at our 2022 operating cash flows and you just say, well, let's assume some modest growth to that, maybe not all that much
David Lau
if
Zach Kirkhorn
you're being conservative, but the ability to pay for this level of investment from the forecast that we have is very achievable for us.
Zach Kirkhorn
I'm often asked about capital Allocation. I think our strategy here is very straightforward. I touched upon it a little bit in our last slide. But just to be explicit about it, obviously the priority here is to ensure that we're using capital to run the day to day operations of the business. This is a working capital intensive business and this has to be managed very carefully. And so, you know, over the course of a quarter there can be multi billion dollar swings in our cash balance up and down just depending upon the timing of when we build and deliver cars.
Zach Kirkhorn
So we obviously have to have money set aside for that. Downside protection is another really important area where we have money set aside for that. And over the last couple of years, throughout the pandemic, I think this just highlights why being ready for downside protection is important. Preserving daily operations is the engine that then generates cash that allows us to reinvest into the growth of the business. And I'm very proud that over the last couple of years, despite the ups and downs in the macro environment and interruptions to supply chains, we have never once pulled back on our investments in growth.
Zach Kirkhorn
So that remains, remains a huge priority for us.
Zach Kirkhorn
We do then after investing in growth, we look at opportunistic ways to spend our cash. These are more financially oriented where if a return exceeds a hurdle, then we can place cash in that. This is part of our story of cost reduction in the Fremont factory. And then on the excess side, you know, this is where, you know, the board meets on a regular basis and thinking about what our cash flow projections are looking forward and whether it makes sense to do buybacks or dividends.
Zach Kirkhorn
So to wrap up the finance portion of the presentation today, a couple of key messages I just want to leave you all with here is that we use innovation at an intense level to drive costs down and improve the efficiency of the business. And the reason this is so important is it allows us to improve product affordability. This is particularly the case when we move to our next generation platform.
Zach Kirkhorn
Improving affordability allows us to comfortably make investments that grow volume. That volume generates cash that then allows us to make more investments. And as we integrate that going forward, it's our belief as a leadership team here at Tesla that we're going to achieve unprecedented scale in the manufacturing space.
Zach Kirkhorn
And this is what's ultimately required to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy.
Zach Kirkhorn
So with that, this completes the prepared portion of today. We're going to take a short break and then we'll resume with a live Q and A. Thank you all very much.
Colin Campbell
Sa.
Elon Musk
It.
Zach Kirkhorn
It.
Franz von Holzhausen
Sa.
Drew Baglino
Oh, I can talk.
Colin Campbell
All right, so.
Zach Kirkhorn
So,
Elon Musk
well, let's see. So this is probably the most significant announcement of the day is that we're excited to announce that we are going to be building a gigafactory in Mexico.
Elon Musk
So yeah, and we'll have obviously a grand opening and you know, groundbreaking and whatnot. But we're excited to announce that the next Tesla gigafactory will be in Mexico near Monterrey. So super excited about it.
Elon Musk
Now I do want to emphasize we will continue to expand production at all of our existing factories, so including California, Nevada, here in Texas obviously and Berlin, Shanghai. So we intend to increase production at all factories. So the Giga Mexico would be supplemental to the output of all the other factories. So this is not to be clear, moving, moving output from anywhere to anywhere. It is simply about expanding total global output.
Elon Musk
Yeah, so going to be good.
Elon Musk
So Peanut gallery.
Elon Musk
Anyway, so I think that's.
Elon Musk
Yeah, we're quite excited to announce that. In fact, I believe the governor is here.
Elon Musk
It's hard to see. Welcome.
Elon Musk
Secretary of State, I believe. Anyway, so anyway, it's, we look forward to it and having a big event too for the great groundbreaking and, and opening. So let's see. With that we can move to, I guess, Q A. We've obviously got significant bench strength here. Should probably have like a bench. And anyway, we maybe have too many people on stage, but we'll try to answer questions within reason.
Elon Musk
This is meant to be kind of more of a long term sort of discussion as opposed to, you know, what will be the production for the rest of the quarter type of thing.
Elon Musk
So let's try to orient our questions towards long term value creation. And with that, fire away,
Zach Kirkhorn
Rob.
Mike Snyder
Hi, it's Rob Lash with the Wolff research.
Mike Snyder
Very exciting plans about the next generation
Drew Baglino
vehicle and powertrains and batteries.
Mike Snyder
I was hoping you can maybe talk to us a little bit about the
Drew Baglino
time timeline for deploying this.
Mike Snyder
And it sounds like it's more than just a vehicle.
Drew Baglino
This is a kind of a paradigm change on how vehicles are assembled, how batteries are put together and everything.
Mike Snyder
And does that also just get reconfigured
Drew Baglino
into everything that you do? So the model Y's that are being
Mike Snyder
built here will be built very differently in the future. Maybe just give us some feel for
Drew Baglino
what happens from here. And what's the timeline for implementation?
Elon Musk
Well, I'll talk a little bit about that, but broadly speaking, the most profound architectural changes will be in future vehicles. Retooling a factory means bringing the factory down for an extended period of time and that's Preferred not to do that, I think.
Elon Musk
But there are variants in how model Y is produced, so we've got variants where there's rear casting, where there's a front and rear casting, and we have the structural battery pack. And then there are a number of smaller improvements that occur. But I think for really, really big changes, those would be future vehicles.
Mike Snyder
Yeah.
Laurie Shelby
I don't know.
Elon Musk
You guys want to add Lars, maybe? Me?
Mike Snyder
Yeah.
Elon Musk
So, I mean, as far as I
Lars Moravy
agree with you, 100, Elon, it's, it's. It's really easy to put innovations in new vehicles, but long term, we'll obviously bring them back.
Elon Musk
We've always talked about that, but we
Lars Moravy
don't want to take our factories down as far as the timeline goes. You know, we're going to go as fast as we can, left to right as always. You know, Elon alluded to the fact that Mexico will build our next gen vehicle, but we will also be doing that in our other plants. And so it's really about getting them all up and running. We expect that to be a huge volume product.
Elon Musk
And yeah, we're going to move that
Lars Moravy
quickly over the next couple years.
Zach Kirkhorn
Let's go to Adam.
Pete Bannon
Thanks.
Drew Baglino
First in Nora Buena, Mexico.
Mike Snyder
That's great. Congratulations. Elon, a question on applying first principles,
Drew Baglino
thinking and innovation to an area that up to now has seemingly been outside
Mike Snyder
of your control, and that is on mining and extraction of some of the key materials. I believe a couple years ago you had a patent on sodium chloride to
Elon Musk
extract lithium from some.
Mike Snyder
From some clays and spodumene clay and
Elon Musk
things of that nature.
Drew Baglino
Any how does that fit into the
Mike Snyder
plan of maybe bringing real innovation into
Drew Baglino
a mining sector that could use a
Mike Snyder
little, you know, maybe waking up and getting those costs down?
Drew Baglino
Because that could be a real gating factor, it seems.
Elon Musk
Well, we're going to address whatever we think the limiting factor is at any point in time. So we would like to do the least amount possible. So we don't want to get into the mining or refining sector. We will do that if we have to.
Elon Musk
I do think the focus really should be on refining capacity.
Elon Musk
You know, we need to make just a very giant amount of anode cathode, lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate. It's really the refining capacity that is the biggest choke point.
Elon Musk
Yeah. So that's why we're building a lithium refinery in Corpus Christi
Drew Baglino
in terms of the mining companies that are out there and looking at that part of the value chain. So we do have large suppliers of lithium right now, and we. They are aware of, you know, how we're approaching the Corpus refinery and the technologies we're trying there. And the reason we're making them aware of it is because we think they're fundamentally more scalable. And as we prove them out, we plan to, to share that with them because as Elon says, like, it's not really like we want to do these things, we're doing them because it's not happening fast enough.
Drew Baglino
So if, if we can prove that it can be done faster, the intention is to transfer that knowledge to our large, our current suppliers. And the same is actually true. It was actually a clay process that we're playing with and we continue to work on same is true on that. So we've worked with our suppliers as well on trials and we're sharing knowledge there. And the intention is just to help the whole world do this better.
Drew Baglino
And ultimately the, this here is getting the lithium out or whatever it is out of the or,
Elon Musk
and we're obviously building a cathode processing facility just adjacent to this, this building. So a little further down the road you'll see another large construction that's for cathode refining.
Elon Musk
But like I said, we'd really prefer if others did that. We're doing it because we have have to, not because we want to.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yeah.
Drew Baglino
And, and in that case, there just isn't really any large scale cathode production in the United States and it needed to be done. And, and again, if we're going to do it, we're going to try to do it from a first principles perspective. So we're, we have tried a bunch of new things there. We're confident that they will work. And as they prove out again, we want to bring them back to our suppliers so they can build new facilities more quickly with less investment.
Pete Bannon
All right, let's go to Ben.
Elon Musk
Hi, Ben.
Roshan (Tesla)
California.
Lars Moravy
Baird.
Elon Musk
So similar on the renewable side. Is there more that you can do in Tesla to nudge the rest of the renewable industry to speed up since it's such a big pillar of the Master Plan 3.
Elon Musk
Well, I mean, I don't know what more we can do, but
David Lau
I can
Elon Musk
say that if there's like entrepreneurs out there that want to have like a guaranteed chance of success, it would be refining lithium or anode and cathodes or any, any materials whatsoever for lithium ion cells as no brainer.
Elon Musk
Yep, I think we're doing everything we can.
Drew Baglino
So yeah, on the, on the renewable energy thing, the thing that, that we can do, Tesla, is the more we reduce the cost of storage, the More we reduce the cost of stationary storage and the more we bring like flexible load to the grid in the form of like cars charging at the right times, the more valuable renewables are. Because in like Texas right now. I wasn't joking. Like there's a lot of wind and at night wind is, there's like almost too much wind because they don't want to turn the nukes off or whatever.
Drew Baglino
So, so, so, so, so bringing really low cost storage onto the grid makes renewables more valuable, which ultimately will accelerate their deployment. So that, that's how we focus on it, I guess.
Colin Campbell
Yeah.
Zach Kirkhorn
Thank you. It's Jeffries. I've got two questions. The first one, when I think about in this industry, everybody wants to be Tesla. Every car maker is trying to emulate what you're doing.
Colin Campbell
Well done.
Zach Kirkhorn
The one thing they don't do is focus on having as much growth as possible with as few models as possible. So I'm just trying to understand as you aim for 20 million units in 2030, how many models do you think you need to get there and how does it fit into your drive to hyperscale?
Zach Kirkhorn
How do you manage this? And also the fact that probably consumers at some point don't want to see a Tesla or the same test at every street corner. So I'm just trying to get your sense of that. And my other question is on, on bidirectional.
Elon Musk
I mean you talked a lot about
Zach Kirkhorn
making a world more renewables and better usage of cars. I think bi directional charging is one way of better using cars, but you seem to have been reluctant about doing
Colin Campbell
that in the past.
Zach Kirkhorn
So I'm just wondering what your latest views are on the topic.
Drew Baglino
Sure. On bi directional.
Drew Baglino
Wasn't like a conscious decision to not do it. It just wasn't a priority at the time. I think is maybe the way to think about it as we looked, as we continue to improve the power electronics in our vehicle, we've found ways to bring broader actionality while actually reducing cost of power electronics in the vehicle. And at all things Tesla. The goal is usually to get more for less. And so we are in the middle of kind of like a power electronics retool.
Drew Baglino
I would say that will bring that functionality to all of our vehicles over the next, you know, two years, let's say. But, but it's. Yeah, I guess that's how I'll say there.
Elon Musk
Yeah, I don't think very many people are going to use bidirectional charging unless you have a powerwall. Because if you unplug your car Your house goes dark and this is extremely inconvenient.
Drew Baglino
Yeah, most of the value comes in charging the car at the right time. It's not really about sending energy the other way.
Elon Musk
Yeah, I mean if you have a powerwall that can take the house load, then you can use your car as a supplementary energy source to the powerwall and then you know, you're not going to drive everyone crazy by unplugging your car car and having the house go off. So I think there's some value there as a supplemental energy source down the road where if you have a power wall, you've not diminished the convenience of the people in the house.
Pete Bannon
And the question of number of models.
Elon Musk
Sorry, the what? Oh, how many models?
Drew Baglino
Vehicle models?
Elon Musk
Not that many really.
Franz von Holzhausen
10?
Elon Musk
I don't know, not that many.
Elon Musk
I mean what's happened with conventional cars is people have run out of things to do. So you run out of things to do, they just end up reshuffling the deck and you have pretty much the same. I mean, how many variants of car are there on the road? Feels like hundreds.
Elon Musk
But are they good variants? No, mostly not. They're just variants for the sake of variants. But look at how have things converged with the phone. I mean there used to be hundreds of flip phones. Now what do we have? It'll be like that.
Tom Zhu
George, George Genarigas from Canacord Genuity just
David Lau
had a question about your plans to
Elon Musk
grow market share in China and also
Mike Snyder
whether or not the political tensions between
Elon Musk
United States and China impact your long term ambitions there.
Franz von Holzhausen
Thank you.
Elon Musk
I don't know. Hey Tom, not to. Don't sweat too hard.
Drew Baglino
Yeah, well,
Tom Zhu
well, we're still growing our market share in China quite strongly actually. Especially early this year we had this price adjustment. After that we actually generated a huge demand, more than we can produce really. And as Elon said, as long as
Colin Campbell
you
Tom Zhu
offer a product with value at affordable price, you know, you don't have to worry about demand. That's basically the philosophy that we follow. We try everything to cut cost from supply chain from, improve the efficiency in the factory and pass down that value to our customers. I think as long as we continue to do that, I'm not too concerned about the market share in China. And the second part, geopolitical. No one else.
Tom Zhu
We do our best. We actually create a lot of jobs to community and we also, at our suppliers, factories, we'll create a lot of jobs as well and we'll contribute a lot to the local economy. I think, you know, as long as we're needed in this country. I, I don't see there much of the risk of that.
Karn Budhiraj
Colin.
Drew Baglino
Colin Rush from Oppenheimer. You know, one of the things I was struck by in the presentation was the operational efficiency metrics that you guys are talking about. Can you talk a little bit about the velocity of learning cycles and how you guys track that and think about that as an organization as you work into a variety of other areas from an innovation perspective.
Elon Musk
Anyone want to try that?
Drew Baglino
I mean, I'll say one very high level thing, which is you can't improve something you don't measure. And we're like ruthless measurers at Tesla. And once you start measuring things that contribute to operational efficiency, you actually have a path to doing something about it. So I guess the key is a good measuring stick.
Colin Campbell
Okay.
Elon Musk
It's something I should say with respect to demand, which I've said a few times over the years, but it sometimes needs to be said again, which is the overwhelmingly the.
Elon Musk
There's the desire for people to own a town. Tesla is extremely high. The limiting factor is their ability to pay for a Tesla, not do they want a Tesla. It's, it's easy for people in this room to lose sight of that. If your income is far in excess of what a car costs, then you look at value for money, but you do not consider affordability. But for the vast majority of people, it is affordability driven. This is why we cannot simply double the price of the car.
Elon Musk
Or you could say think about things in the limit where if you had an, you know, infinitely desirable car, but it costs $10 million, it wouldn't matter because people do not can most people do not have that. So demand is very much a function of affordability, not desire. Very important. One of the things we weren't sure about was, was the price elasticity of demand for Tesla. So like as we lower the price, how much does demand increase?
Elon Musk
And we found that even small changes in the price have a big effect on demand. Very big. So that was a good thing to learn.
Elon Musk
Yeah. And then as the autonomy question is very, very big, because you could potentially have, I don't know, five times the utility of the asset that you currently have. So if passenger car is 10 or 12 hours a week of usage plus a lot of parking expenses, an autonomous car could be 50 to 60 hours a week or something like that
Laurie Shelby
and
Elon Musk
you could get rid of a lot of parking expenses. So you know, if this, if this is true, then as autonomy is effectively turned on for the fleet, it may be the probably will be the biggest asset value increase in history overnight.
Pete Bannon
Emmanuel,
Elon Musk
Thank you so much. Emmanuel Rosner from Deutsche Bank. So as you start launching this next generation vehicle and ramping up volume, what will be your nearest term priority in terms of segment or vehicles focus? The slide that you showed with two vehicles on the wrap seemed based on focus form factor. One of them maybe looks like a van, another one looks like maybe like a smaller vehicle, like potentially a Model 2, I guess.
Elon Musk
What is the nearest home focus for you in terms of ramping up the next gen vehicle? And how do you make sure that by lowering the price point so much because the cost is going down 50%, you're not cannibalizing demand, you know, for your existing vehicles.
Elon Musk
I mean, demand for our vehicles in terms of desire to own them may as well be infinite.
Elon Musk
It's indistinguishable from infinite at this point. Affordability is what matters. So as you make the car more affordable, we will have demand go crazy. Basically the issue is how do we build the cars? The hard part is building the cars. I can't emphasize that enough. The hard part is building the cars and the entire supply chain that goes with the cars. This is a logistics challenge of extraordinary difficulty.
Elon Musk
All the things that have to go into a car have to scale with the car while everything is doing an exponential ramp. And if you miss even one of those things, doesn't matter why. Earthquake, flood, fire, revolution. I thought I've heard them all.
Elon Musk
Any part of that supply chain gets interrupted, you're now you have a seizure.
Elon Musk
The hard part is building the cars by far and the supply chain that goes with it.
Elon Musk
Do you guys want to talk about supply chains though?
Elon Musk
They might, I think.
Karn Budhiraj
You know, in the presentation I'd mentioned, perfection is a passing grade. We really need everything to happen perfectly. And the strategy for mitigating the different risks, some of which were anticipated and some weren't, is really bespoke to the situation. And really the unique subject matter expertise and a deep knowledge of the particular supply chain you're managing to come up with those strategies. So we've seen everything from as Elon mentioned, you know, first the tariffs that flew back and forth, then the ocean logistics issue, the chip shortage, Covid floods.
Karn Budhiraj
There was a fire and a fab in Japan that knocked down. There was a massive Covid spike in Malaysia where a lot of the chips at the back end of the, of a lot of chips was down there. And more. This was one that Elon was involved with as well. And yeah, that's, it's nerve Wracking, but somehow it works.
Pete Bannon
Yeah.
Roshan (Tesla)
And although it's difficult, I think we have been laying the foundation to be as intimate to our all the tiers of the supply chain, building that control and you know, directing the different tiers of supply chain. That's the way we are trying to mitigate the risks that come with it. You know, again, dual sourcing, triple sourcing, having redundancy is the way we've been trying to mitigate for it.
Lars Moravy
Yeah. On that point, when we think about vehicles, when you think about 3Y as an architecture, SX as an architecture, our next generation platform is more than one segment and really we're thinking about all the segments that are available that we haven't captured and where the market would be and designing it with our supply chain partners so that we can go quickly through those segments for where we need. But to Elon's point, if you make a car desirable and affordable, you know, oftentimes it doesn't necessarily matter what segment it's in because it's one that you want.
Lars Moravy
And we've seen that with Model 3, when a lot of people thought the sedan was not going to be a great hit, but we sell tons of them. So the next generation platform is not one vehicle, it is, it is multiple. And it's on the segment that we will, you know, really try and focus on that affordability and desirability point moreover than where we started.
Elon Musk
Yeah, I mean there's like, I think it's an old saying, like battles are one with tactics, wars are one with logistics. The logistics challenges here are enormous. And when you start like being a very significant percentage of an industry, you can't over capacitize. It's not realistic. And some of these things like you say, well, dual source or triple source, you can do that maybe for small things, but you can't do it for big things because if you're triple sourced and one of it's like having a plane with three, three engines where if any of the three engines fails, you crash.
Elon Musk
It's like, you know, so you have to either over capacitize which drives your capex up and has idle suppliers somewhere and big warehouses, or you design to some overage that's, you know, reasonable and then you have expedite costs because inevitably something goes wrong somewhere and you've got to fly things around.
Elon Musk
So it's really just the rate of progress is the rate at which we are able to scale a 10,000 logistics problems. Most significant of those is the cell production.
Elon Musk
And so we Actually deliberately try to overdo cell production or cell supply to have that exceed what is needed in vehicles. Because if it goes below what's needed in vehicles, then with the factories stall.
Elon Musk
So but then what do you do with all these extra cells? It's like well, okay, so the much easier thing to scale up and down is powerwall and megapack output stationary storage. So we can then over capacitize in cells and packs and scale production of stationary storage, which is much easier to scale than vehicle production. So that's strategically I think a good thing.
Elon Musk
Yeah, I mean the capex for megapack is tiny compared to capex for vehicles. And also Megapack on depending demand is quasi infinite. It it basically as long as we are competitive with utilities, we can sell as many mega mega like it's, it's yeah quasi infinite demand for that really. Or multi many terawatt hours and we got a long way to go to get to many terawatt hours per year.
Pete Bannon
Then go to Dan.
Colin Campbell
Thank you.
Zach Kirkhorn
Dan Levy, Barclays.
David Lau
I think we know competitive dynamics differ significantly by region.
Franz von Holzhausen
You know, cost dynamics differ by region.
Zach Kirkhorn
We saw that with your China gigafactory.
Drew Baglino
Far superior cost to what you had a few months.
Zach Kirkhorn
I realized it was a new factory.
Tom Zhu
But they're clearly different dynamics.
David Lau
So to what extent are the cost
Zach Kirkhorn
strategies that you've laid out today, do
Drew Baglino
they differ by region or is there
Zach Kirkhorn
more of a global one size fits
Elon Musk
all approach on reducing cost?
Tom Zhu
Yeah, I think we're pretty consistent under the strategy here. We'll try to as much localize it as possible. Like in China, 95%, over 95% of our supply chain are localized all the way from the first tier, the second tier into the third tier. And that give us generate a tremendous savings on Cox. And we also have a very localized labor force and we have access to skilled labor force in the region and Yangtze Delta region in Shanghai.
Tom Zhu
I'm particularly referring to and among over 30,000 of employees in China, we have probably less than 20 expats. So it's very deep localization we have done there to be able to have such cost structure. And we try to replicate this approach elsewhere in different gigafactories. Of course, you know, supplier base are different. The you know, labor market are different region by region and country by country. But we try our best to, to localize.
Tom Zhu
Yeah. And, and I think that's, that's absolutely give us advantage to compete with the other ems, um, around the globe. Um, another thing is, you know, we have this direct selling mode like Zach Said, you know, we save a tremendous money on OPEX as well. We have full control over all the expenditures across the the company and you know, we don't spend money on marketing or advertising. Everything we saved will become, you know, the value we can offer to the, the consumers.
Tom Zhu
So on that part we also follow pretty consistent strategy over the years.
Lars Moravy
I mean certainly the manufacturing stuff that Colin, Pete and myself talked about, whether you make it here or you make it in Europe or you make it in Asia, it applies everywhere. We think about that, from the ground up, not specific to any region.
Zach Kirkhorn
Yeah, just one thing I would add to Tom's point about localization and to Lars point here, I would actually say that we're moving in a direction of more standardization in terms of our factories and our processes and our cost reduction approaches. So as we've been thinking about the next generation platform, we've been thinking about the volume that we aspire to build against that, how many individual factories do we need to build and what is the fastest possible way to expand that footprint around the world.
Zach Kirkhorn
What we've done with Model Y is each factory is an incremental improvement of the previous factory which requires engineering hours, engineering spend for each factory design and then you end up with factories that are slightly different from each other. And as we move towards the next generation platform, I think the term you use Lars is copy paste. So to get it right from the first time, you know, certainly there will be things that we learn and we replicate and we make adjustments to, but try to have as much standardization and commonization as possible which allows us to go as quickly as possible with expansion on this side.
Elon Musk
Thanks. Two questions, one for Zach, one for shock. So for Zach, how do you think about a long term growth and operating margins for the business? And when we look at 150, 275 billion in capex is the remaining balance of that? Is that essentially the capex guidance through 2030 for Ashok, the multi trip reconstruction that you highlighted, how is that different from what mobileye does with the REM map that they have?
Elon Musk
And can you give us any color on the AP4 hardware?
Zach Kirkhorn
So with respect to operating margins, you know, we intend to continue to improve operating expenses as a percentage of revenue over time. And we're continuing to take cost out of our products and try to keep gross margins at a place that's healthy as well. And so you know, from the hardware perspective of the business, you know, it's our expectation that we'll continue to stay in a health, healthy place over time and Then there's a software portion that's added on top of that.
Zach Kirkhorn
And so Elon has commented on this many times about the impact that full self driving software can have on the economics of the business. And in that space, you know, profitability, operating margins would be impacted dramatically. Specifically to your point about CapEx guidance, you know, the intent of that slide was not to provide specific guidance, but to just be transparent. Transparent about internally what our rough estimates are and to provide context that we think getting to 20 million vehicles per year and 1 terawatt hour of energy storage is very feasible relative to our expected cash generation for the business.
Zach Kirkhorn
That's a number that will move as we learn we may choose to vertically integrate more into things, we may find efficiencies elsewhere. To the whole conversation we were having earlier about do we do mining, do we not do mining? But the entire point is to say that this is something that's entirely possible based upon our forecast.
Ashok Elluswamy
Regarding the multi trip reconstruction, my point I was trying to make was that we want to auto label most of the data and we can collect data from the fleet and then reconstruct local areas that can act as supervision for those clips. Since we want to build a scalable self driving system, we don't want to really rely on HTMAPs or anything, even though we could like trivially build something using the same technology.
Ashok Elluswamy
But this is mostly for auto labeling and this provides like precise 3D labels for all the video sequences involved in the reconstruction.
Elon Musk
Something that's. I don't know if we touched on this much, but in terms of training, we have one of the biggest neural training systems in the world and that we expect to increase that capability by an order of magnitude by the end of this year and probably another order of magnitude by the end of next year with some combination of Nvidia and dojo.
Elon Musk
So by much of the scale of that is quite daunt on people. It's enormous.
Pete Bannon
Maybe the final two questions, one from Alex and one from Chris.
Drew Baglino
Okay, Alex Potter with Piper. So I definitely want to ask Drew or anybody else up there for an update on dry battery electrode.
Franz von Holzhausen
Right.
Drew Baglino
So if you're trying to over capacitize towards cells scale a lot of this. Clearly there's a lot of moving pieces and it's a complex sort of orchestra with the supply chain, but a lot of it comes down to dry battery electrode, at least to me. So how are you trending? That was the most fascinating part of
Colin Campbell
the factory tour for me and looking
Drew Baglino
through that window and seeing that this is clearly not a science project, but anything that you're willing to disclose yields progress where you are today versus where you thought you were going to be.
Franz von Holzhausen
Yeah.
Colin Campbell
Thanks.
Rebecca Tinucci
Sure.
Drew Baglino
Yeah. I mean, as you saw, right, like, this is a real factory making a lot of dry electrode in an automated fashion. We've made a lot of progress.
Drew Baglino
It's a spectrum. Like, we're perfectionists, and we have clear end goals.
Drew Baglino
And we are, every week that goes by making progress towards those end goals, whether it's speed of the tool, yield of the. Of that process, or the downstream process.
Drew Baglino
We haven't stalled out yet on the rate of progress either. And that's both on the anode and the cathode side. And I think the great thing about where we are with the overcapacity that Elon mentioned is it's giving us the opportunity to experiment as we go rather than just being, like, stuck to something that we happened to kick off a year and a half ago. And it is here something that Elon has said to the team many times is it's okay to scrap equipment or money.
Drew Baglino
It's not okay to scrap time. So the way we've been approaching it is probabilistically, what do we think is the most likely thing to succeed? And even actually in. In the factory here, you saw more than one anode line. They are actually operating two slightly different versions of the final process step of the powder entering the tool. And it's a competition, you know, which is going to be higher yield, which is going to perform better.
Drew Baglino
And we have the luxury to be able to do that. And we're taking full advantage of it to advance the technology as quickly as possible.
Elon Musk
The dry electrode problem is really quite a hard problem. I mean, we acquired Maxwell really just for the dry electrode technology. But this just illustrates what a gigantic gap there is between something working at small scale and at large scale.
Elon Musk
And we've had an extremely talented team of engineers working on scaling the dry electrode process and having it be reliable and consistent. And we've been grinding hard, literally and figuratively on this for quite a while. It seems likely that we will be able to scale it to volume this year.
Drew Baglino
Yeah, yeah. I mean, we're. We're basically increasing the output week over week. Like roughly 1k a week per quarter is our internal target. And we're, you know, we're tracking to that. I think the. What you saw is effectively like a ton of material per hour per tool. It's kind of like, hard to, like, rationalize, like, what that really means, but it's it's, it is, it's different than like, oh, something works in a lab.
Drew Baglino
It's like, well, when it's tons of material per hour, there's just different kinds of problems. Like even if you have like 0.1% escape of like fines into the enclosure that your equipment is in now, you have a dust problem and you and like that could short out some electronics. It's like just things like this where when you're on a lab scale, you don't even notice it. But when you're doing thousands of tons over the course of months, it's like, oh, a new failure mode we found and that's where we're at.
Drew Baglino
But we're knocking those out though. And the team is grinding through, through it but progress every week.
Pete Bannon
And the last question from Chris.
Karn Budhiraj
Thanks for taking the question. I have a few follow ups on
Drew Baglino
the next gen vehicle.
Karn Budhiraj
First, when do you think we'll get
Pete Bannon
a look at it?
Drew Baglino
Maybe a prototype.
Karn Budhiraj
Second, are there any details that you think you can share in terms of
Drew Baglino
the size, the content, the performance? And then third, I think you mentioned
Karn Budhiraj
that you would produce it in other plants in addition to Mexico. Should we take that to mean that
Pete Bannon
you can launch it at an existing
Karn Budhiraj
plant before you're finished constructing the new plant in Mexico?
Elon Musk
I think we'll actually have to probably decline that answer.
Elon Musk
We will have a proper sort of product event. But it would be jumping the gun if we answer your questions. Maybe another a question if that's. Yeah, yeah. I don't know anyone
Mike Snyder
will.
Pete Bannon
Danof,
Elon Musk
I have two questions. This has really been a very impressive afternoon. Thank you so much. Elon, I'm curious as you've doubled and you'll double again, how what you've learned
Lars Moravy
about sort of managing a larger enterprise and what you might have have to,
Elon Musk
you know, do to manage a bigger enterprise.
David Lau
And then secondly, I'm curious on your
Elon Musk
thoughts on how, you know, generative AI and you know, these rapid breakthroughs in AI in the last months could help you make cars sort of, you know, less hard to make.
Franz von Holzhausen
Thank you.
Elon Musk
I don't see AI helping us make car anytime soon.
Elon Musk
At that point, I mean, at no point any of us working big problems, we'll just chill out.
Elon Musk
I mean, I'm a little worried about the AI stuff.
Elon Musk
I think it's something, I don't know which we should be concerned about.
Elon Musk
I don't know. I think we should need some kind of like regulatory authority or something that's overseeing AI development and just making sure that it's operating within the public interest. And, you know, it's quite a dangerous, quite dangerous technology.
Elon Musk
I fear I may have done some things to accelerate it, which is. I don't know.
Elon Musk
So, I mean, some of the AI stuff I think is just obviously useful, like what we're doing with self driving, which is, you know, some people think is an AGI type problem. I don't think it's quite an AGI problem, but it's certainly requires very sophisticated neural nets because the road system is designed for eyes and biological neural nets. So naturally the analog to that is cameras with digital neural nets.
Elon Musk
And the other thing we found is just there's a. If you actually look at our neural net architecture in the car, it's kind of insane, frankly. Nets upon nets upon nets upon nets.
Ashok Elluswamy
The visualization tool crashes when you open. Yeah, it's like so complicated that no one can visualize this right now.
Elon Musk
Yeah, it's hard to visual.
Pete Bannon
Yeah.
Elon Musk
Just like literally it looks insane. So I guess something like that's happening in our brains while we drive around, which is pretty wild.
Elon Musk
So, you know, I don't know, Like Tesla's doing good things in AI.
Elon Musk
I don't know. This one stresses me out, so I don't know what to say about it, you know.
David Lau
Okay.
Pete Bannon
Given it's seven o', clock, I think that's all the time we have. Thank you very much for coming and.
Elon Musk
And thank you.
Drew Baglino
I'll see you later.
Colin Campbell
Sa.