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内容摘要
Tesla 电池日:全新的 4680 电芯、结构化电池包,以及打造成本更低、续航里程更长的电动汽车的路线图,埃隆·马斯克和德鲁·巴格利诺出席。
Tesla's Battery Day: the new 4680 cell, structural battery pack and a roadmap to cheaper, longer-range electric cars, with Elon Musk and Drew Baglino.
中文实录Transcript
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阿尔·普雷斯科特:(41:03) 大家下午好。欢迎参加Tesla 2020年度股东大会。我们非常高兴各位今天能够来到这里与我们相聚。我叫阿尔·普雷斯科特,是Tesla法务副总裁。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(41:15) 今天的会议将分为两个部分。首先,我们会处理完会议的前一部分,其中将涵盖要求股东投票表决的7个事项。投票结束后,我将介绍Tesla联合创始人兼首席执行官埃隆·马斯克,他将就公司最新情况和年度回顾发表演讲。之后,在股东大会结束后,我们将开始单独举行的电池日活动。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(41:40) 此时,我想感谢Tesla团队和董事会的成员,特别是今天能够亲自来到这里的各位,也感谢Tesla独立审计机构普华永道派来并同样在场的代表。但在开始之前,我想向各位介绍Tesla董事长罗宾·德纳霍姆,她希望通过远程方式讲几句话。罗宾·德纳霍姆:(42:12) 谢谢你,阿尔。大家好,欢迎参加2020年Tesla股东大会。特别欢迎今天亲自来到现场,以及从全国和世界各地在线参加会议的众多Tesla股东。罗宾·德纳霍姆:(42:29) 在今天的议程开始之际,我想先感谢各位股东过去1年来给予的巨大支持。尤其要感谢自公司2010年首次公开募股以来,在过去10年里与我们一路同行的各位。虽然我们始终忠于加速世界向可持续能源转型这一使命,但在很多方面,我们的公司在过去10年中已经发展得令人难以辨认。而这是一件非常好的事情。事实上,自我上次于2019年6月向各位发表讲话以来的15个月里,Tesla的发展速度和演变进一步加快。稍后的议程中,埃隆会向各位详细介绍许多具体成就。罗宾·德纳霍姆:(43:16) 但我想借此机会感谢我们遍布全球的所有Tesla员工。在世界经历我们有生以来最具挑战性的时期之一时,他们在执行工作、保持专注并为客户和股东交付成果方面表现出色。作为董事会,我们始终着眼于长期。我们作出了一些决定,也支持管理团队作出了一些在当时看来可能并不显而易见的决定,而这些决定正在带来并将继续带来突破性成果。但同样重要的是,要记住我们为什么这样做。作为一家公司,我们专注于应对我们这一代人面临的最大环境挑战之一,即如何加速世界向可持续能源转型。罗宾·德纳霍姆:(44:08) 尤其是在过去1年里,股东和公众推动可持续能源发展的势头都大幅增强。因此,除了开发出色的清洁交通和能源产品外,我们还通过为这一重要议题提供正确的事实和信息来尽自己的一份力。我们于2020年4月发布了影响力报告的扩展版。在问题版本中,我们非常详细地涵盖了许多对股东和客户同样重要的领域,例如我们的环境影响、温室气体和其他有害气体的消除、我们的供应链工作,尤其是钴方面的工作,以及我们对企业文化和人员的重视。我们希望通过持续公布这些数据,向世界强调我们作为一家公司所产生影响的重要性和程度。罗宾·德纳霍姆:(45:09) 最后,股东持续提供的反馈和意见对我们履行职责至关重要,我也想为各位在这方面的支持表示感谢。你们中的许多人向我和团队提供了想法与见解;在我们改进治理和公司实践的过程中,董事会会将这些纳入考量。这对董事会成员尤其重要,因为我们以适应能力以及董事会整体所代表的思想与经验多样性为荣。罗宾·德纳霍姆:(45:41) 这引出了我今天最后要说的两件事。由于今天是他最后一次参加股东大会,我谨代表董事会,衷心感谢史蒂夫·尤尔韦松10多年来为Tesla、董事会和股东提供的服务。我们会想念你。最后,我想向各位介绍董事会最新成员水野弘道;直到最近,他还在领导全球最大的养老基金。他为董事会带来了丰富的经验,不过先让我把话交给弘道,请他讲几句。弘道……水野弘道:(46:17) 谢谢你,罗宾。女士们、先生们,欢迎参加Tesla年度股东大会。我非常高兴能以线上方式与各位Tesla股东,也就是相信Tesla使命及其增长机遇的人们见面。我的整个职业生涯都在东京、纽约、伦敦和硅谷从事金融与资产管理工作。水野弘道:(46:42) 直到最近,我还是日本1.5万亿美元公共养老基金GPIF的首席投资官。作为投资主管,我的优先事项之一是推动负责任投资,其目标是在追求环境和社会问题等ESG议程的同时获取财务回报。我相信,在ESG日益成为主流的市场中,以宗旨或使命驱动的企业将获得长期投资者的支持。水野弘道:(47:19) 这就是我对Tesla感兴趣的原因,我们的使命是加速世界向可持续能源转型。我非常兴奋能加入Tesla团队、踏上这段旅程,并希望[听不清 00:47:34] Tesla通过进一步增强其环境和社会影响力,交付投资者所期待的成果。再次感谢各位Tesla股东的支持。我期待明年与各位亲自见面。谢谢。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(47:54) 谢谢罗宾和弘道。现在我宣布会议开始。请参阅已经提供给各位并发布在我们虚拟会议网站上的会议议程。现在是太平洋时间下午1:49。我宣布投票现已开始。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(48:12) 在过去几周里,我们已经收到了股东的委托投票,这意味着几乎所有将计入统计的选票都已在会议开始前提交。不过,如果你现在希望投票或更改此前的投票,可以通过虚拟会议网站进行。对于今天亲自来到现场的各位,我们在签到处提供了选票和投票箱。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(48:37) Tesla董事会已任命Computershare Trust Company担任本次会议的选举监察机构。Computershare已作为选举监察机构宣誓并签署誓词,同时证明,自2020年8月13日起,委托投票材料或委托投票材料可在互联网上获取的通知,已邮寄或提供给截至2020年7月31日登记在册的所有Tesla股东。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(49:04) 出席本次会议的代表持有大多数已发行股份。因此,我宣布现在已有法定人数出席,我们可以继续举行会议。议程事项如下:选举3名第一类董事,即埃隆·马斯克、罗宾·德纳霍姆和水野弘道,每人任期或为3年。第2,以咨询性投票方式批准Tesla的高管薪酬。第3,批准任命普华永道会计师事务所为Tesla 2020财年的独立注册公共会计师事务所。Tesla董事会建议股东投票支持每位董事候选人以及上述每项提案。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(49:59) 此外,我们还收到了委托投票说明书中所述的4项股东提案。我想提醒各位股东,Tesla董事会已针对每项提案准备了反对声明,这些声明载于委托投票说明书中。第1项股东提案是关于付费广告的咨询性投票。董事会建议股东投票反对这项股东提案。这项股东提案由詹姆斯·丹福思提交。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(50:33) 不过,丹福思先生已通知我们,他本人及其代表今天都不会在会议上陈述该提案。因此,我们将继续进行。第2项股东提案是关于简单多数投票和我们的治理文件的咨询性投票。董事会建议股东投票反对这项股东提案。该提案来自詹姆斯·麦里奇,他今天已接入会议,将陈述这项提案。麦里奇先生,现在我邀请你进行陈述。你有3分钟时间。詹姆斯·麦里奇:(51:14) 我要感谢董事会在这些艰难时期举办了这样一场创新的线上线下混合会议。第5号提案基本上要求采用多数投票标准来修订章程。我最早在2014年的Tesla会议上提出了一项有关这一主题的提案。绝对多数条款通常用于巩固现任董事和管理人员的地位。学术研究发现,减少此类机制与更高回报相关。詹姆斯·麦里奇:(51:46) 董事会的反对声明称,他们去年曾试图采用一项[听不清 00:51:51]方标准,但股东否决了它。然而,99.6%的已投票股份支持该提案。只有0.4%投了反对票。问题在于,略多于35%的股份没有投票。绝大多数散户股东往往懒得投票。由于只有65%的股份参加了投票,我们没有达到推翻现行绝对多数章程所需的66.67%。詹姆斯·麦里奇:(52:32) 该提案似乎主要因3个原因而失败。第1,董事会提出的支持论据不够有力。第2,他们又加入了另一项对董事会重新分类的提案,造成了混乱;不是分为通常的单一类别,而是分为两个类别,在变化的年份选举。第3,董事会也没有付出实质性努力来争取支持票。此外,请结合Tesla其他不良公司治理条款来考虑这项提案。第1,股东只有在有正当理由时才能罢免董事。这基本上意味着,董事必须被发现从事犯罪活动,股东才能将其罢免。第2,由于董事会分为3个类别,股东每3年才能追究个别董事的责任。第3,股东既不能召集特别会议,也不能通过书面同意采取行动。我希望各位会同意,公司不应成为没有民主的区域。请投票支持第5号提案,使33%的股份无法推翻67%的股份的意愿。谢谢。阿尔·普雷斯科特:(53:54) 谢谢你,麦里奇先生。现在我们进入第3项股东提案,这是关于员工仲裁报告的咨询性投票。董事会建议股东投票反对这项股东提案。该提案来自Nia Impact Capital,其代表凯莉·赫尔已接入会议,将于今天陈述该提案。赫尔女士,我邀请你开始陈述。你有3分钟时间。克里斯廷·赫尔博士:(54:28) 大家好。我叫克里斯廷·赫尔博士,是Nia Impact Capital的创始人兼首席执行官。我正式动议[听不清 00:20:36]。该决议要求负责监督报告编制工作的 Tesla 董事会,就强制仲裁的使用对 Tesla 员工及其职场文化的影响编写一份报告。该报告将评估 Tesla 目前使用仲裁的做法与其工作场所中骚扰和歧视的普遍程度,以及与员工在发生骚扰或歧视时[听不清 00:21:01]的能力之间的关联。克里斯汀·赫尔博士:(55:05) 尽管根据《1964年民权法案》,这种歧视属于违法行为,但本提案所谈及的是黑人、拉丁裔和女性员工在工作场所中普遍遭受歧视的经历。Tesla 位于布法罗和弗里蒙特的工厂面临多项严重的种族主义和性别歧视指控。允许工作场所存在偏见、歧视和骚扰的公司,面临不必要的法律、品牌、财务和人力资本问题的风险。 克里斯汀·赫尔博士:(55:36) 基于以下5个理由,支持本决议是合理的。1,研究表明,多元且包容的工作场所有益于公司。2,允许骚扰和歧视的公司政策会危及投资者的资本。3,使用仲裁会使投资者面临程度未知的风险。4,对于 Tesla 工作场所中的公平待遇,存在广泛担忧。而且 Tesla 员工已指称,他们基本上因种族和性别而遭受骚扰和歧视。[听不清 00:56:13] Tesla 是一家因其创新、领导力和[听不清 00:56:18]而受到投资者喜爱的公司,但在与职场多元、公平和包容相关的[听不清 00:56:22]方面,正日益落后于同行。 克里斯汀·赫尔博士:(56:26) 与其非凡产品线中展现的前瞻思维和创新不同,Tesla 并未挑战积极主动的领导力和建设积极的公司文化,也没有解决对其职场做法的担忧。在这些重大问题上,Tesla 落后于其科技和汽车行业的竞争对手。 克里斯汀·赫尔博士:(56:48) 使用仲裁限制了员工对不当行为的救济途径,使员工无法在法庭上酝酿,并经常将背后的事实、不当行为或案件结果保密,从而使员工无法了解共同关切的问题并采取行动。 克里斯汀·赫尔博士:(57:05) 简单来说,仲裁让偏见、骚扰和歧视等企业行为得以继续对员工和投资者隐瞒。为了维持 Tesla 的[听不清 00:57:17],董事会必须认真评估使用仲裁所带来的影响,而 Tesla 也必须开始认真地确保一个公平、公正、积极且包容的工作场所的必要性。谢谢。 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(57:34) 谢谢您,赫尔女士。我们的第4项也是最后一项提案,是关于人权报告的咨询性投票。我们的董事会建议股东投票反对该提案。这项提案由善牧修女会纽约教省提交,其代表特伦斯·科林斯沃思今天已在线准备陈述。科林斯沃思先生,现在我想请您发言。您有3分钟时间陈述提案。 特里·科林斯沃思:(58:09) 谢谢。我是特里·科林斯沃思,国际权利倡导组织执行董事。我在此代表善牧修女会纽约教省介绍关于人权披露的第7项议案,该议案要求 Tesla 发布一份报告,说明董事会对人权事务的监督及其人权尽职调查流程,包括在人权影响发生时提供切实补救措施的制度。 特里·科林斯沃思:(58:40) Tesla 面临严重的人权问题,未能建立尊重人权的文化将使 Tesla 面临新的责任问题和严重的声誉损害,而这一切都将对公司及其股东产生重大影响。Tesla 显然需要为人权合规划定一条新路线。 特里·科林斯沃思:(59:05) 以下是目前 Tesla 运营中发生的5个人权侵犯实例:种族主义、性骚扰,以及对人身安全和尊严的漠视,每一天都在伤害纽约州布法罗2号超级工厂的工人。这些工人敦促各位在投票时记住他们的经历。 特里·科林斯沃思:(59:28) Tesla 在其生产设施中正经历严重的劳资关系问题,并在积极阻挠工会组织活动。工人正暴露于 COVID-19 之下,而当他们要求获得更多保护时,却面临报复。此外,还存在大量工人健康与安全违规问题,以及工资和工时问题。 特里·科林斯沃思:(59:50) 最后,Tesla 的全球供应链中正在发生严重、甚至致命的人权侵犯行为。关于最后这个问题,我的组织已对 Tesla 提起一桩仍在审理的诉讼,原因是 Tesla 使用了由刚果民主共和国年幼儿童开采的钴。我亲自见过因钴矿坑道坍塌而失去肢体或瘫痪的小男孩。Tesla 正是从这些矿山采购钴。而其供应商行为准则中声称对“童工零容忍”,根本不属实。Tesla 不仅容忍其钴供应链中的童工,还容忍年幼未成年人的死亡和残疾。 特里·科林斯沃思:(01:00:42) 这说明了为什么公司必须回过头来,开始依照本提案的要求,就其对人权问题的处理情况进行报告。我认为,对于一家被揭露对杀害和致残未成年人漠不关心的公司,消费者会采取零容忍态度。我们希望 Tesla 的创新精神能够用于把人权确立为公司的优先事项。 特里·科林斯沃思:(01:01:12) 例如,如果那个埃隆·马斯克在乎落实童工零容忍政策,而不是维持一项毫无用处的纸面政策,那么 Tesla 可以在其采购来源的每一座矿山使用卫星或无人机,实际监测童工情况。我鼓励所有 Tesla 股东投票支持第7项议案,即人权披露。感谢各位的关注。 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:01:40) 谢谢您,科林斯沃思先生。此刻,我要感谢股东们积极参与今天的会议,也感谢刚刚在线陈述的各位。我还想宣读一些各位在会议期间提交的评论。第1条评论来自迈克尔·[奥弗鲍 00:01:02:01]。“我非常自豪的是,我们不必屈就于广告所代表的那种层次,也能走到今天这一步。如今我们已经如此接近仅凭自身实力成为家喻户晓的品牌,我不愿意向那种诱惑屈服。但如果最终确实必须拨出资产用于营销,我想建议,与其把广告硬塞给消费者,不如开展某种强有力的全国性活动和事件,目标是让尽可能多的人坐到 Tesla 的驾驶座上,进行一次入门试驾。众所周知,仅仅这样做,在把人们转变为拥趸方面就能发挥多大作用。” 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:02:46) “我最近看到的一句话说,‘你可以随心所欲地大谈规格参数,但说到买车,最终让屁股坐上座椅的是车辆带给你的感受。’通过证明 Tesla 显然既有规格参数又有感受,还有什么需要说的呢?” 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:03:08) 我们的第2条评论来自美国钢铁工人联合会,由萨布丽娜·卢代表纽约州西部清洁空气当下联盟提交。内容如下:“今年提交投票的第6和第7项提案,源于人们对 Tesla 美国工厂及整个供应链中工人遭受不当对待的广泛担忧。Tesla 的董事会建议股东投票反对这些提案,这显然表明 Tesla 无意处理其给工人造成的伤害。我们敦促所有股东投票支持第6和第7项提案。我们代表纽约州西部这里的美国钢铁工人联合会工人,也代表全美及全球供应链中的 Tesla 员工发言。虽然这无法修复已经给无数员工造成的伤害,也无法修复刚果民主共和国被迫从事奴工劳动的儿童和社区所遭受的伤害,但它们代表着 Tesla 朝着更加公正的工作场所迈出的步伐。” 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:04:19) 所有评论到此结束。感谢各位参与评论。现在,各位还有最后一次机会提交代理委托书,以便将其计入统计。因此我会暂停一下,稍等片刻,让各位完成提交。 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:04:51) 好的。我宣布投票现已结束。因此,根据我们此前收到的代理委托书,我想初步宣布,除了关于在公司治理文件中采用简单多数投票制的咨询性投票股东提案外,我们的股东已批准 Tesla 董事会对所有议程项目的建议。最终统计完成后,我们将在今天起4个工作日内向美国证券交易委员会提交8-K表格,正式公布投票结果。至此,Tesla 2020年股东年会的正式议程结束,会议现在散会。 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:05:37) 接下来,埃隆将介绍公司最新情况并进行年度回顾。然后,我们将开始电池日活动。在接下来的这些环节中,我们可能会讨论业务展望并作出前瞻性陈述。此类陈述或预测基于我们当前的预期。由于多项风险和不确定性,包括我们最近向美国证券交易委员会提交的10-Q表格中披露的风险和不确定性,实际事件或结果可能存在重大差异。这些前瞻性陈述代表我们的看法。截至今天。今天之后不应再依赖这些陈述,我们也不承担在今天之后更新这些陈述的任何义务。 阿尔·普雷斯科特:(01:06:23) 现在,我们将继续介绍公司最新情况并进行年度回顾。我很荣幸介绍 Tesla 联合创始人兼首席执行官埃隆·马斯克先生。 埃隆·马斯克:(01:06:45) 各位。嗯,我是说,这绝对是一种新方式。我们基本上弄了一个 Tesla 汽车电影院。很高兴见到大家。大家都坐在车里,确实有点难以感受现场气氛,但这是我们唯一能采用的方式。所以希望这样很酷。也希望你们能听见我说话。你们能听见吗? 埃隆·马斯克:(01:07:08) 好的。行。太好了。 埃隆·马斯克:(01:07:12) 好,感谢各位前来。我认为这是不可思议的一年,我想感谢大家在艰难时期和顺利时期给予的支持。真的很棒。衷心感谢每一位为 Tesla 投入心血和资金的人,我认为结果相当不错。今年是很好的一年。而且我认为未来还会有很多个好年头。因此,我会相当快地讲完股东演示,因为这里真正的重头戏是电池日。实际上,我只是回顾一下过去大约一年发生的事情。 埃隆·马斯克:(01:07:58) 我认为,从我们创造一个……的能力开始 埃隆·马斯克:(01:08:03) 就我们建造工厂的能力而言,要向 Tesla 上海团队致以极大的赞誉,他们能在15个月内从真的一堆泥土发展到批量生产。简直,太他妈厉害了。对。而且我认为,这里真正相当值得注意的一点是,Tesla 是唯一一家在中国拥有百分之百独资工厂的外国制造商。所以这一点常常没有被很好地理解或重视,但拥有中国唯一一家百分之百独资的外资工厂是一件非常了不起的事,而且它正在这里带来巨大的回报。所以,如果没有 Tesla 中国团队的巨大努力,我们今年确实不可能取得这样的成果,因此我对此极其感激,而我们将看到上海工厂在目前的基础上继续大幅扩大规模。我认为,随着时间推移,我们确实可以预计它会成为一家每年生产超过100万辆汽车的工厂。埃隆·马斯克:(01:09:16)是的,很酷。那么我们来看看。所以在过去一年里,我们也实现了 Model Y 的量产,而这是我们经历过的最顺利的一次发布,所以我认为,我们在新车型发布、建造工厂和扩大生产规模方面肯定越来越在行了。就像你们以前听我说过的,最困难的事情是扩大生产规模,尤其是新技术的生产规模。这难得不可思议。制作原型相对容易,而如果我想想,比如,从汽车公司的角度来说,Tesla 真正的成就是什么,那并不是制造某种令人兴奋的原型。而是 Tesla 真的是美国大约一个世纪以来第一家,在美国实现量产并持续盈利的美国公司。疯狂的是,这种事确实已经100年没有发生过了。那才是真正极其困难的部分,而我们现在有4款汽车在量产,S3XY。另外,我觉得这可能也是有史以来最难完成的笑话。这是一个非常难实现的笑话。埃隆·马斯克:(01:10:38)所以我们还在美国推出了成本最低的太阳能产品。每瓦只要1美元49美分,而我们实际上只是简化了整个价值链,减少了销售和广告,去掉了一堆不必要的成本,实际上只是依靠这样一个事实:它就是美国成本最低、效率最高的太阳能产品,同时提供改装方案和太阳能玻璃屋顶,我认为后者是一款非常棒的产品。这是一款很难做成功的产品,但它未来将成为一项主要业务管线。埃隆·马斯克:(01:11:13)我们还实现了连续4个季度的缺口盈利,这非常困难。是的。这当然证明了 Tesla 员工的辛勤工作。我的意思是,在极其困难的时期、面对各种不利情况做到这一点,难得不可思议,但我们做到了,而且我认为,从某种年度盈利能力的角度来看,未来看起来,我认为,非常有希望。所以,为了在财务上表现良好,你确实需要规模经济,而且理想情况下你需要最好的技术。我认为我们拥有最好的技术已经有一段时间了,而现在我们也正在实现规模经济,并且还在迅速改进自动驾驶能力,这为每辆车增加了巨大的价值。所以,我认为 Tesla 的价值将会像是总量,仅就汽车方面而言,就是生产的汽车总数乘以自动驾驶的价值。这是思考 Tesla 未来价值的一种方式。埃隆·马斯克:(01:12:35)我们也拥有持续的自由现金流生成能力。这对增长真的很重要,而这里的一个关键要素,是缩短从汽车下单到制造并交付的时间。所以,对于一家快速增长的公司而言,收紧供应链极其重要,要做到零部件抵达后,非常迅速地把它们装进汽车,并非常迅速地把汽车交付给客户。如果你能在某种应付款期限之内做到这一点,那么你增长得越快,拥有的现金就越多。或者反过来说,如果你无法在应付款期限内做到这一点,那么你增长得越快,拥有的钱就越少,而这对于资本密集型情况显然很糟糕。所以仅仅是收紧流程,让零部件非常迅速地运到工厂、装进汽车、送到客户手中,就会给现金流生成带来巨大差异。埃隆·马斯克:(01:13:34)我的意思是,这就是为什么在每个大洲拥有一家工厂极其重要,因为如果你至少没有在那个大洲设厂,也并非不可能做到这一点。所以,在中国拥有一家能够服务中国、而且很快还能服务该地区许多其他国家的工厂,将是我们收紧整个这种现金流链条的关键,而本质上,我们增长得越快,现金就越多。这真的很重要。这也是为什么完成柏林超级工厂很重要,因为那样一来,我们将在中国有一家工厂,在美国有一家工厂,而且很快会在美国奥斯汀有第2家工厂,并在欧洲有一家工厂。埃隆·马斯克:(01:14:18)我的意思是,即使对于奥斯汀的得州超级工厂,即使我们的成本与加利福尼亚完全相同,在那里生产仍然有利,因为它大约位于横跨美国三分之二的位置,所以就向美国中部和东海岸交付汽车而言,速度就是更快、成本更低,而且从根本上改善了我们的经济效益。所以我认为,这可能也是某种尚未得到充分认识的事情,即至少在终端客户所在的大洲设厂,或在离终端客户相当近的地方设厂,是多么重要,这样你就可以收紧整个链条。埃隆·马斯克:(01:14:56)行业表现。虽然行业其他企业的表现一直在下降,Tesla 却一直在上升,我认为这说明了……谢谢。所以,我想感谢所有愿意冒险选择 Tesla 并购买我们产品的客户,也真心希望你们喜欢它。这实际上,我们的销售,正如[听不清 01:15:21]所说,确实是靠口碑增长的,所以这真的,我认为,从某种意义上说非常纯粹,因为它的增长基础是现有车主向其他人、向新客户推荐它。这确实是,我认为,一种很好的增长方式。埃隆·马斯克:(01:15:40)所以,然后在2019年,我们实现了50%的增长,而且我认为我们在2020年会表现得相当不错。尽管存在很多非常艰难的情况,增长率可能会在30-40%之间。我的意思是,有太多了。疫情、山火。还有一大堆困难的生产问题,但由于 Tesla 团队的辛勤工作,以及很多克服问题的创新方法,我们仍然能够在最困难的……之一看到显著增长。事实上,我会说,这可能是 Tesla 成立以来最困难的一年。埃隆·马斯克:(01:16:25)我们还发布了扩展版影响力报告。在 Tesla,我们非常努力地尝试做正确的事。如果我认为的事情没有发生,那只是因为我们也许犯了错误或没有意识到它,但我们总是尽自己最大的能力尝试做正确的事,然后我们发布了扩展版影响力报告,以展示一种自我审视,好吧,我们哪些地方做得对?哪些地方做错了?未来哪些地方可以做得更好?我们肯定是在努力实现最大的善,所以如果我们偶尔犯错,就会迅速努力纠正并做正确的事。所以值得看一看美国的平均全生命周期排放量,以及 Tesla 或电动汽车比任何一种汽油车究竟好多少,而我们将在电池日讨论的,还有世界各地的电网正在变得多么环保,实际上尤其是美国。美国正在转向可持续能源的速度,实际上比我认为人们意识到的快得多。所以,随着我们越来越多地转向可持续能源,实际上最终你甚至会用太阳能或可持续能源建造太阳能工厂和汽车工厂本身。随着时间推移,你甚至会使用可持续能源采矿,而最终它将达到实际排放为零,所以事情最终会走到那一步。是的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:17:59)所以,安全也是我们设计的核心。Tesla 汽车是有史以来设计出的最安全的汽车。在美国政府测试过的所有汽车中,我们的受伤概率最低,而这还只是被动安全。当你再加上主动安全时,它甚至会更好,所以这确实……如果安全对你很重要,显然它确实很重要,那么你能驾驶的最安全汽车就是 Tesla。所以我认为有些人没有意识到这一点,但安全确实至关重要。实际上,当我们制造一辆 Tesla 时,第一位的设计目标就是安全。埃隆·马斯克:(01:18:41)我们的工厂也在变得更安全,而如果你观察这种每辆车、每辆制造完成的汽车对应的事故数,会发现它比过去好得多,而且已经优于行业平均水平,我们相信可以让它达到汽车行业最佳水平。Autopilot 功能在继续改进,而你们可以从我们每季度发布的安全报告中看到这一点。它就是在变得越来越好。美国平均碰撞率约为每100万英里2.1次,而启用 Autopilot 时是0.3次。我的意思是,这是一个深刻的差异,确实非常巨大,而且还会变得更好。所以我们相信,随着时间推移,我们可以让事故概率,尤其是受伤概率,比行业平均水平好10倍,也就是好一个数量级。所以这将挽救很多生命、避免很多伤害,因此这是我们的一个重大优先事项。埃隆·马斯克:(01:19:50)是的,在 Autopilot 方面,我认为人们很难判断 Autopilot 的进展。我在驾驶……这是惯例,我一直都是这么做的。我驾驶的是 Autopilot 最前沿的 alpha 版本,所以我算是能够深入了解正在发生的事情。之前,大约在几年前,我们有点陷在一个局部最大值里,所以我们在改进,但改进幅度开始逐渐减小,就是达不到需要达到的水平。我把这叫作有点陷入局部最大值,所以我们不得不从根本上重写整个 Autopilot 软件栈以及所有标注软件。埃隆·马斯克:(01:20:40)所以我们现在是在 3D 视频中进行标注,这与之前有巨大的不同,之前我们实际上是标注来自8个摄像头的一堆单独图像,而它们会在不同时间由不同的人进行标注,并且有些标签,你根本无法判断自己正在标注什么。所以基本上,这使得标注在某些情况下有点不可能完成,而且标签存在很多错误。现在借助我们的新标注工具,我们在视频中进行标注,所以我们实际上是在系统中标注完整的视频片段,因此你基本上会得到一个环绕视频的东西,可以结合环绕视频和时间进行标注。所以它现在会同时获取所有摄像头的画面,观察图像如何随时间变化并进行标注,而车内神经网络的复杂程度以及车内的整体逻辑都得到了显著提升。埃隆·马斯克:(01:21:44)我想我们有望在,我想,大约1个月后发布 Autopilot 的私有测试版,也就是 Autopilot 的完全自动驾驶版本,到时人们才会真正理解这项变化的幅度。它是深刻的。所以,是的。不管怎样,你们会看到的。这简直是一次巨大得要命的跃升,但因为我们不得不重写一切,标注软件,就是整个代码库,这花了我们相当长的时间。这种新的……我称它为类似 4D,因为它是3个维度加上时间。重写一切就是花了我们一段时间,所以你们会看到它是什么样子。它令人惊叹。是的。它显然就是会成功的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:22:42)在 Tesla,核心能力方面,我们显然拥有工程能力,但也拥有制造能力。我认为,制造业总体上受到低估,而设计制造机器的机器,其难度远远高于机器本身。所以,设计,比如制造一辆 Model 3、Model Y 或 Cybertruck 卡车原型,与设计生产它的工厂相比,实际上相当微不足道,尤其是在采用新技术、而且你还想使用新的制造方法时。建造工厂就是比制造原型难至少 10 到 100 倍,这就是为什么你会看到外面有很多公司或初创企业推出原型,但它们就是无法跨过为了谁制造这道坎,因为尤其是新技术的制造,是最难的事,远远……基本上,原型的难度最多只占 10%,可能更接近 1%。埃隆·马斯克:(01:23:50)然后是软件。Tesla 既是一家硬件公司,也是一家软件公司,所以我们的工程师中有很大一部分实际上是软件工程师,你可以把我们的汽车看作有点像一台装了轮子的笔记本电脑,因此软件极其重要。事实上,不只是在汽车里,在工厂里也是如此。所以工厂软件极其重要。总的来说就是软件。我的意思是,这些都是根本性的。这是打造一家出色公司所需的 3 个关键领域。所以,是的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:24:29)所以我们有……现在我们很快将有 3 座新增的新工厂……嗯,我们已经有 1 座了。分布在 3 个不同的大洲。上海方面,我们正在进行上海工厂的第 2 阶段扩建。柏林进展迅速,而得州的进展甚至更快。所以,是的。对于每座工厂,我们也在努力改进制造技术,所以在某些情况下,比如柏林生产的 Model Y 可能看起来一样,但实际上是以效率高得多的方式制造的。是的,我们稍后会在电池演示中谈到这一点。埃隆·马斯克:(01:25:15)是的,我们推出了 Megapack。它是一套将 3 兆瓦时全部集成在一起的储能解决方案,所以总体来说非常棒。是的。好了。我想基本上就是这些了,对吧?好了,谢谢。好了。嗯,感谢大家前来,我们稍后会回来讲解电池方面的内容,而且还不止这些。除了电池方面的内容,我们也准备了几项额外内容。所以我想,你们真的会喜欢我们在电池方面要讲的内容。埃隆·马斯克:(01:25:53)我们将要谈论的电池内容是真正具有革命性的,也是实现 Tesla 目标所必不可少的。Tesla 所带来的根本益处,就像是,如果你回顾历史并问:“Tesla 做了什么好事?”这个益处将取决于我们把可持续能源的发展加快了多少年?这才是真正的成功衡量标准。可持续能源更快还是更慢实现,这一点很重要,所以这确实就是我看待 Tesla、以及我们应该如何评估自身进展的方式。我们把可持续能源的发展加快了多少年?而我们将要谈论的电池和其他几件事,将真正说明我们将如何实现阶跃式改进,加快可持续能源的发展。谢谢。[听不清 00:18:44]。说话人 1:(01:26:50)大家好。刚才很精彩。在开始电池日活动之前,我们会短暂休息一下,所以请继续关注。如果你就在本地、今天也在现场,可以随意下车活动一下腿脚,但请尽量待在车附近,因为我们过一会儿就会正式开始。待会儿见。(静默)。埃隆·马斯克:(01:27:06)[听不清 01:40:28]。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:40:32)大家好。埃隆·马斯克:(01:40:37)很好。你要开始吗?德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:40:38)当然。谢谢,埃隆。大家好。我是德鲁·巴格利诺,Tesla 动力总成与能源工程高级副总裁,我非常激动能谈谈我们在 Tesla 的电池工作。埃隆·马斯克:(01:40:48)很好。那么看看。你拿着翻页器吗?德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:40:53)我拿着翻页器,是的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:40:54)好。那……是的。也许一开始由我来拿。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:40:57)当然。埃隆·马斯克:(01:40:58)很明显,我们因气候变化而面临的问题非常严重,而且我们每天都在经历这些问题。加快可持续能源时代的到来极其重要。时间确实很重要。这场演示讲的是如何缩短实现可持续能源所需的时间。埃隆·马斯克:(01:41:23)过去 5 年是有记录以来最热的 5 年。我们的 CO2 PPM 看起来像一堵墙。很明显……这次与过去不同。我们采取行动真的非常重要。进行这项气候实验是疯狂的,所以……德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:41:46)尤其是,反正它只是一种过渡性的东西。埃隆·马斯克:(01:41:49)是的。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:41:50)这些化石燃料终究会耗尽。我们就迈向未来吧,不要再继续进行这项实验了。是的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:41:55)说大声一点。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:41:56)没问题。埃隆·马斯克:(01:41:57)好。不管怎样,有很多好……埃隆·马斯克:(01:42:03)不过,也有很多好消息。许多人可能不知道,今年美国新增发电容量中,风能和太阳能占 75%。所以这真的非常重大。电网正在非常迅速地转向可持续能源。现在,还值得注意的是,发电厂的使用寿命大约是 25 年。所以,即使 100% 的能源生产都实现了可持续,也仍然需要 25 年才能完成电网转型。还值得注意的是,在过去 10 年中,煤炭发电量下降了一半。所以,它从 2010 年占发电量的 46%,降至 2020 年的 23%。所以这是一项巨大的进步。很多层面都在发生好事。我们只是需要加快速度。埃隆·马斯克:(01:43:06)说到 Tesla 的贡献,我们已经交付了超过 100 万辆电动汽车,电动行驶里程达到 260 亿英里,还部署了许多吉瓦时的固定式电池,太阳能发电量达到 17 太瓦时。所以我认为,太阳能在 Tesla 有时受到的重视不够,但它是我们未来的重要组成部分。可持续能源未来由 3 个部分组成:可持续能源生产、储能和电动汽车。所以我们打算在这 3 个方面都发挥重要作用。因此,为了加快向可持续能源的转型,我们必须生产更多价格亲民的电动汽车和多得多的储能产品,同时以更快速度、用少得多的投资建设工厂。所以,第 1 个目标是实现太瓦时级的电池生产。因此,太瓦是新的吉瓦。1 太瓦是 1 吉瓦的 1000 倍。我们过去以吉瓦为单位讨论,未来我们将以太瓦时为单位讨论。所以,这正是推动世界转向可持续发展所需要的。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:44:24)是的,你可以看到,这……我们谈的是电动汽车电池增长 100 倍,以完成这项使命。而我们一定会实现。问题只在于速度有多快。我们的意图就是加快这一进程。埃隆·马斯克:(01:44:38)是的,要让全球车辆都转为电动,基本上需要每年大约 10 太瓦时的电池产量。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:44:48)而车辆的平均使用寿命是 15 年。所以,要让整个电动、所有类型的全部车辆都转为电动,我们谈的是大约 150 太瓦时。埃隆·马斯克:(01:45:00)是的。所以基本上需要很多电池。而且——德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:45:07)是的。在电网方面,我们也有一座类似的高山需要攀登:要让电网实现 100% 可再生能源,并让家庭和企业目前所有使用化石燃料供暖的用途实现 100% 电气化,电网电池需要在今天的基础上增长 1600 倍。埃隆·马斯克:(01:45:24)是的。而且我认为这个数字可能还会进一步增长。随着世界经济成熟,以及人口众多的国家实现工业化,我们可能会看到这个数字变得更大。但假设它大约是每年持续 20 至 25 太瓦时,持续 15 至 25 年,以推动世界转向可再生能源。这是很大的量。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:45:53)是的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:45:55)所以,今天的电池无法足够快地扩大规模。它们的规模实在太小。对于内华达超级工厂,我们预计那里最终的年产量可能是 150 吉瓦时。但从整体来看,这确实相当小。那只有 0.15 太瓦时。而且成本太高。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:46:16)我们需要 135 座完全建成的内华达超级工厂,才能实现每年 20 太瓦时。这套解决方案的可扩展性不够。我们需要从根本上重新思考电芯制造系统,尽可能快地、也以我们应有的速度扩大规模。埃隆·马斯克:(01:46:32)是的,而且我认为我们不应只把这看成一个钱的问题。钱有点像是一种虚无缥缈的东西,但真正重要的是投入的工作量。在人员和机器方面,你拥有一定的工作量,而根据这些工作的效率,在给定的工作量下,你希望得到数量最多的电池。所以问题不只是,嗯,如果我们有 2 万亿美元,明天你就能制造这些。事情没那么容易。实际上,你需要组织数量庞大的人员,制造许多机器,制造那些制造机器的机器。因此,让这些工作产出数量最多的电池极其重要。埃隆·马斯克:(01:47:16)所以,然后是第 2 个目标,显然我们需要制造价格更亲民的汽车。我认为,最让我困扰的事情之一,就是我们还没有一款真正价格亲民的汽车,而这是我们未来会制造的东西。但要做到这一点,我们必须降低电池成本。我们必须制造,而且我们必须更擅长制造。我们需要设法改变这条曲线。电池每千瓦时成本的曲线改善得不够快。所以,多年来我们对此进行了大量思考,也就是,好吧,我们怎样才能从根本上改善每千瓦时成本曲线?事实上,近年来它有些趋于平缓。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:48:02)是的。我的意思是,早期的增长很有希望,但你可以看到,我们有点进入平台期了。所以,这就是促使我们重新思考电芯生产和设计方式的原因。埃隆·马斯克:(01:48:10)是的,完全正确。所以,是的。而且电动汽车的市场份额正在增长,但并非所有人都能买得起电动汽车。而且你可以看到,正如你刚才所说的,德鲁,它开始有点趋于平缓,因为汽车可负担性的改善速度就是不够快。所以这就是我们举办电池日的原因。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:48:33)是的。为了制造世界上最好的汽车,我们从零开始设计车辆和工厂。下一页。现在,我们也对电池这样做。埃隆·马斯克:(01:48:45)是的。很奇怪,幻灯片在这里显示得不太对。屏幕上显示的内容和那里显示的不太一样。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:48:55)哦,好吧。埃隆·马斯克:(01:48:56)不一样。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:48:57)是的。我想这是因为那是……是的。埃隆·马斯克:(01:48:59)那一张是当前页,应该是当前页。算了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:49:02)那么我们开始吧。我们有一个让每千瓦时成本的计划。而且这不是一个依赖单项创新、某个永远无法面世的研究项目的计划。这项计划对从原材料到成品、将电芯变成电池包所涉及的方方面面,都进行了创造性的工程设计和工业化。今天,我们将和大家一起逐步讲解这项计划,说明我们如何实现这些目标,如何加速这一转型,以及如何让我们的车辆和电网电池变得更实惠。埃隆·马斯克:(01:49:45) 是的。我的意思是,我们基本上把电池的每一个要素,或者说几乎每一个要素,都仔细考虑过了。还有几个要素我们今天不会讲到,但未来会讲。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:49:53) 是的。所以首先,在深入讨论之前,我们先谈谈电芯里有什么。我们有顶盖和外壳,以及电芯的负极端子和正极端子。打开电芯后,可以看到一个连接到这些端子的极耳,还有我们所说的卷芯,也就是内部卷绕起来的电极。把它展开时,你实际上可以看到它是什么样子。在一个典型的 2170 电芯中,它超过 1 米长。所以卷绕过程相当长。你还可以看到极耳仍在那里。接下来,为了解释这里实际发生了什么,我们标出了阳极、阴极、隔膜、正极端子和负极端子。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:50:37) 看看当我们……好了,对电芯放电时会发生什么。锂从阳极移动到阴极。而当我们给电芯充电时则相反,锂穿过隔膜从阴极移动到阳极。无论外形规格如何,这都是所有锂离子电池工作的基础。看看如今发生的变化,至少在我们的产品中,我们已经通过与合作伙伴松下、新合作伙伴 LG 和 CATL,以及未来可能出现的其他合作伙伴密切协作,从 18650 外形规格转向了 2170 外形规格。埃隆·马斯克:(01:51:20) 实际上,稍微说明一下为什么一个叫 18650,虽然幻灯片上没有写,而另一个叫 2170:前 2 位数字代表直径,后 2 位数字代表长度。这有助于解释这些奇怪数字是怎么回事。但没有人能向我解释为什么还多了一个 0。所以我,我就说:“好吧,在未来的外形规格中,我们把这个没人能解释的 0 删掉。”所以严格来说,18650 这个名称很古怪,但以后就是 2170,因为我们直接去掉了那个多余的 0,因为它毫无意义。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:51:56) 从 1865 到 2170 是一次渐进式改进,使电芯的能量增加了 50%。但当我们考虑理想的电芯设计时,如果由我们自己来做,就不能只局限于眼前所见,而需要研究所有可能的方案。所以如你们所见,我们对关键性能指标进行了一番全面考察,也就是随着电芯外径的改变,我们能够将成本降低多少、将车辆续航里程提高多少。我们发现最佳平衡点大约在 46 毫米。但这并不只是把外形规格做大。任何人都能把外形规格做大。埃隆·马斯克:(01:52:37) 任何傻瓜,任何傻瓜都能把外形规格做大。我们难道不也是傻瓜吗?德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:52:42) 是的,没错。随着电芯变大,会出现一些问题。事实上,随着电芯变大,超级充电和整体热管理都会变得非常具有挑战性。这正是我们的团队决心克服的挑战。我们确实做到了,我们提出了这种你们或许听说过的无极耳架构,它基本上消除了热问题,使我们能够采用成本绝对最低的外形规格和最简单的制造工艺。这就是我们所说的无极耳。它的确很漂亮。埃隆·马斯克:(01:53:22) 是的。这就是这些 T 恤所表达的意思,但它非常深奥。就像,没人能看明白。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:53:26) 是的,我们基本上让激光在现有箔材上快速敲击,并通过你们看到的这种叠瓦式螺旋结构,实现了与活性材料的数十处连接,同时制造更简单、零件更少,导电路径长度为 50 毫米,而不是 250 毫米,这就是我们获得所有热性能优势的方式。埃隆·马斯克:(01:53:46) 是的。理解这一点很重要。基本上,电子需要移动的距离短了很多。因此,在大型无极耳电芯中,路径长度实际上比带极耳的小型电芯还短。这非常重要。所以尽管电芯更大,它实际拥有的功率也更高。功率重量比实际上优于带极耳的小型电芯。再说一次,这件事相当难做。以前没人做成过,而 Tesla 工程团队确实付出了极大的努力,才弄清楚怎样造出一个该死的无极耳电芯,让它真正工作起来,然后再把它连接到顶盖。这里有很多东西属于我们保留的一点秘方,我们不会把一切都说出来,但是——德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:54:40) 有时,优雅而简单的东西仍然很难实现。我们进行了大量尝试,但我们对最终的成果很满意。埃隆·马斯克:(01:54:46) 是的。我的意思是,回头看时一切都很简单,在你……它在被发现之前很难,一旦被发现就简单了。不管怎样,为实现无极耳设计,这里面有很多非常酷的东西。而这确实归功于一个非常出色的工程团队。德鲁和团队其他成员为实现这种无极耳结构做出了令人惊叹的工作。我觉得对某些人来说,这听起来可能有点可笑,但对于真正了解电芯的人来说,这是一项巨大的突破。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:55:19) 对于圆柱形电芯来说,能够去掉极耳可以极大简化卷绕和编码,并带来极佳的热性能和性能优势。埃隆·马斯克:(01:55:28) 是的。再稍微详细解释一下,电芯在生产系统中运行时,每到极耳所在的位置都必须停下来。所以只要有极耳,就无法进行连续运动式生产。设备必须不断停下,而启动、停止和再次加速都有速度限制,这确实会降低生产速度。而且有时极耳会出错,还会损失一点活性区域。从生产角度看,有极耳真的极其麻烦。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:56:03) 是的。所以,当我们把这一切结合起来,并采用新的 80 毫米长度时,我们将这种新电芯设计称为 4680;它能带来 5 倍能量、6 倍功率,并且仅凭外形规格就能使续航里程提高 16%。埃隆·马斯克:(01:56:23) 是的。所以这些……是的。相当不错。需要澄清的是,当我们看到这些增加 16% 或者其他百分比的提升时,这些数值只来自那一项特定创新。我们会列出一系列创新,把它们加在一起,就能得到能量密度和成本方面的总体改善。但这些数字仅指这一项。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:56:56) 是的。我想强调,这不只是一个概念或渲染图。我们已经开始在附近的 10 吉瓦时试点生产设施中扩大这些电芯的制造规模。埃隆·马斯克:(01:57:08) 是的。所以。是的。这段视频展示了工厂里正在发生的一些事情。现在。我的意思是,需要说明的是,达到 10 吉瓦时的产能大约需要 1 年。所以理解这一点很重要。建造工厂时,你会设定一个设计产能,但真正达到这一产能还需要一段时间。所以我想说,我们大概要花 1 年时间,才能让试点工厂达到 10 吉瓦时的年化生产速率。而这只是一座试点工厂。真正的量产工厂可能会达到大约 200 吉瓦时,随着时间推移也可能更高。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:58:00) 而且……谢谢。不过,让我们汇总一下刚才在电芯层面看到的一切。仅改变电芯外形规格,就能使每千瓦时的美元成本降低 14%,仅仅是这一项电芯外形规格的改变。既然已经让大家提前看到了这座工厂,接下来我们将逐步参观这座工厂,并讨论其中的一系列创新。在思考理想的电芯工厂时,我们从身后的造纸和瓶装行业中获得了启发,这些行业从不起眼的起点出发,经过 1 个多世纪的创新,实现了大规模、连续运动式生产,以及低得令人难以置信的制造成本。而锂离子电池行业真正进入大批量生产才到第 3 个 10 年,要达到类似的规模和简洁程度,它还有很长的路要走。这就是我们交给团队的启发性目标:思考如何在尽可能理想的工厂中,以最佳方式将电芯设计与制造结合起来。德鲁·巴格利诺:(01:59:05) 我们来稍微谈谈电芯工厂里有什么。首先是电极工艺,在这一工艺中,活性材料以薄膜形式涂覆到箔材上。然后,这些经过涂覆的箔材会进入我们刚才谈到的卷绕工艺进行卷绕;如果有极耳,就必须频繁启动和停止。接着将卷芯装入外壳,进行密封、注入电解液,然后送去化成,在那里对电芯进行首次充电,电化学状态会在那里完成某种设定,同时验证电芯的质量。在这一流程的每一个步骤中,我们都努力借鉴刚才展示的理念,思考如何从根本上改进这些工艺,并让它们更易于扩大规模。其中最重要的工艺之一,就是一切开始的地方:电极涂布的湿法工艺。为了让大家对其规模有所了解,我将逐步介绍湿法工艺包含哪些环节。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:00:09) 首先是混合环节,将粉末与水或溶剂混合,阴极使用溶剂。然后混合物进入大型涂布和烘干炉,在那里将浆料涂覆到箔材上;烘箱非常巨大,长达数十米,浆料在里面烘干,随后还必须回收溶剂。你们可以看到溶剂回收系统。最后,将涂覆后的箔材压实至最终密度。看到这里,你会想,哇,只为一个步骤就需要这么多设备,尤其是考虑到涂布烘箱旁边那个小点其实是一个人。制造电池需要动用的重型设备可不少。如果能跳过溶剂这一步,岂不是很好?这一步就像先挖一条沟再把它填回去:先加入溶剂,然后再把它除去并回收,而如果能直接用干混合物进行涂布就好了。这正是干法工艺的真正意义。在最基本的形式下,你们可以在这里的工作台上看到它,真正是从粉末直接变成薄膜,就这么简单。埃隆·马斯克:(02:01:25) 我的意思是,实际上这很难,需要说明一下。如果这很容易,每个人都会这么做。并不是说电极干法涂布真的很容易。把一件看似简单的事情做成,实际上非常困难。值得指出的是,我想我们是在 1 年多前收购了 Maxwell,它当然是一家不错的公司,各方面都不错,但他们当时的干法涂布差不多是,差不多算是,我会称之为概念验证。自收购以来。我们实际上已经把执行干法涂布的机器迭代了 4 次。所以,机器收购后的完整修订版,而且仍有大量工作要做。因此,我不会说这件事已经完全十拿九稳了。仍有大量工作要做。随着发展和规模扩大,从工作台到实验室,再到试点和量产,你实际上会在每一个层级遇到重大问题。并不是说你在工作台上把某样东西做成功了,叮的一声,现在就能大批量制造它了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:02:26) 完全正确。埃隆·马斯克:(02:02:26) 扩大规模难得不可思议。是的。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:02:31)是的,但如果扩大规模,你们之前看到的就会变成这样。所以你们可以看出其中的动机。占地面积减少到十分之一,能耗减少到十分之一,投资大幅减少。但正如埃隆所说,把事情做简单很难。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:02:48)是的。我的意思是,明确地说,我现在不想说它已经完全能用了。它接近能用,但还不能,即使现在在试验工厂层面,它也是接近能用。公平地说,它或许确实能用,但没有良好的、没有很高的良率。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:03:07)是的。我们仍在解决一些小问题,但我们已经制造了数万颗电芯、数千公里的电极。我的意思是,我们的设备已经到了第4代,所以一路走来我们学到了很多。我的意思是,它的要求极高,因为如果你想实现能量密度、循环寿命和超级充电,每个原子都有其位置。但我们有信心能够做到,不过在此过程中会有大量工作。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:03:29)有一条明确的成功路径,但从这里到那里之间还有大量工作。不过,这确实是一项意义深远的改进。再说一次,对于了解电池制造的人来说,这是巨大的进步。等到我们进行大规模生产时,机器可能会迭代到第6版或第7版。机器改进的速度极快。实际上每隔3或4个月就会有一个新版本。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:03:55)是的。除了电极之外,我们还在其他每一个工艺步骤上持续创新。那么接下来,我们稍微谈谈装配。高性能装配线的关键是在运动中完成工序,持续运动。把生产线想象成一条高速公路,以最高速度沿高速公路前进,不启动又停止,不在城市里驾驶。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:04:24)没错,不要有红绿灯和交通信号灯之类的东西。你要的是高速公路。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:04:28)你要的是高速公路。我们内部设计团队负责制造和设计这些设备,我们和他们一起,把如何制造出最好的电芯与如何制造出最好的设备结合起来思考,从而能够在所有这些工具上实现最快的每分钟零件产出速度。通过所有这些开发,我们得以达到可以部署装配线的程度,一条生产线,20吉瓦时,每条生产线的产出提高7倍。当你考虑可扩展性和纯粹的工作量时,让一条生产线拥有7倍的能力,就是在将工作成倍放大。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:05:10)是的。所以你可以从某种角度思考工厂之类的东西的基础物理原理。我认为它其实很像火箭方程,基本上在火箭方程中,你有排气速度,然后还有质量的对数[结束 02:05:24]。所以它基本上是在说,东西移动得有多快,以及工厂体积中有多大比例在做有用功?而输送不算有用功。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:05:34)只有增加价值的步骤才算。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:05:37)是的。如果你把工厂划分成立方米大小的区块,然后问……或者更小。可以是1升大小的区块,然后问:“这部分体积的大部分是否在做有用功?”你会对大多数工厂有多糟糕感到震惊。它们可能只有2%或3%,包括我们在弗里蒙特的工厂。所以我认为,体积效率至少有可能达到那个水平的10倍。也就是更接近30%左右,或许更高,并且改善10倍,这意味着工厂可以缩小到十分之一。然后另一件事是,东西通过工厂的速度有多快?这就像速度和密度。一家运转速度是另一家工厂2倍的工厂,基本上就相当于2家工厂。而能够成功的公司,是那种用1家工厂就能完成其他公司需要2家、3家或4家工厂才能完成之事的公司。所以我们在这里试图做的,就是说,好吧,我们如何用1家工厂实现通常可能需要5家、甚至10家工厂才能实现的目标? 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:06:43)而与 Grohmann、Hibar 及其他公司的机器设计团队进行垂直整合,使我们确实能够做到这一点,因为我们在一台设备和另一台设备之间不存在任何这些边界条件,我们可以把整套机器设计成一台机器,并移除所有这些不必要的步骤。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:07:03)是的。我的意思是,基本上,Tesla 的目标是在制造方面成为地球上所有公司中最优秀的公司。我认为,从公司的角度以及从尽快实现可持续发展的角度来看,这其实是长期而言最重要的事情。但我认为,对长期竞争力来说也一样,最终每家汽车公司都会拥有长续航电动汽车。我认为,最终每家公司都会拥有自动驾驶能力,但并非每家公司都会非常擅长制造。Tesla 在制造方面绝对会远远领先于其他任何公司,这就是我们的目标。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:07:44)制造很难,而解决难题很有趣。好。现在我们来谈谈化成。在一家典型的电芯工厂中,化成占投资的25%。什么是化成?就是给电芯充电和放电,并验证电芯的质量。事实证明,我们已经在车辆中给数十亿又数十亿颗电芯充放过电,所以对此我们略知一二。典型的化成设置是逐个给每颗电芯充电和放电。在我们的汽车中,我们会同时给数千颗电芯充电。我们采用了自己的负责人和电力电子技术,利用 Powerwall、车辆电池管理系统及其他系统,大幅提高化成设备的成本效益和密度。化成投资减少86%,占地面积减少75%。这一部分你来讲吗? 埃隆·马斯克:(02:08:43)当然。所以,根据我们目前所知,这实质上意味着每千瓦时的投资减少约75%。或者每吉瓦时。基本上,据我们所知,这比当前最先进的水平好4倍。而且我认为,除此之外可能还有进一步改进的空间。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:09:04)肯定有。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:09:05)肯定有。是的。所以从体积角度来看,我们实际上能够在比内华达超级工厂更小的尺寸中获得数倍的电芯产出。所以你基本上可以看到,我们能在比制造1吉瓦时、150吉瓦时所需空间更小的空间里实现1太瓦时。因此,这意义非常深远。实际上,几年前我不会认为这是可能的:我们居然能在比目前设想用于生产150吉瓦时的空间更小的地方达到太瓦级规模。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:09:48)是的。简化能够加速实现太瓦级规模。而这正是我们为加速推进使命所需要做的。正如埃隆所说,在我们朝着目标推进时,我们还会努力进一步改善这一点,而我们的目标是…… 埃隆·马斯克:(02:10:02)是的。所以这里谈的只是 Tesla 内部的电芯生产。正如我之前在推特上所说,我们会继续采用我们的电芯供应商,松下、LG 和宁德时代。因此,这100吉瓦时是对我们从供应商处采购部分的补充。是的,从本质上说,这确实降低了我们的销售加权平均成本,但它也使我们能够制造更多得多的汽车和更多得多的固定式储能设备。然后从长期来看,我们预计每年生产大约3000吉瓦时,即3太瓦时。我认为我们很有可能实际上在2030年之前实现这一目标,但我非常有信心,我们能到2030年做到。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:10:58)当你看上一页那座工厂的规模时,它确实显示出所有这些进步对于到2030年实现3太瓦时目标具有多大的推动作用。而且,所有这些制造创新不仅对扩大规模极为有利,还能在电池包层面使每千瓦时成本额外降低18%。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:11:18)但等等,还有更多。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:11:19)但等等,还有更多。所以我们有了制造系统,也有了电芯设计。我们要在这种电芯设计中放入什么活性材料?先来谈谈负极。我们来谈谈硅。硅为什么这么棒?它很棒,因为它是地壳中仅次于氧的最丰富元素,这意味着它无处不在。它就是沙子。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:11:44)沙子是二氧化硅。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:11:47)而且,它恰好能够储存比石墨多9倍的锂,而石墨是当今锂离子电池中典型的负极材料。那么为什么不是每个人都在使用它?主要原因是,硅所面临的挑战在于,它在完全充入锂后会膨胀至4倍。基本上,所有这些膨胀都会对颗粒造成应力,颗粒开始开裂,开始在电气上彼此隔离,你就会损失容量。电池的能量保持能力开始衰减。而且它还会被钝化层弄得黏糊糊的,随着颗粒膨胀,这层钝化层必须不断重新形成。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:12:19)是的。基本上,对于硅来说,饼干会碎掉,还会变得黏糊糊的。基本上就是这样。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:12:24)这个比喻很好。目前已有解决这个问题的方法,我的意思是,你们现在乘坐的汽车中就含有硅,这些方法涉及在整体方案中采用高度工程化且昂贵的材料。现在,它们仍然很出色,也确实实现了硅的部分优势。只是无法实现全部优势,而且可扩展性还不够。你们可以看到一些或许听说过的东西,SIO、硅碳复合材料或硅纳米线。这差不多就是当前的状况。我们提出的是能力上的阶跃式变化和成本上的阶跃式变化。而它的真正含义就是直接使用原始的冶金级硅本身,不对基底金属进行工程化加工,直接从它开始,并在思考电极设计中的颗粒以及如何对其进行涂覆时,针对它的膨胀进行设计。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:13:14)是的。而且我不确定你们是否看到了这一点。基本上是每千瓦时1美元。如果使用简单的硅,其成本甚至远低于目前制造的电池中所用的硅,而且你可以使用更多。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:13:29)负极的成本会是,是的,使用这种硅,负极成本是每千瓦时1美元20美分。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:13:38)是的。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:13:41)它是如何工作的?从原始冶金级硅开始,用弹性离子导电聚合物涂层稳定表面,这种涂层通过一种高度可扩展的方法施加。不使用化学气相沉积,不采用高度工程化、高产能、高资本支出的解决方案,然后通过由高弹性黏合剂形成的稳固网络将其整合到电极中。最终,通过发挥这种硅的潜力,我们可以使车辆的续航里程额外提高20%。仅凭这一项改进。 埃隆·马斯克:(02:14:13)是的。成本更低,续航里程更长。好。 德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:14:20)是的。当我们计入负极成本的降低时,在电池包层面,每千瓦时成本又会降低5%。而且还有更多。我们来谈谈正极。什么是电池正极?正极就像书架,金属,也就是镍、钴、锰或铝,就像书架的隔板,而锂就是书。而真正让这些不同金属彼此区别开来的,是它们能在书架上放下多少本锂书,以及书架有多坚固。钴是一个——埃隆·马斯克:(02:14:53)抱歉,我刚才想说,要准确想出一个恰当的类比来解释正极和负极是很难的。但书架或许是个相当不错的类比,因为你需要一个稳定的结构来容纳离子。所以你需要一种不会碎裂或变得黏糊糊的结构,或者基本上说,它在正极和负极中都能保持形状。当你让这些离子来回移动时,它需要保持自身结构。所以如果它无法保持结构,你就会损失循环寿命,电池容量也会很快下降。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:15:30)完全正确。是的。我完全同意。而且我认为人们总是在谈论,比如,哦,导管会是什么?是[NCA 02:15:38]还是什么?需要考虑的从根本上说只是镍、这些金属能够做到什么。这就是我们在这里的图表中展示的内容。仅计算金属并只采用LME,即伦敦金属交易所价格时,正极每千瓦时的美元成本,与仅正极的能量密度对比。你可以看到,镍最便宜,能量密度也最高。这就是为什么提高镍含量是我们的目标,实际上也是能源领域所有人的——德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:16:03)为什么提高镍含量是我们的目标,实际上也是电池行业所有人的目标。但钴之所以还会被使用,其中一个原因是它是一个非常稳定的书架。而转向纯镍的挑战,就是仅用镍来稳定这个书架。这正是我们在高镍正极开发中一直致力于解决的问题,其中钴含量为零,并利用了新型涂层和掺杂剂。我们可以让正极每千瓦时的美元成本降低15%。埃隆·马斯克:(02:16:31)是的。意义重大。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:16:38)但这不只是关于镍。你想要一个?埃隆·马斯克:(02:16:41)是的。当然。所以为了实现规模化,我们确实需要确保自己不会受到镍总供应量的限制。我实际上和世界上最大的一些矿业公司的CEO谈过,并说:“请生产更多镍,这非常重要。”所以我认为他们会生产更多镍。我认为我们需要对电池采取一种3层级的方法。埃隆·马斯克:(02:17:07)所以先从铁开始,那有点像是中等续航,然后镍锰算是一种中等偏上、介于中间的方案,再然后是用于Cybertruck和Semi等长续航应用的高镍。对于半挂卡车之类的车辆,为了获得长续航,拥有高能量密度极其重要。再多给铁一点时间,如果你看正极层面的[听不清 02:17:37]每千克,镍看起来好像是铁的2倍好,但当你在电池包层面全面考虑,把其他一切都计算在内时,镍可能比铁好大约50%或60%。埃隆·马斯克:(02:17:52)所以在电池包层面全面考虑时,铁比看上去要稍微好一些。它没有镍那么好,镍要好大约50%到60%,但它其实相当不错。适合固定式储能以及能量密度并非首要因素的中等续航应用。然后就像我说的,对于中间层级,有点像是镍锰,而且制造一种含三分之二镍、三分之一锰的正极相对直接,这样我们就能用相同数量的镍制造多50%的电芯体积。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:18:32)而且能量方面几乎没有取舍。刚好足以拥有,你仍然会希望半挂卡车之类的车辆使用100%镍,但实际上几乎完全没有牺牲。埃隆·马斯克:(02:18:41)是的。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:18:44)除了金属之外,因为很多人花时间谈论金属。实际上,正极工艺本身也是一个重要目标。正极每千瓦时美元成本的35%,只是用于将其转化为最终形态。所以我们认为这是一个重要目标。我们决定着手解决它。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:19:03)这里展示的是传统正极工艺。实际上,如果你从左边开始,拿到来自矿山的金属,首先发生的事情是,来自矿山的金属被转化成一种叫作金属硫酸盐的中间物,因为那恰好是很久以前化学家们想要的东西。然后,当你制造正极时,必须拿这种叫作金属硫酸盐命运的中间物,加入化学品,加入一大堆水,中间发生一大堆事情,最后你得到那么一点正极,以及一大堆废水和副产品。埃隆·马斯克:(02:19:34)这复杂得离谱。这是一段“我是一个镍原子,我会遭遇什么?”的小小世界之旅。而且这太疯狂了。你要绕着世界跑3圈,相当于挖沟、填沟,然后再把沟挖开,基本上完全是疯了。而这些东西就这样发展起来了,它们有点像历史遗留的东西,就像以前是怎么做的,然后他们把各个点连了起来,却没有真正从第一性原理的角度思考整个过程,问:“我们要怎样从地下的镍矿石得到用于电池的镍成品?”所以我们审视了整条价值链,并问:“我们怎样才能让这件事尽可能简单?”德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:20:18)这就是我们在这里用自己的工艺提出的方案。正如你所看到的,这里发生的事情少了很多。我们去掉中间物,金属、水、正极成品,让水循环使用,完全没有废水。把这些全部汇总起来,就是资本支出投资降低66%,工艺成本降低76,以及废水为零。这是一种可扩展性强得多的解决方案。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:20:48)然后,当你考虑到我们现在实际上只是直接消耗原料金属镍粉时,它极大简化了整个过程中的金属精炼环节。因此,我们可以省去数十亿美元的电池级镍中间物生产。那完全没有必要。而且,我们也可以使用上一页展示的同一种工艺,直接消耗从回收的电动汽车和电网储能电池中产出的金属粉末。所以这项工艺既能实现更简单的采矿,也能实现更简单的回收。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:21:21)既然我们现在有了这项工艺,显然我们要开始在北美建设自己的正极工厂,并利用北美现有的所有镍和锂资源。仅仅通过这样做,仅仅通过将我们的正极供应链和生产本地化,我们就可以让所有最终进入正极的材料所行进的里程减少80%,这对成本的影响非常巨大。埃隆·马斯克:(02:21:45)是的。需要说明的是,正极生产会成为我们的Tesla电芯生产工厂的一部分。所以基本上只需要从矿山运来原材料,然后从矿山里的原材料中出来一块电池。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:21:59)说到这一点,锂是通过正极进入电芯的。那么显然,我们也应该在现场进行锂转化,这正是我们将采用一种要率先开创的新工艺来做的事情。那同样是一种无硫酸盐工艺,跳过中间物,让锂成本降低33%,这是一座与正极工厂位于同一地点的100%电气化设施。埃隆·马斯克:(02:22:25)所以有一点很重要,那就是地球上有海量的锂。因此,锂并不像石油。锂的数量非常庞大,几乎到处都有。事实上,美国有足够的锂,可以把整个美国车队,也就是美国所有的汽车,都转换成电动汽车。比如3亿辆左右。只使用美国境内可获得的锂,就可以把美国的每一辆汽车都转换成电动汽车。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:22:55)截至今天发现的。埃隆·马斯克:(02:22:57)是的,就是我们已经知道存在的。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:22:58)人们甚至根本没有真正去寻找。埃隆·马斯克:(02:22:59)是的,人们没有尝试,因为它到处都有。但有一点很重要,要问:“好,从矿石中提取锂,并且以环保方式完成这件事,最聪明的方法是什么?”而我们实际上发现了……同样,从第一性原理的物理学角度来看,而不是沿用一直以来的做法,我们发现实际上可以使用食盐,也就是氯化钠,从矿石中提取锂。据我所知,以前没人做过这件事,没人做过。而且所有元素都可以重复利用,这是一种获得锂的非常可持续的方式。我们实际上还获得了内华达州一处锂黏土矿床的权利。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:23:51)超过10,000英亩。埃隆·马斯克:(02:23:52)超过10,000英亩。而且采矿方式本身实际上也非常注重环保,因为我们大致是从地下取出一块土,去除其中的锂,然后再把这块土放回原处。所以它看起来会和以前基本一样,不会看起来很糟糕。而且,是的,会挺不错。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:24:13)只需把黏土与盐混合,放入水中,盐会带着锂出来,完成。埃隆·马斯克:(02:24:18)是的。这太疯狂了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:24:19)是的。所以我们对此非常兴奋,而且确实仅内华达州就有足够的锂,可以让整个美国车队实现电动化。埃隆·马斯克:(02:24:27)是的,这是真的。实际上,仅仅内华达州的锂就够了。基本上,地球上的锂他妈的多得不可思议。它是地球上最常见的元素之一。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:24:39)最终,正如我们一开始所说的,当我们达到每年20太瓦时产量的这种稳定状态时,我们会把发电厂、住宅供暖、工业供热和车辆中所有使用非可再生能源的设备都转换为电力驱动。到那时,这些电池就会成为一种极好的资源,可供我们回收并制造新电池。所以到了那个时候,我们就不再需要进行任何采矿。你也可以看出原因。与从地下获得的材料相比,从车辆回收的材料在价值上存在差异,你总会选择车辆。而且目前我们会回收车辆电池的100%。实际上,我们将在下个季度于里诺超级工厂启动试点的全面规模回收生产,随着我们的回收返还量增加,继续开发这项工艺。埃隆·马斯克:(02:25:30)迄今为止,这一直由第三方完成,但我们认为自己可以更有效地回收电池,尤其是因为我们的电池,我们正在制造的电池与我们回收的东西是同一种电池。而第三方回收商必须考虑各种各样的电池。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:25:46)是的。只要想想这实际上意味着什么,回收资源总是会延迟10年或更久,因为电池的使用寿命非常长,但最终,它将成为所有资源得以供应的方式。这就是我们投资内华达州这座回收设施的原因。埃隆·马斯克:(02:26:04)是的。从长期来看,一旦车队达到稳定状态,新电池就会来自旧电池。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:26:11)对。好的。所以我们刚才谈了正极规模化和回收,你们刚刚看到的所有益处,加起来会带来电池包层面每千瓦时美元成本降低12%的益处,距离我们的成本减半目标差不多已经走了一半,但还有一个部分。交给你了,埃隆。埃隆·马斯克:(02:26:31)所以,有一种我们长期以来一直想在 Tesla 采用的架构,而我们终于把它弄明白了。我认为,未来所有电动汽车最终都会采用这种制造方式,这是正确的做法。埃隆·马斯克:(02:26:52)首先,车身前部和后部都采用单件铸件。为了做到这一点,我们定制了有史以来最大的铸造机。目前它就在马路对面的弗里蒙特工厂运行。非常棒。现在,汽车的整个后部都被制造成一个单件高压压铸铝件。为了做到这一点,我们实际上不得不开发自己的合金,因为我们想要一种不需要涂层或热处理的高强度铸造合金。这对铸件而言意义重大,尤其是大型铸件。如果事后对它进行热处理,它往往会变形,有点像薯片那样翘曲。所以要让大型铸件保持其形状非常困难。埃隆·马斯克:(02:27:47)所以,为了实现这一点,当时没有任何现存合金能够做到,因此我们开发了自己的合金,一种特殊的铝许可,它无需热处理就具有高强度,而且非常适合铸造。因此,这是我们材料团队的一项伟大成就。事实上,总体而言,我们将为 Tesla 带来许多先进材料,包括以前从未存在过的新合金和新材料。埃隆·马斯克:(02:28:10)所以,基本上就是把汽车的前部和后部各自制成一个整体,然后与我们所谓的结构电池相连接。电池将首次具备双重用途。电池既用作能源装置,也用作结构。这绝对是正确的做法。在早期的飞机上,燃料箱是作为货物携带的。所以燃料箱实际上相当难以装载。它们基本上比货物还麻烦,你还得加些东西把它们固定住。非常困难。后来有人说:‘嘿,如果我们直接把燃料箱做成机翼的形状呢?’所以在所有现代飞机上,机翼其实就是一个做成机翼形状的燃料箱。这绝对是正确的做法。然后,燃料箱就承担了这种双重结构作用,不再是货物。它成为飞机结构的基础部分。这是一项重大突破。我们正在汽车上做同样的事。埃隆·马斯克:(02:29:26)所以这确实非常深刻。实际上,电池中非电芯部分的质量为负。我们在车辆其余部分节省的质量,超过了电池非电芯部分的质量。所以就像:‘怎样才能真正尽量减小电池的质量?让它变成负数。让电池包的非电芯部分变成负数。’这也让我们能够更密集地排列电芯,因为电池包中不再有中间结构。所以,我们现在不再需要电池中的这些支撑件、稳定器、纵梁和结构元件,电池里有了大得多的空间,因为电池包本身就是结构。埃隆·马斯克:(02:30:10)我们实质上所做的是,不再仅仅使用一种阻燃填充物,也就是目前 3NY 电池包中使用的材料,而是使用一种既是结构胶、又能阻燃的填充物。因此,它实际上把电芯粘接到顶部和底部板材上。这样就能在上下板材之间传递剪力。就像你有一艘一级方程式飞行器或赛艇,并且采用碳纤维面板以及夹在两者之间的铝蜂窝结构一样,这会带来难以置信的刚度。任何速度极快的东西实际上都是这样工作的,也就是用两层面板构成一种蜂窝夹层结构。埃隆·马斯克:(02:30:58)这实际上甚至比飞机的做法更好。因为飞机并不会这样做。它们做不到,因为燃料是液体。而在我们的情况中,电池是固体。所以,我们实际上可以利用电池的钢制壳体在上下两层面板之间传递剪力,由此形成刚度高得惊人的结构,甚至比普通汽车还硬。事实上,如果这是一辆没有上部结构的敞篷车,这辆敞篷车也会比普通汽车更硬。所以这确实意义重大。埃隆·马斯克:(02:31:38)因此,它提高了电池的质量效率。而且那些铸件也相当重要,因为你需要以非常平顺、连续的方式把载荷传递到结构电池包中。这样就不会把任意的点载荷施加到电池上。所以你需要以某种渐变方式,把来自前部和后部的载荷分散到结构电池上。这也让我们能把电芯移到更靠近汽车中心的位置,因为我们没有那个……在上面那个方案中,我们有所有的支撑件之类的东西,所以结构电池包的体积效率比非结构电池包好得多。我们实际上会让电芯更靠近中心,因为它们更靠近中心,所以能降低侧面碰撞可能接触到电芯的概率,因为任何形式的侧面碰撞都必须侵入得更深才能触及电芯。埃隆·马斯克:(02:32:36)它也证明了所谓的极惯性矩。你可以想象一下滑冰运动员伸开双臂或收拢双臂的情形。双臂收拢时,旋转得更快。所以,如果能把物体移得更靠近中心,就能降低极惯性矩,这意味着汽车的操控性会更好。感觉就是更好。你不会知道为什么,但它就是感觉更灵活。所以这真的很酷。这确实意义重大。埃隆·马斯克:(02:33:03)就像这里写的,车身质量降低 10%,续航里程增加 14%,零件减少 370 个。我确实认为,长远来看,任何不采用这种架构的汽车都将不具备竞争力。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:33:22)而且不仅仅是在产品层面成为更好的产品。在工厂中,这也会带来大幅简化。你们看到了零件的减少,铸造机、结构电池包。因此,我们预计每吉瓦时投资将减少超过 50%,占地面积减少 35%。随着我们打造未来的汽车工厂,我们还会继续改进这些指标。埃隆·马斯克:(02:33:45)是的。所以,从电芯一直到整车,各方面都有重大改进。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:33:52)除了我们刚才提到的增加续航里程和改善车辆结构性能之外,这在电池包层面还可再降低 7% 的每千瓦时美元成本,使我们目前的每千瓦时美元总降幅达到 56%。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:34:17)好了,把这些叠加起来。我们谈的不只是成本或续航里程。我们必须考虑所有方面。所以在续航里程增幅方面,我们的汽车续航里程和能源产品的能量密度最多可提高 54%。在电池包层面,每千瓦时美元成本降低 56%;每吉瓦时投资降低 69%,而当我们回过头来讨论如何解决这里的规模问题时,这才是真正的推动因素。埃隆·马斯克:(02:34:47)是的。所以我觉得,每吉瓦时投资的降幅是 69%,这一点相当不错。我的意思是,谁能想到呢?德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:34:57)是啊,结果碰巧就是这样。埃隆·马斯克:(02:35:03)我的意思是,当然是 0.420%。所以,这使我们能够在降低电芯成本方面进入一条新的轨迹。现在需要说明的是,我们可能需要 1 年到 18 个月才能开始实现这些优势,而要完全实现这些优势,可能大约需要 3 年左右。如果能立刻做到,我们当然会这样做,但这确实预示着光明的未来,也意味着 Tesla 以及我们生产的可持续能源产品的长期规模将大幅扩大。通常情况下,随着公司规模变大,事情往往会慢下来,而实际上它们将会加速。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:36:00)如果我们要加速向可持续能源转型,它们也必须加速。埃隆·马斯克:(02:36:04)是的。长远来看,我们希望努力替换地球上车辆总保有量的至少 1%,其总量约为 20 亿辆。所以从长远来看,我们希望努力做到每年生产约 2000 万辆汽车。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:36:25)但我认为,需要指出的是,当我们谈到到 2030 年实现 3 太瓦时时,这个问题实际上是一个 20 太瓦时的问题。所以,每个人都需要加快努力,以实现这些目标。无论你处于价值链的哪个环节都一样。还有海量工作要做,你需要从第一性原理出发重新思考自己的做法,这样才能扩大规模,实现我们的所有目标。埃隆·马斯克:(02:36:47)对。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:36:49)还有,埃隆。埃隆·马斯克:(02:36:50)好。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:36:53)这意味着什么……埃隆·马斯克:(02:36:55)这对我们未来的产品意味着什么?所以,我们有信心,从长远来看,我们能够设计并制造一款极具吸引力的 25,000 美元电动汽车。从公司创立之初,这一直就是我们的梦想。我甚至为此写过一篇博客文章,因为我们的第一款车是一辆昂贵的跑车,之后是一辆稍微便宜一点的轿车,最后则算是一款,我不知道,面向大众市场的高端车型,也就是 Model 3 和 Model Y。但我们的目标始终是努力制造一款价格亲民的电动汽车。我认为,可能就像我说的,大约 3 年后,我们有信心制造出一款极具吸引力、售价 25,000 美元并且还能实现完全自动驾驶的电动汽车。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:37:48)而且,当你考虑 25,000 美元这个价位时,还必须考虑到拥有一辆电动汽车的成本低了多少。所以在 25,000 美元这个价位上,它实际上会变得更加负担得起。埃隆·马斯克:(02:38:02)是的。所以我们拥有极致的性能和续航里程。而且我们或许应该多多少少谈谈 Plaid。那个怎么样?所以,是的。不管怎样,我们周日把最新的 Plaid 开到了 Laguna Seco,成绩是 1 分 30 秒,而且我们认为可能还能再缩短 3 秒或更多。因此,我们有信心 Model Plaid 将取得有史以来所有量产车中最好的赛道圈速,无论是双门车型还是其他车型。埃隆·马斯克:(02:39:15)而且你们现在就可以订购。它基本上会在明年上市。现在我们将进入问答环节。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:39:26)当然。埃隆·马斯克:(02:39:27)所以我们会邀请几个人上台。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:39:31)团队,上来吧。埃隆·马斯克:(02:39:32)这只是团队中的一小部分,但我觉得,让你们看到更多团队成员会很棒,而且在问答环节中,我们可以让不同的人回答不同的问题。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:39:49)听起来不错。其实,我不知道我们要怎么获取问题。埃隆·马斯克:(02:39:54)其实我也不知道。你也许可以下车 2 秒钟,冲我们喊出来。我们要怎么获取问题?说话人 2:(02:40:07)[听不清 02:40:08]。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:40:09)哦,有麦克风。等麦克风。埃隆·马斯克:(02:40:11)哦,有麦克风。好的,太好了,太好了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:40:14)好了。埃隆·马斯克:(02:40:16)好的。我们肯定需要给人们麦克风,否则根本没办法。什么?好的。我们要分发一些麦克风。哦,我们还没有给那辆 25,000 美元的车命名。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:40:45)不过,这是个很好的问题。说话人 3:(02:40:45)埃隆,你在柏林谈到,你们将会[听不清 02:40:45]制造[听不清 02:40:44]。埃隆·马斯克:(02:40:45)是的,我们会在柏林制造电芯。对。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:40:52)热管理系统?发言者4:(02:40:53) [听不清 02:40:56]。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:40:55) 用于住宅。埃隆·马斯克:(02:40:56) 哦,你是说住宅HVA之类的吗?对。那是我很想启动的一个兴趣项目。我不知道,也许我们明年会开始做。因为我就是觉得,天啊,你真的可以做出好得多的住宅HVAC系统,它非常安静、效率极高、能源效率极高,而且还有好得多的颗粒物过滤器。它的运行也非常可靠,而我们已经为汽车开发出了这种系统。所以Model Y里的热泵确实相当出色。它很小巧、很高效,必须能使用15年,必须能在从最寒冷的冬季到最炎热的夏季等各种条件下运行。所以,为了打造一个真正厉害的住宅HVAC,我们其实已经完成了大量必要工作。埃隆·马斯克:(02:41:53) 而且它们还可以堆叠起来。所以可以说,根据你房子的大小或者其他情况,无论你需要多少,基本上都可以把它们堆叠起来,得到一套非常有吸引力、效率极高的住宅HVAC。然后它还可以与汽车通信,知道你什么时候回家。于是它会像这样:“哦,我不需要一整天都让房子保持凉爽,我只要在知道你要回家时把温度降下来。”所以电池包可以与汽车通信,真正精确地配合你实际需要制冷和供暖的时间。会很棒。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:42:25) 有趣的产品。下一位是谁?伊莱:(02:42:30) 喂?嘿,各位,我是Tesla车主俱乐部的伊莱,我的Tesla探险。简单问个问题,我特别喜欢带着我的dream case在Tesla里露营,这是我一直以来最喜欢的活动,有可能让空调控制覆盖到cyber truck的后部吗?因为如果能整晚控制空调,那它就会成为终极露营机器。埃隆·马斯克:(02:42:51) 我们会努力做到。对。我同意,那会非常酷。对。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:42:59) 好。下一位是谁?发言者5:(02:43:00) 你好,我是长期粉丝,埃隆,你是个了不起的人。就是想问一下,ICE行业未来会是什么样子?埃隆·马斯克:(02:43:12) 嗯,我认为长期来看不会再有ICE行业。嗯,我猜可能会有少数一些东西,像是某种猎奇玩意。现在某些地方仍然会制造一些蒸汽机,但基本上只是有点古怪的收藏品。我的意思是,这将是内燃机汽车的未来。瑞安·麦卡弗里:(02:43:36) 嗨,埃隆,在你左边这辆白色Model y里。我是Ride the Lightning Tesla播客的瑞安·麦卡弗里。我对cyber truck很好奇,看到你们将它置于电池技术前沿的什么位置很有意思。我有点好奇,你认为它在生产方面会处于什么位置。卡车在美国非常受欢迎,你认为它未来的产量会与3或Y相当吗?另外,作为Giga Texas协议的一部分,Tesla能否在得克萨斯州合法销售?埃隆·马斯克:(02:44:09) 嗯,很难说cyber truck的确切产量会是多少。订单量极其庞大。我们大概有,我不知道,远远超过50万份订单,我想也许是6或600,000份。非常多,基本上我们已经不再数了。所以我认为可能有空间做到,我不知道,每年大约250到300,000辆的数量,也许更多。现在,我们正按照满足美国规范的要求设计cyber truck。因为如果你试图设计一辆满足全球所有要求之超集的汽车,你就造不出cyber truck,这是不可能的。所以它确实是为美国市场设计的,但这是最大的市场。我们的北美市场远远是皮卡或大型皮卡最大的市场。埃隆·马斯克:(02:44:59) 然后我认为,我们可能会制造一个国际版cyber truck,它会小一些,有点像一个紧凑的金刚狼组合。它仍然会更酷,但会更小,因为在大多数市场,你根本无法制造那样的巨型卡车。所以,对,不过它会很棒。埃隆·马斯克:(02:45:17) 而且我不知道。我想我们大概能够在得克萨斯州直接销售。我们目前做得相当不错,但无法真正在得克萨斯州完成交易确实有点奇怪,而是必须在位于加利福尼亚州的服务器上点击一下。但奇怪的是,我们可以在得克萨斯州做租赁,却不能销售。希望未来这个问题能得到解决。发言者6:(02:45:42) 埃隆,你所做的一切都非常出色。我是Gerber Kawasaki的罗斯·格伯。你的团队非常了不起。我最好奇的是,这些创新令人难以置信,但我完全依靠Autopilot行驶400英里来到这里时,整个州都是棕色的,而这最终关乎气候。有没有进行过一些分析,说明如果所有这些事情都能实现,会对气候产生什么直接影响?埃隆·马斯克:(02:46:10) 我认为它会产生非常显著的影响,因为它会阻止CO2 PPM像现在这样逐年上升。我应该说,我尽可能把整个气候问题视为一个科学问题。在科学中,你总是会质疑自己的假设,它是真的吗?不是真的吗?或者为某个给定假设赋予一个概率。而且我应该说,我最初对电动汽车产生兴趣,早于气候问题。当我还在上高中时,我想:“天啊,如果我们不能搞明白电动汽车,那么当石油耗尽时,整个经济都会崩溃。”所以我们最好搞明白电动汽车和可持续能源,否则文明就会瓦解。埃隆·马斯克:(02:46:57) 只是在那之后,气候风险的重要性才变得明显。而且通过追踪和其他类型的技术,我们也能够获取比之前认为多得多的化石燃料,这有助于降低汽油成本,但对你可能排入大气的CO2总吨数来说相当糟糕。现在这个数量已经大幅超出人们此前的设想。正如我们刚才在这场演示中所讲的,加速可持续能源时代的到来是一项绝对艰巨无比的任务。整个全球经济仍有超过99%依赖于,或者说大约99%依赖于化石燃料。所以,尽管电动汽车现在获得了大量媒体报道,但其占全球车辆总数的比例实际上几乎为零。我会说,对,目前全球车辆中电动车不到1%。因为目前有20亿辆汽车、卡车以及诸如此类的车辆在使用。所以前面还有海量工作。简直不可思议,很难理解为了让新车生产实现可持续化、为了大幅增加固定式储能的数量,还有多少工作要做;固定式储能至关重要,因为可再生能源具有间歇性,风能和太阳能具有间歇性,有时没有风,而且显然夜晚没有阳光,所以你必须有电池,数量极其、极其庞大的电池。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:48:44) 对,它的直接影响很难衡量,但这是一个我们不该进行的实验。而且我们越早结束这个实验,就能越早以一种实际上成本更低的完全可持续方式继续前进。我认为,人们还没有完全内化的一点是,一旦我们确实实现25K汽车,那辆车的持有成本会比之前的汽车低得惊人。而在太阳能和风能方面,随着太阳能、风能的成本下降,以及与之配套的电池成本下降,电网能源的实际成本也在下降。所以我们正在某种程度上迈向一个可持续、成本更低的未来。因此这并不是什么牺牲。埃隆·马斯克:(02:49:21) 没错。说繁荣与可持续发展只能二选一,是一种错误的二分法。石油和天然气行业经常用这种说法,比如:“哦,那么,你想让人们失业吗?你想降低人们的生活水平吗?为了实现可持续发展,你真的想做出所有这些经济牺牲吗?”而现实正如德鲁所说,可持续能源的成本将低于化石燃料,而不是高于化石燃料。发言者7:(02:49:52) 埃隆,快速问你一个问题,就在前面这里。首先,谢谢你邀请大家。我当时在告诉一位朋友,最值得去工作的那一家公司,将会产生最大的结构性……发言者8:(02:50:03) 而最值得去工作的那一家公司,在未来10年以规模化方式产生最大的结构性影响,可能就是Tesla。所以要向Tesla的每个人致敬,感谢他们迄今为止所做的一切以及未来将做的一切。想问你2个问题,你在观察汽车和储能市场时,我知道你说过长期来看大概是50/50,但你今天介绍的许多电池成本曲线成果,似乎真的让其中一些储能机会在未来5年内变得可行得多。所以我想问题的第一部分是,随着对这些事情的了解和改进,你对50/50组合的考量是否会改变,或者有没有可能让储能变得更大?然后问题的第二部分是,面对所有这些宏伟愿景,从企业角度来看,谁会和Tesla一起完成这些事情?显然,Tesla无法独自做到,但当你观察一些传统汽车行业或电力行业等领域时,我看不到很多其他Tesla。埃隆·马斯克:(02:50:59) 嗯,实际上,中国有很多公司,我认为它们在电动汽车和固定式储能方面做得非常出色,尽管我们在美国还没有看到太多,但我认为未来可能会看到。我不知道,显然我们正在尽一切努力鼓励其他公司转向可持续交通,并且也生产固定式储能电池。我们免费开放了专利,我们真的努力告诉这些公司:“嘿,你们真的需要这样做,否则未来你们将不复存在。”但它们不相信。所以我们已经说到口干舌燥了。我们还能怎么办?但我们确实非常希望其他公司也会做我们正在做的事情,这将使可持续发展的未来更早到来。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:51:53) 从基本市场规模的角度来看,我们完成了第一项从头开始的工作,以太瓦时为单位展示市场规模,两者大约为50/50。交通运输需要10太瓦时,电网需要10太瓦时。部分原因在于电网电池,因为当你建造一座发电厂时,你是在进行一项大型投资,我们的25年期资产规模更大。如果电网电池是10年期左右的东西,电网市场会更大,但因为它是一种期限更长的资产,所以两者的规模大致相同。发言者9:(02:52:31) 从长期考虑,除了最初的Model 2或更便宜的轿车之外,这种新电池还能颠覆哪些其他细分领域,或让哪些领域实现电气化吗?比如Boring Company环线、飞机——埃隆·马斯克:(02:52:44) 你在哪里?你在那边吗?发言者9:(02:52:45) 怎么了?就在这里。埃隆·马斯克:(02:52:46) 好,太好了。这里就像腹语表演一样,我们只能听到扬声器里传出的声音,根本分辨不出它到底来自哪里。发言者9:(02:52:55) 对。有什么提示吗,还是说这个车型也如此重要,是因为它降低了交通运输的成本,而那才是真正的颠覆;还是说我们应该为这条新的成本曲线将开启不同的交通工具类别而兴奋,比如高载客密度公交车、Boring环线、船、飞机?埃隆·马斯克:(02:53:12) 嗯,我的意思是,目前已有一些电池在限量生产,其能量密度确实超过每公斤400瓦时,我认为这大约是具备不错航程的中程飞机所需要的数字。而且我认为,随着时间的推移,我们的电池也将开始接近每千克 400 瓦时的水平。所以,是的,我是说,我认为随着时间的推移,我们会看到所有交通运输方式,具有讽刺意味的是火箭除外,转向可持续发展,或者基本上转向电动。在火箭方面,我们计划做的是,星舰大约 80% 是液氧,而我们实际上已经在铺设一条电力线路,以便能够使用风能制造液氧。所以我们在火箭的可持续发展方面取得了一些像样的进展,但电动火箭就是完全不可能的。而且,为了生命和意识的未来,我们成为一个多行星物种非常重要,所以必须继续做这件事。乔希·菲利普斯:(02:54:21)嗨,埃隆,我是乔希·菲利普斯,散户投资者。我有一个关于锂和镍行业的问题,也就是如果它们不迅速采取行动解决未来的供应问题,电动汽车行业很可能会面临的价格飙升和高品位材料短缺。Tesla 显然已经采取了必要的正确行动,但人们确实担心,潜在的供应问题和价格飙升会拖累电动汽车行业的其余部分,从而拖累全球电动汽车的普及。对于电动汽车行业和采矿业应如何迅速解决这一迫在眉睫的障碍,你会给出什么建议?因为为了可持续能源的未来,香料必须流动。谢谢。埃隆·马斯克:(02:55:07)是的,确实如此。香料必须流动。新的香料。我不知道。我不确定。我想我们可以尝试在电芯生产方面基本上做得过头一些,也许向其他公司供应电芯,但我们确实看到根本性的制约因素是电芯总产量。这就是为什么我们投入如此多精力制造电芯,并且算是在尝试彻底改造电芯生产的每一个环节,从开采矿石到完整的电池包,因为这是根本性的制约因素。我们进入电芯业务并不是闲着没事干,而是因为它是根本性的制约因素,是限制快速增长的那个因素。但我们当然可以尝试在电芯生产方面做得过头一些,也许把电芯卖给其他公司,尽管我们正在以绝对最高速度推进,所以并不是我们有所保留。埃隆·马斯克:(02:56:15)我认为,只要制造真正高效的汽车,拥有更低的风阻系数、低滚动阻力、高效的动力总成,我是说,这差不多就是我们为了让磷酸铁电池仍然拥有良好续航里程而做的事情。所以磷酸铁是一种能量密度较低的解决方案,但尽管每年生产的镍总量存在一些限制,铁实际上没有什么限制。铁多得简直荒唐。所以从原材料角度看,磷酸铁真正能够达到的规模比镍更大。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:57:00)另外要指出的是,我们讲解这份演示文稿时,有意把所有不同方面分开了。结构电池的优势适用于铁基正极,就像它们适用于镍基正极一样。所以你会获得续航里程更长的铁基车辆。而且硅带来的优势也同样可以应用于铁基车辆。因此,我们可以做很多事情来延长铁基车辆的续航里程,这就是为什么它是未来路线图的关键组成部分。然后我请特纳上来谈谈采矿业可以做什么。特纳:(02:57:31)是的。正极方面的多样化显然非常重要,而电动汽车完全关乎效率。所以对于电动汽车行业、对于汽车行业,我们需要看到动力总成效率真正提高,所有其他公司都达到 Tesla 的动力总成效率,这样每家公司都能采用那种多元化的正极方案,在中等续航里程的车型中使用 LFP,甚至真正用 LFP 制造一辆续航 300 英里的汽车。而且,我们试图在这里展示的目标,实际上是一种垂直整合、战略性垂直整合的模式,很多不同的人都可以采用。我们需要看到的是缩短从矿山到正极这条工艺路径的垂直整合。我们在这里做的事情是新颖的,而且我们正努力推动行业朝这个方向发展。所以我们在这里展示的是一种任何人都可以可以效仿的模式。埃隆·马斯克:(02:58:27)是的。事实上,如果你们有什么想评论的,请随时走上前来说几句。发言人 10:(02:58:34)我认为关键是要明智选择化学体系,明智选择材料。埃隆·马斯克:(02:58:38)大声点。发言人 10:(02:58:38)是的。如果你能明智选择材料,香料就会继续流动。你不需要在所有地方使用同一种。关键是进行战略规划;至于矿商,我认为我们正在给予他们相当大的激励,让他们扩大产量。德鲁·巴格利诺:(02:58:57)是的。实际上我们进行了一些很好的通话,他们都很有动力。我认为,他们之前算是一直在观望,心想:“你们会不会疯狂增长?”而我们说:“是的,我们会疯狂增长。”然后我认为这表明我们会疯狂增长,而这正是矿商想听到的,之后他们就会去投资。本·林皮克:(02:59:13)你好,埃隆。我是本·林皮克,我是一名音乐人。我想知道,Tesla 未来有没有与音乐公司建立合作伙伴关系的计划,就像它与腾讯游戏或诸如此类的公司所做的那样,让你们真正从某种程度上扩展面向艺术家和其他类型创意人士的服务,让他们参与制作可以成为 Tesla 生态系统一部分的内容,或者让其他从事创意工作的人能够参与你们的工作?埃隆·马斯克:(02:59:44)我们其实没有深入考虑过这件事,但我想这可能是我们应该考虑的事情。我们将在 Tesla 上提供一个标题。所以我们正在提供更多可供人们选择的音乐来源,并且总体上努力改善车内娱乐体验。而且我认为,实际上随着我们迈向一个更加自动驾驶的未来,娱乐和生产力的重要性会越来越高。我是说,如果你基本上只是坐在车里,车辆完全自动驾驶并驶向某个地方,那辆车实质上就是你的司机,那么变得重要的事情就是,好吧,让我们提供良好的娱乐;而如果你想做一些提高生产力的事情,那实际上就开始变得重要得多,因为你不再需要把注意力花在驾驶车辆上。所以这在未来会极其重要。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:00:42)我们要不要回答一些 say.com 上的问题?发言人 11:(03:00:46)好。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:00:47)好。我们要不要回答第 2 个?埃隆·马斯克:(03:00:54)好。第 1 个,我认为我们已经回答过了。如果我们能够制造足够多的电芯,而我们会努力做到,我们就会向其他公司供货。如果我们能生产足够多供其他公司使用的电芯,我们会向它们供货,绝对不是有意要把电芯全留给自己。而且我们当时正努力为推进可持续能源做正确的事情,不管那是什么。埃隆·马斯克:(03:01:19)车辆到电网,这个问题经常有人问。我认为需要注意的一点是,对于车辆到电网,除非你设有电源切断装置,否则你需要切断自己通往电网的主电源;不然,如果你家里停电,你基本上只会让能量倒流回电网。因此,仅仅让电力反向流动实际上无法让灯继续亮着,你需要一套完全独立的系统来切断通往电网的电力。而且我认为还有一种情况是,人们确实希望能自由驾驶,也能在家充电。如果到了早上,你的车不但没有充好电,反而把电放给了房子,这显然非常成问题,然后你就会有点像:“好吧,现在我要么开车,要么用电池给房子供电。”埃隆·马斯克:(03:02:19)我认为,把 Powerwall 和汽车分开,实际上更有利于人们的行动自由,然后一切就那样运作。你基本上把它与太阳能结合起来,无论是加装太阳能系统还是太阳能玻璃屋顶,再加上本地电池储能,这样你基本上就成了自己的公用事业公司,然后汽车也可以使用太阳能充电。我认为这些才是行得通的东西。话虽如此,我们当然可以实现车辆到电网,我想我们基本上可以在欧洲或什么地方通过软件启用它,对吧?德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:03:00)是的。未来几代电力电子系统将使我们或多或少能在任何地方做到这一点,这是从参与能源市场的角度来说;但如果是为房屋提供备用电力,而北美连接器的形式恰好就是这样,在北美的所有汽车上,无论是 Tesla 连接器还是其他车辆使用的连接器,实际上都不支持为你的住宅供电。很遗憾,所以你需要额外的硬件来做到这一点。不过,是的,未来我们所有版本的车辆至少都能实现双向电力流动,以参与能源市场。但即便是为此,也必须记住,你的汽车 24/7 都处于插电状态,所以对电网来说,它算是一种不可预测的资源。它会有价值,但和固定式电池包不一样。埃隆·马斯克:(03:03:49)是的。老实说,车辆到电网听起来不错,但我认为它的实际效用比人们想象的低得多。我认为真正会使用车辆到电网的人非常少。最初的 Roadster 具备车辆到电网功能,但没有人使用。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:04:15)我们要如何找到工程师来完成我们所说的一切?埃隆·马斯克:(03:04:18)我们要如何找到工程师来做所有这些事情?好吧,我想我们从世界各地招聘了很多工程师。我认为 Tesla 在从事令人兴奋的工程工作方面声誉很好,这往往会吸引世界上许多顶尖工程师,因为他们知道自己在 Tesla 的努力确实会服务于更大的福祉,而且我们对工程极其硬核。Tesla 首先且最重要的是一家工程公司,我们做的就是硬核工程。Tesla 完成的硬核工程工作,其绝对数量之大简直疯狂。而且如果你看看,比如说,针对工程院校做过各种调查,问你想去哪里、你的首选是什么?实际上过去几年排名前 2 的选择一直是 Tesla 和 SpaceX。有时 Tesla 排第 1,有时 SpaceX 排第 1,但它们就是排名前 2 的选择。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:05:18)是的。我是说,如果你有动力去解决其中一些问题,而这些是世界上最难解决的问题,它们真正从根本上促成我们所有人都需要的未来,请联系我们,帮助我们解决这些问题。埃隆·马斯克:(03:05:30)当然。而且就像你所说的,战斗远未结束。全球汽车保有量中转为电动汽车的还不到 1%,而固定式储能已经完成的比例甚至可能还不到 0.1%。所以固定式储能才刚刚起步,全球汽车保有量向电动汽车的转型也才刚刚起步。因此,在 Tesla 和其他公司仍有大量工程工作需要完成,以加速这场向可持续发展的转型。乔丹:(03:06:06)嘿,你们能听见我吗?德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:06:07)能。乔丹:(03:06:08)我是来自 Mark Asset Management 的乔丹。所以你们谈到了工厂的重要性,也提到了从零开始的设计流程,以及你们将要做或已经开始在上海、柏林和奥斯汀做的许多新事情。你们能不能帮我们理解并量化一下,所有这些改进在财务上会有多大意义?然后,考虑到贵公司试图实现的目标,是否可以合理地假设,其中绝大部分改进成果都会以降价的形式回馈给客户?埃隆·马斯克:(03:06:39)是的。我是说,我认为我们肯定会尽力尽可能多地回馈客户。Tesla 的盈利能力并不是高得离谱,我们过去4个季度的平均盈利水平可能是1%。所以说清楚一点,我们并不是在大把印钞。我们的评估让人觉得我们是,但其实不是。因此,我们确实希望在不亏钱的情况下,尽力让价格尽可能有竞争力。如果你一直亏钱,你就会死。所以利润这个东西其实就是,我们的收入必须高于支出,否则我们就死了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:07:19)但可负担性是我们扩大规模的关键,对吧?随着汽车价格下降,需求会呈非线性增长。埃隆·马斯克:(03:07:25)是的。我是说,很重要的一点是,要把可负担性与物有所值或产品吸引力之间的区别区分开来。所以对很多人来说,他们想买一辆 Tesla,只是没有足够的钱。我们可以让这辆车拥有无限的吸引力,但如果某个人没有足够的钱,他们就买不了。有时人们会有点忘记这一点。人们必须有足够的钱才能买车,而仅仅把一辆车做得极具吸引力、但价格昂贵,并不意味着他们负担得起。所以,我们造出人们真正买得起的汽车绝对至关重要。浏览一下这些内容,向下滚动之类的。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:08:19)你预计 Tesla 汽车什么时候能在初始购买价格上击败内燃机汽车?我认为回答这个问题的一种方式是,在我们目前销售的汽车类别中,我们已经做到了。埃隆·马斯克:(03:08:30)是的。我们已经非常接近了。然后把总拥有成本考虑进去,再考虑到电动汽车所需的保养少得多、运行成本也低得多;从总拥有成本来看就是如此。而且你随时都可以租赁一辆车,所以如果你只是租一辆车,或者贷款买一辆车,你会有每月还款,然后是汽油或电力成本以及保养成本;如果全面考虑成本,电动汽车的成本远低于名义购买价格相同的汽油车。我是说,话虽如此,可能大约3年后,当我们能制造价格更低的汽车,比如一辆25,000美元的汽车时,我认为它基本上会与同类汽油车持平,也许还会略胜一筹。所以我认为可能大约是3年左右。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:09:37)技术进步和电池制造垂直整合程度的提高,对你们改善供应链的环境和社会影响的能力产生了怎样的影响?而且我认为……是的。埃隆·马斯克:(03:09:48)我们刚才差不多已经说过了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:09:49)是的。埃隆·马斯克:(03:09:50)我们能滚动浏览一下吗?尽管往下滚。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:09:57)我们讲过回收了。埃隆·马斯克:(03:09:59)是的。一直滚,直到看到我们还没讲过的内容。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:10:02)最上面那个我们肯定讲过了。埃隆·马斯克:(03:10:09)是的,很多事情其实我们已经问过了。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:10:16)讲过了。那个。埃隆·马斯克:(03:10:26)我们真的刚刚回答过这个问题。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:10:27)是的。哦,我看到一个有关阴极耐久性的问题。我们去看那个,往下,往下,往下。很好的技术问题。继续。你们将如何同时解决阴极耐久性、成本和环境影响这3个问题?这是你们打算留给上游环境和供应链去解决的事情吗?不是,我认为我们刚才试图直接回答这一点。我的意思是,我们真正关注的不仅是阴极设施内部发生的事情,还包括目前在阴极设施外、实际应该移到内部的事情,并取消那些从一开始就不应该存在的工艺,停止使用那些成本高昂且没有必要的试剂,同时从工艺中去除大量废水。埃隆·马斯克:(03:11:09)各位,对此还有什么想补充的吗……也许我们可以让每个人都说一下自己在做什么,再讲几句话。我不知道。说话人10:(03:11:21)当然。我只想重申,这是一个极其庞大的问题。埃隆·马斯克:(03:11:25)极其庞大的问题。说话人10:(03:11:26)而且看起来 Tesla 正在朝目标前进并处于领先地位,但我们需要所有人的帮助,因为这是所有人的星球,而仅凭我们自己无法达到20太瓦时。所以请认真思考这件事,因为它影响着每一个人,大家行动起来吧。埃隆·马斯克:(03:11:45)是的。显然,如果你关心解决可持续发展问题,也愿意从事硬核工程工作,那一定要来 Tesla 工作。说话人12:(03:11:53)是的。我们介绍了几项制造方面的改进,把它们整理成一套漂亮的幻灯片时,看上去似乎很容易,但实际上极具挑战。当你从工艺中移除材料、把多个工艺整合到一起时,你必须同时做很多事情,而这是一项极其艰巨的工程挑战。所以要认识到,要完成这件事,我们需要最优秀的工程师。我们拥有这支了不起的团队,我也想向所有正在观看的团队成员致意,你们太棒了,你们把这一切整合起来,干得真他妈漂亮。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:12:36)谢谢。谢谢 Tesla 团队。完全同意。说话人12:(03:12:44)是的。就这些。罗德尼·韦斯特摩兰:(03:12:47)是的。我是罗德尼·韦斯特摩兰,负责管理 Tesla 这里的施工。我想说的是,第一,向团队致意。团队一直毫不费力地工作,这是一个非常、非常艰难的项目,为了完成它,大家似乎每天24小时都在昼夜不停地工作。我们与许多其他施工项目不同的地方在于,我们这里有一家建筑公司,而我们的独特之处是融入了制造流程。因此,从德鲁口中说出的每一个细节,都会直接落实到我们正在建造的系统中。这样一来,通常需要3或4个月才能制定出的规范,我们的设计团队会直接与制造团队合作,让我们能够极大地加快这一过程。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:13:36)是的,垂直整合方法中一个非常重要的部分,就是能够围绕设备来设计工厂,实际上是与设备同步设计,这样就能以更低的成本、更快地建造工厂。斯科特:(03:13:50)我是斯科特,专注于电芯设计。我认为很难用语言形容这有多么鼓舞人心,我在 Tesla 做这件事已经很长时间了。我真的希望其他人也能加入我们——埃隆·马斯克:(03:14:01)斯科特,从什么时候开始的?斯科特:(03:14:02)从2005年开始,和你们很多人一起。谢谢。比德鲁早1年,谁还在数呢?但我真的非常振奋,团队在过去很短的一段时间里,大约1年内取得了这些成果,这确实是一次不可思议的转变。我的意思是,希望我们向你们展示的东西能激励你们加入我们,或者加入其他人为此付出的努力。我想不出还有哪支团队比这支致力于解决该问题的团队更伟大、更聪明、更勤奋。彼得:(03:14:37)我彼得,我负责制造改进团队。我想我想表达的一点是,制造改进就像加速器。所以想想罗德尼所说的执行工作,也就是我们以多快的速度建成了这座工厂,这非常了不起,能够参与其中也确实令人难以置信。但这还不够,我们需要做的是改进制造技术,那才是真正的加速器,也是我们真正关注的重点。埃隆一直在谈论这一点,真正着手改进这个系统,才能让我们达到所需的规模和成本。彼得:(03:15:15)然后我想说的另一点是招聘方面,你是否了解电池并不重要,无论你来自哪个行业,都可以在我们正在做的工作中创造非凡的成果。我们会和来自一些你想象不到的行业的人交谈。比如我和一个制造高尔夫球的人聊过,他掌握的一些东西对我们正在做的工作确实很有影响力。所以,如果你身处任何行业,并且希望在这里产生影响,那就加入我们吧,那会很棒。托尼:(03:15:45)嗨,抱歉。嗨,我是托尼。我从事锂和阴极材料工作至今已接近23年,而这是我见过一家公司取得的最大幅度的成长,我来到这里有1年半多一点。我们正在招聘一些非常出色的人才,让我们得以运用大多数业内企业都难以实现的技术。所以,要回答这个问题,我们打算怎么做?我们确实正在推进阴极和锂材料的制造,使其超越过去20年所取得的成就。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:16:26)令人兴奋。特纳:(03:16:31)是的。我叫特纳,与团队密切合作,也和这里的每个人进行过大量合作。在阴极和上游材料方面,让所有人明白这种增长即将到来非常重要。这种增长是真实的,我们将生产所有这些电池,而每个人都需要与我们共同成长,整个供应链都需要与我们共同成长。如果你有能够简化供应链中任何环节的想法,就来和我们谈谈,来与我们合作,让我们把它实现。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:17:02)任何现有规范都是错的,任何现有制造方法都是错的,工艺设备也是错的,问题只在于错得有多离谱。引自埃隆·马斯克。埃隆·马斯克:(03:17:12)没错。我们是错的,问题只在于错得有多离谱。努力少错一点。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:17:16)所以请告诉我们错在哪里,以及怎样才能做得更好,让我们可以尽可能快地加速和改进。埃隆·马斯克:(03:17:23)好了。那么,我想感谢各位的到来。希望你们喜欢这次演示。前方的未来非常令人兴奋。我们会拼尽全力,尽快推动世界向可持续能源转型,而你们的支持和帮助是取得成功的关键。所以再次感谢,真的非常感激,期待下一场活动。谢谢。德鲁·巴格利诺:(03:17:45)谢谢。
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Al Prescott: (41:03) Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to Tesla's 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We're really excited that you could be here with us today. My name is Al Prescott. I'm Tesla's vice president of legal. Al Prescott: (41:15) There'll be two parts of today's meeting. First, the former part of the meeting we'll get out of the way, which we'll cover the seven items that stockholders have been asked to vote on. After the voting, I'll introduce Tesla's co-founder and CEO, Elon Musk, who will give a presentation about the company update and year in review. And then following the conclusion of the stockholder meeting, we'll start our separate Battery Day event. Al Prescott: (41:40) At this time, I'd like to thank the members of the Tesla team and our board, especially those who were able to make it out here in person today, as well as to our representative from PricewaterhouseCoopers, Tesla's independent auditor who is also here. But before we begin, I'd like to introduce you to Robyn Denholm, the chairwoman of Tesla, who would like to say a few words remotely. Robyn Denholm: (42:12) Thank you, Al. Hello everyone and welcome to the 2020 Tesla Shareholder Meeting. A special welcome to the many Tesla shareholders that have joined us today in person as well as online from across the country and around the globe. Robyn Denholm: (42:29) I wanted to start today's proceedings by thanking you, our shareholders, for your tremendous support over the last year. And especially to those of you who have been with us through our journey over the past 10 years, since the company's IPO in 2010. While we have stayed true to our mission of accelerating the world's transition to sustainable energy, in many ways, our company has evolved beyond recognition over the past decade. And that is a great thing. In fact, the pace of developments and the evolution of Tesla has further accelerated over the past 15 months since I last addressed you in June of 2019. You'll hear more about many of the specific achievements from Elon later in the agenda. Robyn Denholm: (43:16) But I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our Tesla employees across the globe who have done a tremendous job of executing and staying focused on delivering for our customers and shareholders, as the world has gone through one of the most challenging periods in our lifetimes. As a board, we have always taken a long-term view. We have made decisions and supported decisions made by the management team that may not have seemed obvious at the time, but are delivering and will continue to deliver breakthrough results. But it's also important to remember why we do this. As a company, we are focused on addressing one of the biggest environmental challenges of our generation, how to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy. Robyn Denholm: (44:08) The last year in particular has seen a tremendous increase in momentum in the movement to sustainable energy from both shareholders and the general public. So in addition to developing amazing clean transportation and energy products, we are doing our part by contributing the right facts and information to this important issue. And we released an extended version of our impact report in April of 2020. In issues version, we have covered in great detail, many areas that are important to our shareholders and our customers alike, such as our environmental impact, greenhouse and other noxious gas elimination, our supply chain efforts, especially in cobalt, and our culture and people focus. We hope that by continuing to put this data out there, we will underscore to the world the importance and impact that we are having as a company. Robyn Denholm: (45:09) Lastly, continuous feedback and input from our shareholders is essential for us to do our jobs. And I would like to thank you for your support in this regard. Many of you have provided me and the team with ideas and insights that we as a board take into consideration as we evolve our governance and company practices. It's especially crucial to the board members as we pride ourselves in adaptability and the diversity of thought and experience that we collectively represent on the board. Robyn Denholm: (45:41) This brings me to my final two things today, as today is his last shareholder meeting, on behalf of the board, I would like to sincerely thank Steve Jurvetson for over a decade of service to Tesla, the board, and our shareholders. You will be missed. Finally, I would like to introduce to you our newest member of the board, Hiro Mizuno, who until recently led the largest pension fund in the world. He brings a wealth of experience to the board, but let me hand over to Hiro to say a few words. Hiro ... Hiro Mizuno: (46:17) Thank you, Robyn. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Tesla Annual Shareholders Meeting. It is my real pleasure to virtually meet you, Tesla shareholders, people who believe in Tesla's mission and its growth opportunities. I spent all my career in finance and asset management in Tokyo, New York, London, and the Silicon Valley. Hiro Mizuno: (46:42) Until recently, I was a chief investment officer of GPIF $1.5 trillion Japanese public pension fund. And one of my priorities as the investment chief was to promote responsible investments, which aim to make financial returns while pursuing ESG agenda, such as environment and social issues. I believe in the market where ESG is becoming mainstream. Purpose or mission driven businesses will gain long-term investors support. Hiro Mizuno: (47:19) This is why I was interested in Tesla, where our mission is to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy. I'm very excited to join the Tesla team on the journey and hope that [inaudible 00:47:34] Tesla deliver what investors expect by further enhancing its environmental and social impact. Once again, Tesla shareholders, thanks for your support. I'm looking forward to seeing you in person next year. Thank you. Al Prescott: (47:54) Thanks Robyn and Hiro. I will now call the meeting to order. Please refer to the meeting agenda that has been provided to you and posted also to our virtual meeting site. The time is now 1:49 PM Pacific Time. And I declare that the polls are now open. Al Prescott: (48:12) We've already received voting proxies from stockholders over the past few weeks, meaning that almost all of the votes that will be counted were already submitted before the meeting. However, if you wish to vote now or to change your prior vote, you may do so through the virtual meeting site. For those that are here in person today, ballots and ballot boxes were available to you at check-in. Al Prescott: (48:37) Tesla's board of directors has appointed Computershare Trust Company to serve as inspector of elections for the meeting. Computershare has taken and signed an oath as inspector of election and has certified that starting on August 13th, 2020, the proxy material, or a notice of internet availability of the proxy material were mailed or provided to all Tesla stockholders of record as of July 31, 2020. Al Prescott: (49:04) We have a majority of the outstanding shares represented at the meeting. So I declare that there is now a quorum present and that we may proceed with the meeting. The items on the agenda are as follows; the election of three class one directors, Elon Musk, Robyn Denholm, and Hiromichi Mizuno to each serve for or term of three years. Two, to approve Tesla's executive compensation on an advisory basis. And three, to ratify the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP as Tesla's independent, registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year of 2020. Tesla's board has recommended that our stockholders vote for each of the director nominees and for each of those proposals. Al Prescott: (49:59) In addition, we have also received four stockholder proposals as described in the proxy statement. I would like to remind our stockholders that Tesla's board has prepared a statement in opposition to each of these proposals, which appear in the proxy. The first stockholder proposal is an advisory vote regarding paid advertising. Our board has recommended that our stockholders vote against this stockholder proposal. This stockholder proposal comes to us from James Danforth. Al Prescott: (50:33) However, Mr. Danforth has notified us that neither he nor his representative will be presenting the proposal at the meeting today. So we will continue. The second stockholder proposal is an advisory vote regarding simple majority voting and our governing documents. Our board has recommended that our stockholders vote against this stockholder proposal. The proposal comes from James McRitchie, who is on the line to present the proposal today. Mr. McRitchie, I would like to invite you now to present. You will have three minutes. James McRitchie: (51:14) I'd like to thank the board for holding such an innovative hybrid meeting during these difficult times. Proposal number five basically asks for a majority voting standard to amend bylaw. I first introduced a proposal on this subject at the 2014 Tesla meeting. Super majority provisions generally use to entrench incumbent directors and managers. Academic research finds that reducing such devices is associated with higher returns. James McRitchie: (51:46) The board's opposition statement argues they tried to adopt a [inaudible 00:51:51] party standard last year, but shareholders rejected it. However, 99.6% of shares voted for the proposal. Only 0.4% voted against it. The problem was that a little more than 35% of shares went unvoted. The vast majority of retail shareholders often don't bother to vote. Since only 65% of shares were voted, we didn't achieve the 66.67% necessary to overturn the current super majority bylaw. James McRitchie: (52:32) It appears the proposal failed primarily for three reasons. One, the board put forth less than robust arguments in favor. Two, they added confusion with another proposal to reclassify the board, not into a single class, that's the norm, but into two classes, elected in altering years. Third, the board also failed to make a substantial effort to solicit votes in favor. Also, please consider this proposal in context with other poor corporate governance provisions at Tesla. First, shareholders can only remove directors for cause. What that basically means is the director has to be caught in criminal activity for shareholders to remove them. Second, because the board is divided into three classes, shareholders can only hold individual directors accountable every three years. And third, shareholders cannot call special meetings, nor can they act by written consent. I hope you will agree. Corporations should not be democratic-free zones. Vote for proposal number five so that 33% of shares cannot overrule the wishes of 67%. Thank you. Al Prescott: (53:54) Thank you, Mr. McRitchie. We'll now move on to our third stockholder proposal, which is an advisory vote regarding reporting on employee arbitrations. Our board has recommended that our stockholders vote against this stockholder proposal. This proposal comes from Nia Impact Capital, whose representative Kelly Hull is on the line to present the proposal today. Ms. Hull, I'd like to invite you to go ahead and present. You will have three minutes. Dr. Kristin Hull: (54:28) Hello. My name is Dr. Kristin Hull, and I'm the founder and CEO of Nia Impact Capital. I formally move [inaudible 00:20:36]. This resolution requests that Tesla board of directors overseeing the preparation of a report on the impact of the use of mandatory arbitration on Tesla's employees and on its work place culture. The report will evaluate the association of Tesla's current use of arbitration with the prevalence of both harassment and discrimination in its workplace and on employee's ability to [inaudible 00:21:01], should harassment or discrimination occur. Dr. Kristin Hull: (55:05) This proposal speaks to the widespread experience of discrimination in the workplace by Black, Latinx, and female employees, despite this discrimination being unlawful under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Tesla has faced a number of serious allegations of racism and sexism at its Buffalo and Fremont plant. Companies that allow bias discrimination and harassment in their workplaces are at risk for unnecessary legal brand financial and human capital issues. Dr. Kristin Hull: (55:36) Support of this resolution is warranted for the following five reasons. One, research shows that companies benefit from diverse and inclusive workplaces. Two, corporate policies that allow harassment and discrimination risk investors capital. Three, the use of arbitration exposes investors to an unknown level of risk. Four, broad concerns exist with respect to fair treatment in Tesla workplace. And Tesla employees have alleged harassment and discrimination on their basically both race and gender. [inaudible 00:56:13] Tesla, a company investors love for its innovation, leadership, and [inaudible 00:56:18] is increasingly lagging behind its peers in its [inaudible 00:56:22] related to workplace diversity, equity, and inclusion. Dr. Kristin Hull: (56:26) Unlike the forward thinking and innovation in its extraordinary product lines, Tesla has not challenged proactive leadership and building a positive company culture or in addressing concerns about its workplace practices. In these material issues, Tesla lags behind its technology and automotive competitors. Dr. Kristin Hull: (56:48) The use of arbitration limits employees remedy for wrongdoing, precludes employees from stewing in court, and often keeps underlying facts, misconduct or case outcomes secret, therefore preventing employees from learning about and acting on shared concerns. Dr. Kristin Hull: (57:05) Simply stated, arbitration allows that corporate behavior like bias, harassment, and discrimination to continue to keep hidden from employees and investors. To maintain Tesla's [inaudible 00:57:17], it is essential that the board seriously assess the implications of the use of arbitration and that Tesla begins to seriously the need to ensure a fair, equitable, positive, and inclusive workplace. Thank you. Al Prescott: (57:34) Thank you, Ms. Hull. Our fourth and final proposal is an advisory vote regarding reporting on human rights. Our board has recommended that stockholders vote against this proposal. This proposal comes to us from the Sisters of Good Shepherd, New York province, whose representative, Terrence Collingsworth is on the line to present today. Mr. Collingsworth, I would like to invite you to speak now. You have three minutes for your proposal. Terry Collingsworth: (58:09) Thank you. I'm Terry Collingsworth, executive director of the International Rights Advocates. I'm here representing the Sisters of Good Shepherd New York province to present item seven on human rights disclosure, which calls upon Tesla to issue a report to describe board oversight of human rights and its human rights due diligence process, including systems to provide meaningful remedies when human rights impacts occur. Terry Collingsworth: (58:40) Tesla faces serious human rights issues and failure to establish a culture of respect for human rights will expose Tesla to new liability issues and significant reputational injury, all of which will have a material impact on the company and its shareholders. The need to set a new course for human rights compliance at Tesla is glaring. Terry Collingsworth: (59:05) Here are five examples of human rights violations occurring now in Tesla's operations: racism, sexual harassment, and disregard for human safety and dignity harm workers at the Gigafactory 2 in Buffalo, New York, every single day. And those workers urge you to remember their experiences in your vote. Terry Collingsworth: (59:28) Tesla is experienced serious labor relations issues at its production facilities and is actively discouraging union organizing. Workers are being exposed to COVID-19 and then are facing retaliation when they ask for greater protections. There are numerous worker health and safety violations as well as wage and hour issues. Terry Collingsworth: (59:50) And finally, there are serious, even deadly, human rights violations occurring in Tesla's global supply chains. On this last issue, my organization brought the pending suit against Tesla for using cobalt mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo by young children. I personally met young boys who lost limbs or were paralyzed in cobalt tunnel collapses. Tesla sources cobalt from these very mines. And its claimed to have quote, "Zero tolerance for child labor," in its supplier code of conduct is simply not true. Tesla is not only tolerating child labor in its cobalt supply chain, it is tolerating the death and maiming of young child minors. Terry Collingsworth: (01:00:42) This demonstrates why the company must circle back and begin a process to report on its treatment of human rights issues as requested in this proposal. I think consumers will have zero tolerance for a company that is exposed as being indifferent to killing and maiming child minors. We are hopeful that Tesla's innovative spirit can be brought to bear on making human rights a priority at the company. Terry Collingsworth: (01:01:12) For example, if the Elon Musk cared about implementing a zero tolerance child labor policy, instead of having a useless paper policy, Tesla could employ satellites or drones at every mine it sources from to actually monitor child labor. I encourage all Tesla shareholders to vote for item seven, human rights disclosure. Thank you for your attention. Al Prescott: (01:01:40) Thank you Mr. Collingsworth. At this time, I'd like to thank our stockholders for all of their active participation in today's meeting and for those who just presented on the line. I'd also like to read some of the comments that have been submitted by you over the course of the meeting. The first comment comes from Michael [Overbaugh 00:01:02:01]. "I take great pride in the fact that we haven't had to stoop to the level of what advertising represents to get where we are today. I'd hate to give into that kind of temptation now, when we're so close to becoming a household name that's based solely on our merit alone. But if assets do end up having to be set aside for marketing, I'd like to suggest that rather than shoving ads down the customer's throat, we established some sort of hardcore nationwide campaign and event with the goal of getting as many people as possible behind the wheel of a Tesla for an introduction drive. It's well-known how far just doing that alone goes to converting people into fans." Al Prescott: (01:02:46) "A line I recently ran across says, 'You can talk all about the specs as much as you want, but when it comes to buying a car, what ultimately puts butts in seats is the feeling that the vehicle gives you.' By demonstrating that Tesla clearly has both the specs and the feeling, what more needs saying?" Al Prescott: (01:03:08) Our second comment comes from the United Steel workers on behalf of the Clean Air Now Coalition of Western New York by Sabrina Lu. And it reads as follows, "Proposal six and seven up for vote this year are the results of widespread concern about mistreatment of Tesla workers at US factories and across the supply chain. It is clear that Tesla is not interested in addressing the harm they have caused to their workers as their board is advising shareholders to vote against the proposal. We're urging all shareholders to vote in favor of proposal six and seven. And on behalf of our workers at the United Steelworkers here in Western New York and for Tesla employees across the country and across the global supply chain, while this doesn't repair the harm, that's already been caused to countless employees, nor repair harm to children and communities forced into slave labor in the DRC, they represent steps towards a more just workplace at Tesla." Al Prescott: (01:04:19) This concludes all of the comments. Thank you all for your participation in the comments. We'll now have a final opportunity for any of you to submit proxies in order for them to be counted. So I'll pause and wait for a moment for you to do that. Al Prescott: (01:04:51) Okay. I declare that the polls are now closed. So based on the proxies that we have previously received, I'd like to announce on a preliminary basis that our stockholders have approved the recommendations of Tesla's board on all agenda items, other than the stockholder proposal for an advisory vote regarding simple majority voting in our governing documents. After the final tabulation is completed, we'll formally announce the results of the voting by filing a form 8-K with the SEC within four business days of today. This now concludes the official business of Tesla's 2020 annual stockholders meeting, which is now adjourned. Al Prescott: (01:05:37) Next, we will have a company update and a year in review presented by Elon. And then we will start our Battery Day Event. During the course of those following sessions, we may discuss our business outlook and make forward looking statements. Such statements or predictions based on our current expectations. Actual events or results could materially differ due to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those disclosed in our most recent 10-Q filed with the SEC. These forward looking statements represent our views. As of today. They shouldn't be relied on after today and we disclaim any obligation to update them after today as well. Al Prescott: (01:06:23) We will now continue with the company update and year in review. And it's my pleasure to introduce Tesla co-founder and CEO, Mr. Elon Musk. Elon Musk: (01:06:45) Everyone. Well, I mean, this is definitely a new approach. We've got the Tesla drive in movie theater, basically. It's good to see everyone. It's a little hard to read the room with everyone being in cars, but it's the only way we can do it. So hopefully it's cool. And hopefully you can hear me. Can you guys hear me? Elon Musk: (01:07:08) Okay. All right. Great. Elon Musk: (01:07:12) Well, thanks for coming. I think it's been an incredible year and I'd like to just thank you for your support through tough times, good times. It's been great. Really appreciate everyone who's put their heart and money into Tesla and I think it's worked out pretty well. This has been a good year. And I think there's many good years to come. So I'll go through the shareholder presentation fairly quickly because the real main event here is Battery Day. And really, I'm just going through a recap of what's happened over the past a year or so. Elon Musk: (01:07:58) I think starting from in terms of our ability to create a ... Elon Musk: (01:08:03) In terms of our ability to create a factory, huge kudos to the Tesla Shanghai team for being able to go from literally a dirt pile to volume production in 15 months. It's like, damn. Yeah. And I think something that's really quite noteworthy here is Tesla's the only foreign manufacturer to have a hundred percent owned factory in China. So this is often not well understood or not appreciated, but to have the only hundred percent owned foreign factory in China is a really big deal, and it's paying huge dividends here. So we really wouldn't have the results that we have had this year without the great efforts of the Tesla China team, so I'm super appreciative of that, and we'll see the Shanghai factory continue to scale quite a bit from where it is right now. I think we really could expect that to be, over time, a factory that produces over a million vehicles a year. Elon Musk: (01:09:16) Yeah, it's cool. So let's see. So we also reached in the past year of volume production of the Model Y, and this was the smoothest launch that we've ever had, so I think we're definitely getting better at a new vehicle launches and building factories and scaling production. As you've heard me say before, the hardest thing is scaling production, especially of a new technology. It's insanely difficult. Making a prototype is relatively easy, and if I think, like, what is the real achievement of Tesla in sort of car company terms, it's like it wasn't making sort of exciting prototypes. It was that Tesla was really the first company in about a century in the U.S., the first U.S. company in the U.S. to reach volume production and be sustainably profitable. The crazy thing is this has really not happened in a hundred years. That's the actual super hard part, and we now have four vehicles in volume production, S3XY. Also, the toughest joke I think maybe ever. It was a very difficult joke to make. Elon Musk: (01:10:38) So we also introduced the lowest cost solar in the U.S. It's only a dollar 49 a watt, and we really just simplified the whole value chain, so reduced sales and advertising, got rid of a bunch of unnecessary costs, and really are just relying upon the fact that it's just the lowest cost, most efficient solar in the U.S., providing both a retrofit and the solar glass roof, which I think is a really great product. A hard product to make work, but it will be a major pipeline in the future. Elon Musk: (01:11:13) And we also got four consecutive quarters of gap profitability, which was very difficult. Yeah. And certainly a testament to the hard work of people at Tesla. I mean, to do this in extremely difficult times against a wide range of adverse circumstances was insanely hard, but we got it done, and I think the future is looking I think, very promising from a sort of an annual profitability standpoint. So in order to sort of do well financially, you really need economies of scale, and you need ideally the best technology, and I think we've had the best technology for a while, but now we are also achieving economies of scale, and we're also rapidly improving autonomy, which is a massive value add to each car. So, I think the value of Tesla is going to be like total, just on the vehicle side, total vehicles produced times the value of autonomy. That's a way to think about the future value of Tesla. Elon Musk: (01:12:35) We also have consistent free cashflow generation. This is really important for growth, and a key element here is tightening up the time from when a car is ordered to when it is built and delivered. So for a company that is growing rapidly, it's extremely important to tighten the supply chain and to have, from when parts arrive, put it into a car very quickly and deliver the car very quickly to the customer. And if you can do that inside soft of your payables timeline, then the faster you grow, the more cash you have. Or conversely, if you're unable to do it within your payables timeline, the faster you grow, the less money you will have, which is obviously bad for capital intensive situation. So just tightening up and having the parts move very quickly to the factory, put it in a car, get it to a customer makes a massive difference to cashflow generation. Elon Musk: (01:13:34) I mean, that's why it's extremely important to have a factory in each continent, because if you don't at least have a factory in the continent, it isn't impossible to achieve this. So having a factory in China, that's able to serve China, and then soon many other countries in the region will be key to us tightening that total sort of chain of cashflow, and essentially the faster we grow, the more cash. This is really important. That's also why it's important to have Giga Berlin complete, because then we'll have a factory in China, a factory in the U.S. and soon a second factory in the U.S. in Austin, and a factory in Europe. Elon Musk: (01:14:18) I mean, even if for Giga Texas in Austin, even if we had exactly the same cost as in California, it would still be advantageous to do it there because it's roughly two-thirds of the way across the U.S., so in terms of delivering cars to the central U.S. and to the East Coast, it's just faster, it costs less, and it fundamentally improves our economics. So I think this is also maybe something that's not fully appreciated of just how important it is to have a factory at least on the continent or reasonably close to where the end customers is, so you can tighten that whole chain. Elon Musk: (01:14:56) Industry performance. While the rest of industry is, has gone down, Tesla has gone up, I think this speaks to ... Thanks. And so I'd like to thank all the customers for taking a chance on Tesla and buying our product and really hope you're enjoying it. This is really, our sales, as [inaudible 01:15:21] was saying, it really grew by word of mouth, so this is really, I think it's very pure in the sense that it's growing on the basis of existing owners recommending it to others to new customers. This is, really, I think, a good way to grow. Elon Musk: (01:15:40) So, and then in 2019 we had 50% growth, and I think we'll do really pretty well in 2020. Probably somewhere between 30-40% growth, despite a lot of very difficult circumstances. I mean, there's so many. Pandemic, the wildfires. It's a whole bunch of difficult production issues, but thanks to the hard work of the Tesla team and a lot of innovative approaches to overcoming issues, we're able to still see significant growth in one of the most difficult. In fact, I'd say probably the most difficult year of Tesla's existence. Elon Musk: (01:16:25) We also published our extended impact report. At Tesla, we try very hard to do the right thing. If what I think does not happen, it's just because we maybe made a mistake or weren't aware of it, but we always try to do the right thing to the best of our ability, and then we published the extended impact report to show just a self-examination of, okay, what are we doing, right? What are we doing wrong? What can we do better in the future? We're definitely trying to accomplish the most good, and so if we occasionally make a mistake, we work quickly to fix it and do the right thing. So it's worth looking at the average life cycle of emissions in the U.S. and just how much better a Tesla is or electric car than any kind of gasoline car, and what we'll talk about in the Battery Day is also just how much the grids around the world, and actually especially in the U.S., are greening. It's actually much faster than I think people realize, the U.S. is moving towards sustainable energy. And so as we move more and more to sustainable energy, then effectively you end up building the solar factories and the car factories themselves with solar or with sustainable energy. Over time, you will even mine with sustainable energy, and eventually it will get to an effective emissions of zero, so that's where things will end up. Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:17:59) So we also have safety at the core of our design. The Tesla cars are the safest cars ever designed. We have the lowest probability of injury of any cars ever tested by the U.S. government, And that's just passive safety. When you add active safety into that, it's even better, so it's really ... If safety is important to you, which obviously it is, the safest car you could drive is a Tesla. So I think some people aren't aware of this, but it's really safety is paramount. It is actually the number one design objective when we build a Tesla is safety. Elon Musk: (01:18:41) Our factories are also becoming safer, and if you look at the sort of accidents per vehicle, total vehicle made it's dramatically better than in the past, and it's already better than industry average, and we're confident we can get it to the best in the auto industry. Autopilot functionality continues to improve, and you can see it in the safety report that we publish every quarter. It's just getting better and better. The U.S. average for collisions is at roughly 2.1 per million miles, and with autopilot engaged, it's 0.3. I mean, this is a profound difference, really massive, and this will get even better. So we're confident that over time we can get the probability of an accident, especially the probability of injury, to 10 times better than the industry average, like an order of magnitude better. So that's just a lot of lives saved and a lot of injuries avoided, so that's a huge priority for us. Elon Musk: (01:19:50) Yeah, the autopilot front, I think it's hard for people to judge the progress of autopilot. I'm driving ... As a matter of course, I've always done this. I drive the bleeding edge alpha build of autopilot, and so I sort of have insight into what is going on. Previously about a couple of years ago, we were kind of stuck in a local maximum, so we're improving, but the improvements kind of started tailing off and just not getting where they needed to be. I call this sort of getting trapped in a local maximum, and so we had to do a fundamental rewrite of the entire autopilot software stack and all of the labeling software as well. Elon Musk: (01:20:40) So we are now labeling in 3D video, so this is hugely different from the previously where we were labeling essentially a bunch of single images from the eight cameras, and they would be labeled at different times by different people, and some of the labels, you literally can't tell what it is you're labeling. So it basically made it sort of in some cases impossible to label, and the labels had a lot of errors. Now with our new labeling tools, we label it in video, so we actually label entire video segments in the system, so you get basically a surround video thing to label with the surround video and with time. So it's now taking all cameras simultaneously and looking at how the image has changed over time and labeling that, and then the sophistication of the neural nets in the car and the overall logic in the car has improved dramatically. Elon Musk: (01:21:44) I think we'll hopefully release a private beta of autopilot, of the full self-driving version of autopilot in, I think, a month or so, and then people will really understand just the magnitude of the change. It's profound. So, yeah. Anyway, so you'll see it. It's just like a hell of a step change, but because we had to rewrite everything, labeling software, just the entire code base, it took us quite a while. The sort of new ... I call it like 4D in the sense that it's three dimensions plus time. It's just taken us a while to rewrite everything, and so you'll see what it's like. It's amazing. Yeah. It's just clearly going to work. Elon Musk: (01:22:42) At Tesla, the core competencies, we've got engineering, obviously, but also manufacturing. I think manufacturing is underappreciated in general, and the difficulty of designing the machine that makes the machine is vastly harder than the machine itself. So the designing, like making a Model 3 or Model Y or Cybertruck truck prototype is really quite trivial compared to designing the factory that makes it, especially if it's new technology, and you want to use new manufacturing methods. It's just at least 10 to 100 times harder to do the factory than the prototype, and that's why you see a lot of companies out there or startups they'll bring out a prototype, but they just can't get it over the hump for who manufacturing, because manufacturing of new technology especially is the hardest thing by fa. Basically, the prototype is at best 10% of the difficulty and probably closer to 1%. Elon Musk: (01:23:50) And then software. Tesla is both a hardware and a software company, so a huge percentage of our engineers are actually software engineers, and you can think of our car as kind of like a laptop on wheels, so software is incredibly important. Actually, not just in the car, but also in the factory. So the factory software is extremely important. Just software in general. I mean, these are fundamental. These are the three critical areas that are needed to make for an awesome company. So, yeah. Elon Musk: (01:24:29) So we have ... Now we'll soon have three new factories incremental on ... Well, we have one already. On three different continents. Shanghai, we're expanding the Shanghai with the second phase. Berlin is making rapid progress, and Texas is making even faster progress. So, yeah. With each factory, what we're trying to do is also improve the manufacturing technology, so in some cases like the Model Y made in Berlin might look the same, but it actually is made in a much more efficient way. Yeah, we'll talk about that later in the battery presentation. Elon Musk: (01:25:15) Yeah, we launched Megapack. It's three megawatt hours all in one energy storage solution, so it's been great overall. Yeah. All right. And I think that's basically it, right? All right, thank you. All right. Well, thanks, everyone, for coming, and we'll be back in a little bit to go through the battery stuff, and there's a little bit more. In addition to the battery stuff, we've got a few extras as well. So I think you'll really like what we have to say on batteries. Elon Musk: (01:25:53) The battery stuff we're going to talk about is truly revolutionary and essential to Tesla's goal. The fundamental good of Tesla, it's like, if you look back in history and say, "What good did Tesla do?" The good will by how many years did we accelerate sustainable energy? That's the true metric of success. It matters if sustainable energy happens faster or slower, and so that's really how I think about Tesla and how we should assess our progress. By how many years did we accelerate sustainable energy? And what we're going to talk about with batteries and a few other things will really explain how we're going to make a step change improvement in the acceleration of sustainable energy. Thank you. [inaudible 00:18:44]. Speaker 1: (01:26:50) Hi, folks. That was great. We're going to take a short break before we begin the Battery Day event, so stay tuned. If you're local and here in the audience today, you can feel free to get out of the cars and stretch your legs, but try to stay near the cars, because we're going to begin properly in a little bit. See you soon. (silence). Elon Musk: (01:27:06) [inaudible 01:40:28]. Drew Baglino: (01:40:32) Hello, everyone. Elon Musk: (01:40:37) Great. Should you start? Drew Baglino: (01:40:38) Sure. Thanks, Elon. Hi. I'm Drew Baglino, SVP of Powertrain and Energy Engineering at Tesla, and I'm incredibly excited to talk about what we've been doing with batteries here at Tesla. Elon Musk: (01:40:48) Great. So let's see. You've got the clicker? Drew Baglino: (01:40:53) I've got the clicker, yeah. Elon Musk: (01:40:54) Okay. Let's ... Yeah. I'll take it at first, perhaps. Drew Baglino: (01:40:57) Sure. Elon Musk: (01:40:58) So obviously the issues we're facing are very serious with climate change, and we're experiencing these issues on a day-to-day basis. It's incredibly important that we accelerate the advent of sustainable energy. Time really matters. This presentation is about accelerating the time to sustainable energy. Elon Musk: (01:41:23) So the past five years were the hottest on record. We have what looks like a wall for CO2 PPM. It's obviously ... This time is not like the past. It's really important that we take action. Running this climate experiment is insane, so ... Drew Baglino: (01:41:46) Especially when it's just a transitory one, anyway. Elon Musk: (01:41:49) Yes. Drew Baglino: (01:41:50) We're going to run out of these fossil fuels. Let's just move to the future and not run this experiment any longer. Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:41:55) Talk a bit louder. Drew Baglino: (01:41:56) You got it. Elon Musk: (01:41:57) Okay. So anyway, there is a lot of good ... Elon Musk: (01:42:03) There is a lot of good news though. A lot of people may not be aware that that wind and solar comprise 75% of new electricity capacity in the US this year. So this is really major. So the grid is going sustainable very quickly. Now, it's also worth noting that the length of time that power plants lasts is on the order of 25 years. So even if a hundred percent of energy generation was sustainable, it will still take 25 years to convert the grid. And it's also worth noting that in the past 10 years, power production from coal has dropped in half. So it went from 46% of electricity in 2010 to 23% in 2020. So this is a massive improvement. So good things are happening on a lot of levels. We just need to go faster. Elon Musk: (01:43:06) So Tesla's contribution, we've delivered over a million electric vehicles, 26 billion electric miles driven, and many gigawatt hours of stationary batteries, 17 terawatt hours of solar generated. So I think solar is sometimes underweighted at Tesla, but it is a massive part of our future. The three parts of a sustainable energy future are sustainable energy generation, storage, and electric vehicles. So we intend to play a significant role in all three. So to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy, we must produce more EVs that need to be affordable and a lot more energy storage, while building factories faster and with far less investment. So goal number one is a terawatt hour scale battery production. So tera is the new giga. And a terawatt is a thousand times more than a gigawatt. So we used to talk in terms of gigawatts, in the future, we'll be talking in terms of terawatt hours. So this is what's needed in order to transition the world to sustainability. Drew Baglino: (01:44:24) Yeah, and you can see it's... We're talking about a hundred X growth in batteries for electric vehicles to achieve this mission. And we are going to get there. It's just a matter of how fast. And our intention is to accelerate it. Elon Musk: (01:44:38) Yeah, you basically need on the order of roughly 10 terawatt hours a year of battery production to transition the global fleet of vehicles to electric. Drew Baglino: (01:44:48) And the average vehicle lasts 15 years. So we're talking about 150 terawatt hours give or take to transition the whole electric, all vehicles of all types, to electric. Elon Musk: (01:45:00) Yeah. So it's a lot of batteries, basically. And so- Drew Baglino: (01:45:07) Yeah. And then on the grid side, we have a similar mountain to climb, 1600 times growth from today's grid batteries to go a hundred percent renewable on the grid and to take all of the existing heating fossil fuel uses in homes and businesses, a hundred percent electric. Elon Musk: (01:45:24) Yeah. And this number I think might grow even more. As the world economy matures, and as countries with high populations industrialize, we could see this number be even more. But let's say it's like roughly 20 to 25 terawatt hours per year sustained for 15 to 25 years to transition the world to renewable. This is a lot. Drew Baglino: (01:45:53) Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:45:55) So today's batteries cannot scale fast enough. They're just too small. For Giga Nevada, 150 gigawatt hours per year is what we probably expect to make out of there. But this is really pretty small in the grand scheme of things. That's only 0.15 terawatt hours. And it costs too much. Drew Baglino: (01:46:16) We would need 135 fully built out in Nevada Giga factories to achieve 20 terawatt hours a year. It's not scalable enough of a solution. We need a dramatic rethink of the cell manufacturing system to scale as fast as we can and should. Elon Musk: (01:46:32) Yeah, and I think we should view this as more than just a question of money. Money is sort of an ethereal thing, but it's really the amount of effort. You have a certain amount of effort in terms of people and machines, and depending on how efficient that effort is, for a given amount of effort, you want the most amount of batteries. So it's not just the question of well, if we have $2 trillion, tomorrow you could make this. It's not that easy. You actually need to organize a massive number of people, build a lot of machines, build the machines that make the machines. And so it's incredibly important to have that effort yield the most number of batteries. Elon Musk: (01:47:16) So, and then goal two, obviously we need to make more affordable cars. I think one of the things that troubles me the most is that we don't yet have a truly affordable car, and that is something that we will make in the future. But in order to do that, we've got to get the cost of batteries down. We've got to make, and we've got to be better at manufacturing. And we need to do something about this curve. The curve of the cost per kilowatt hour of batteries is not improving fast enough. So we've given this a lot of thought over many years to say, okay, how can we radically improve the cost per kilowatt hour curve? It's been somewhat flattening out actually in recent years. Drew Baglino: (01:48:02) Yeah. I mean, early growth was promising, but you can see we're kind of plateauing. So that's what's motivating us to rethink how cells are produced and designed. Elon Musk: (01:48:10) Yeah, exactly. So yeah. And EV market share is growing, but EVs still aren't accessible to all. And you can see, as you Drew were saying, it's like starting to flatten out a little bit because the rate of improvement of the affordability of cars is just not fast enough. So that's why we've got Battery Day. Drew Baglino: (01:48:33) Yeah. To make the best cars in the world, we designed vehicles in factories from the ground up. Next. And now we do this for batteries as well. Elon Musk: (01:48:45) Yeah. It's weird, the slides don't show up quite right here. What shows up on the screen is not quite what shows up there. Drew Baglino: (01:48:55) Oh, okay. Elon Musk: (01:48:56) It's different. Drew Baglino: (01:48:57) Yeah. I think it's because that's... Yeah. Elon Musk: (01:48:59) That one's current, supposed to be current. Whatever. Drew Baglino: (01:49:02) So let's get started. We have a plan to have the cost per kilowatt hour. And it's not a plan that rests on a single innovation, some research project that will never see the light of day. It's a plan that has taken creative engineering and industrialization across every facet of what makes a cell into a battery pack, from raw material to the finished thing. And we're going to go through that plan with you today, step-by-step, and build up how we get to these goals and how we accelerate this transition and make our vehicles and our grid batteries more affordable. Elon Musk: (01:49:45) Yeah. I mean, we basically thought through every element of the battery, or almost every element. There are a few more elements that we won't get to today, but we will get to in the future. Drew Baglino: (01:49:53) Yes. So first before we get too far into it, let's talk about what is in a battery cell. We've got the cap and the can, negative and positive terminals of the cell. When you open that cell, you've got a tab connected to those terminals, what we call the jelly roll, which is the wound electrodes on the inside. You can actually see what this looks like as you unwind it. This is over a meter long in a typical 2170 cell. So it's quite a long winding process. And you can see the tab still there. And then to explain what's actually going on here, we've identified, we've got anode, cathode, separator, positive and negative terminal. Drew Baglino: (01:50:37) Watch what happens as we, there we go, discharge the cell. Got lithium moving from anode to cathode. And then the reverse when we charge the cell, lithium moving from cathode to anode across the separator. This is the basic of what makes all lithium-ion batteries, no matter what the form factor is. And when we look at what's happened today, at least in our products, we've moved from the 18650 form factor to the 2170 form factor through great collaboration with our partners, Panasonic, new partners like LG and CATL and probably others in the future. Elon Musk: (01:51:20) Actually, slight note on why is the one called 18650, although not on the slide, versus the 2170, is that the first two digits refer to the diameter, and the second two digits refer to the length. So that helps explain what's up with these weird numbers. But nobody could explain to me why there was an extra zero. So I, so I said, "Okay, well, we're deleting the zero that nobody can explain in future form factors." So that's why it's technically, it's like the 18650 bizarrely, but going forward it's the 2170, because we just got rid of the extra zero because it's pointless. Drew Baglino: (01:51:56) And this was a evolutionary step going from 1865 to 2170, bringing 50% more energy into the cell. But when we look to the ideal cell design, if we were to do it ourselves, we need to go beyond just what we're looking at us in front of us and study the full spectrum of options. So as you can see, we kind of swept the key figures of merit, how much we can reduce the cost and how much vehicle range increases as we change the outer diameter of the cell. We found a sweet spot somewhere around 46 millimeters. But it's not just about a bigger form factor. Anybody could make a bigger form factor. Elon Musk: (01:52:37) Any fool, any fool could make a bigger form factor. Are we not any fool? Drew Baglino: (01:52:42) Yeah, exactly. There are problems as you make cells larger. In fact, supercharging and thermals in general become really challenging as you make bigger cells. And this was the challenge that our team set our sights on to overcome. And we did, we came up with this tabless architecture that maybe you've heard about, that basically removes the thermal problem from the equation and allows us to go to the absolute lowest cost form factor and the simplest manufacturing process. And this is what we mean when we talk about tabless. It's kind of a beautiful thing. Elon Musk: (01:53:22) Yeah. That's what these t-shirts mean, but it's very esoteric. It was like, nobody could figure it out. Drew Baglino: (01:53:26) Yeah, we basically took the existing foils, laser pattered them, and enabled dozens of connections into the active material through this shingled spiral you can see with simpler manufacturing, fewer parts, 50 millimeter versus 250 millimeter electrical path length, which is how we get all the thermal benefits. Elon Musk: (01:53:46) Yeah. This is important to appreciate. Basically the distance that that electron has to travel, it's just much less. So you actually have a shorter path length in a large tabless cell than you have in the smaller cell with tabs. This is a big deal. So even though the cell is bigger, it actually has more power. The power to weight ratio is actually better than the smaller cell with tabs. This is, again, this is quite hard to do it. Nobody's done it before and it really took a tremendous amount of effort within Tesla engineering to figure out how do we make a frigging tabless cell and have it actually work and then connect that to the top cap. There's a whole bunch of things that we're keeping a little secret sauce here that we're not telling everything, but- Drew Baglino: (01:54:40) Sometimes what's elegant and simple is still hard. And it took us a lot of trials, but we're happy where we ended up. Elon Musk: (01:54:46) Yeah. I mean, everything is simple in recollection, after you... it's hard until it's discovered and then it's simple. So anyway, there's a lot of really cool things going on that enable tabless. And it was really due to a really great engineering team. Drew and the rest of the team had done amazing work in achieving this tabless construction. I think it may sort of sound a bit silly to some people, but for people that really know cells, this is a massive breakthrough. Drew Baglino: (01:55:19) For cylindricals to be able to get rid of the tabs dramatically simplifies winding and coding. And has an awesome thermal and performance benefit. Elon Musk: (01:55:28) Yeah. Just to elaborate on that a bit, it's like when the cell is going through the system, it has to keep stopping where all the tabs are. So you can't do a continuous motion production if you have tabs. You have to keep stopping and then there's a rate at which you can start and stop and accelerate again and it really slows down the rate of production. And then sometimes you get the tabs wrong and you also lose a little bit of active area. It's really a huge pain in the ass to have tabs from a production standpoint. Drew Baglino: (01:56:03) Yes. And so when we put it all together and go to our new 80 millimeter length, 4680 we call this a new cell design, we get five times the energy with six times the power and enable 16% range increase, just form factor alone. Elon Musk: (01:56:23) Yeah. So these... Yeah. It's pretty great. And just to clarify, when we see these plus 16% or whatever the percentage rate increase is, these are the amounts due just to that particular innovation. So we'll list a whole bunch of innovations and then when you add them up, you get a total improvement in energy density and cost. But these numbers are what refer to just this thing. Drew Baglino: (01:56:56) Yeah. And I want to stress, this is not just a concept or a rendering. We're starting to ramp up manufacturing of these cells at our pilot 10 gigawatt hour production facility, just around the corner. Elon Musk: (01:57:08) Yeah. So. Yeah. It's a video of some of what's going on in the plant. Now. I mean, to be clear, it will take about a year to reach the 10 gigawatt hour capacity. So this is important to appreciate. When you build a factory, there's a certain capacity that you design to, and then it takes some period of time to actually achieve that capacity. So I would say it's probably about a year before we get to the 10 gigawatt hour annualized rate with the pilot plant. And this is just a pilot plant. The actual production plants will be more on the order of maybe 200 gigawatt hours, maybe more over time. Drew Baglino: (01:58:00) And... Thank you. But let's stack up everything we just saw at the cell level. So just the cell form factor change enables a 14% dollar per kilowatt hour reduction, just that cell form factor change. And now that you've been teased on this factory, we're going to go on and walk step-by-step through that factory and discuss a series of innovations there. When thinking about the ideal cell factory, we have inspirations behind us in the paper and bottling industry, where from humble beginnings, over a century of innovation has enabled mass scale, continuous motion, unbelievably low manufacturing costs. And when we think about the lithium-ion industry, which is really only in its third decade of high volume production, it has so far to go to achieve similar scale and simplicity. And that was the inspiration that we set out to the team as we thought about how to marry cell design and manufacturing in the best possible factory. Drew Baglino: (01:59:05) And let's talk a little bit about what's in a cell factory. First, there's an electrode process where the active materials are coated into films onto foils. Then those coated foils are wound in the winding process we just talked about where if you do have tabs, you have to start and stop a lot. Then the jelly roll is assembled into the can, sealed, filled with electrolyte, and then sent to formation where the cell is charged for the first time and where the sort of the electrochemistry is set and the quality of the cell is verified. And we set out at every step of this process to try to take that inspiration we just showed and think about how we make those processes fundamentally better and more scalable. And one of the most important processes is where it all begins, the wet process of the electrode coding. And just to give you all a sense of scale, I'm going to walk through what's in that wet process. Drew Baglino: (02:00:09) You've got mixing where the powders are mixed with either a water or a solvent, solvents for the cathode. That mix then goes into a large coat and dry oven where the slurry is coated onto the foil, huge ovens, tens of meters long, dried, and that solvent then has to be recovered. You can see the solvent recovery system. And then finally the coated foil is compressed to the final density. And when you're looking at this, you're like, wow, that's a lot of equipment for one step, especially when you consider that little spec next to the coating oven is a person. This is serious iron involved in making batteries. Wouldn't it be great if we could skip that solvent step, which is one of those dig a ditch, and then fill it kind of things where you put the solvent in and then take it out and recycle it, and just go straight to a dry mix to coat? And that's what the dry process really is about. And in the most basic form, you can see it here on a benchtop, literally powder into film, as simple as that. Elon Musk: (02:01:25) I mean, it's hard actually, just to be clear. If this was easy, everyone would do it. It's not like dry coating electrode is actually easy. It's actually very hard to do what appears to be a simple thing. And it's worth noting, we did acquire Maxwell a little over a year ago, I guess, and certainly a good company and everything, but the dry coating they had was like, it's like sort of, I would call proof of concept. Since the acquisition. We've actually ramped the machine that does dry coating four times. So revision full post acquisition of the machine, and there's still a lot of work to do. So I would not say this is completely in the bag. It's still a lot of work to do. And as you grow, as you scale, go from benchtop to lab to pilot to volume production, there are actually major issues that you encounter at every level. It's not like you make something work on your bench and bingo, now you can make a bazillion of it. Drew Baglino: (02:02:26) Absolutely. Elon Musk: (02:02:26) It's insanely difficult to scale up. Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:02:31) Yeah, but if you do scale it up, what you saw before becomes this. So you can see the motivation. A 10 times reduction in footprint, a 10 times reduction in energy and a massive reduction in investment. But as Elon was saying, simple is hard. Elon Musk: (02:02:48) Yeah. I mean, to be clear, I would like to not say that right now, it just totally working. It's close to working, but it's not, even now at the pilot plant level, it is close to working. It's fair to say probably it does work, but with not a good, not a high yield. Drew Baglino: (02:03:07) Yeah. We're still ironing out the kinks, but we've made tens of thousands of cells, thousands of kilometers of electrode. I mean, we are on the fourth generation of the equipment so we've learned a lot along the way. I mean, it is super demanding because every atom has its place if you want to deliver the energy density and the cycle life and the supercharging. But we're confident that we will get there, but it will be a lot of work along that. Elon Musk: (02:03:29) There's a clear path to success, but a ton of work between here and there. But this is a really profound improvement. Again, for people that know battery manufacturing, this is gigantic. We'll probably be on machine revision six or seven by the time we do large scale production. The rate at which the machines are being improved is extremely rapid. Literally every three or four months, there's a new rev. Drew Baglino: (02:03:55) Yeah. And beyond the electrode, we continue to innovate on every other process steps. So let's talk a little bit about assembly, which is next. The key to a high-performing assembly line is accomplishing processes while in motion, continuous motion. And thinking of the line as a highway, max velocity down the highway, no start and stop, no city driving. Elon Musk: (02:04:24) Exactly, no stop lights and traffic lights sort of thing. You want the highway. Drew Baglino: (02:04:28) You want the highway. And together with our internal design team that makes this equipment and designs this equipment, we coupled thinking about how to make the best cell with thinking about how to make the best equipment so that we could accomplish the fastest parts per minute rates on all of these tools. And through all of that development, we were able to get to the point where we can implement assembly lines, one line, 20 gigawatt hours, seven times increase in output per line. And when you're thinking about scalability and pure effort, having one line be seven X the capability is just effort multiplying. Elon Musk: (02:05:10) Yeah. So you can sort of think about the sort of the fundamental physics of a factory or something. I think it's actually quite a lot like the rocket equation where you've got basically the rocket equation you've got your exhaust velocity and then the log of [end 02:05:24] masses. So it's basically saying how fast are things going and what percentage of the factory volume is doing useful work? And conveyance does not count as useful work. Drew Baglino: (02:05:34) Only the value added steps. Elon Musk: (02:05:37) Yeah. If you break the factory down into cubic meter sections and say... or smaller. Could be like one liter sections, and say, "Is a majority of this volume of doing useful work?" You'd be astounded at how bad most factories are. They'd be like maybe two or 3%, including our factory in Fremont. So I think it's possible to get to at least 10 times that of volumetric efficiency. So more like 30%ish, maybe more, and be 10x better, which means the factory can be 10 times smaller. And then the other thing is how fast are things going through the factory? It's like speed and density. A factory that's moving at say twice the speed of another factory is equivalent to two factories basically. And the company that will be successful is the company that with one factory can accomplish what other companies take two or three or four factories to do. So this is what we're trying to do here is say, okay, how do we, with one factory achieve what maybe five or even 10 factories would normally be required to achieve? Drew Baglino: (02:06:43) And the vertical integration with the machine design teams at Grohmann and Hibar and others allows us to really accomplish that because we don't have any of these edge conditions between one piece of equipment and another, we can design the entire machine to be one machine and remove all of these unnecessary steps. Elon Musk: (02:07:03) Yeah. I mean, basically Tesla is aiming to be the best at manufacturing of any company on Earth. This is the thing that's actually most important in the long run I think, just from a company standpoint and from basically achieving sustainability as fast as possible. But I think also for long-term competitiveness, eventually every car company will have long range electric cars. Eventually every company will have autonomy, I think, but not every company will be a great at manufacturing. Tesla will be absolutely head and shoulders above anyone else in manufacturing, that is our goal. Drew Baglino: (02:07:44) Manufacturing is hard and hard problems are fun to solve. Okay. Now let's talk about formation. In a typical cell factory, formation represents 25% of the investment. And what is formation? Is it's charging and discharging cells and verifying the quality of the cell. It turns out we've charged and discharged billions and billions of cells in our vehicles so we know a thing or two about that. The typical formation set up is you charge and discharge each cell individually. In our car, we charge thousands of cells at once. And we took our principal and our power electronics, leveraging Powerwall vehicle battery management systems and others to dramatically improve the formation equipment cost-effectiveness and density. 86% reduction in formation investment, 75% reduction in footprint. You want to take this one? Elon Musk: (02:08:43) Sure. So essentially what this translates to based on what we know today is about a 75% reduction in the investment per kilowatt hour. Or gigawatt hour. It's just basically four times better than the current state of the art to the best of our knowledge. And I think there's probably room to improve even beyond that. Drew Baglino: (02:09:04) Definitely. Elon Musk: (02:09:05) Definitely. Yeah. So we're able to, from a volume standpoint, actually get what, in a smaller form factor than Giga Nevada, we're able to get many times the cell output. So you can see basically we can get a terawatt hour in less space than it took to make a gigawatt hour, 150 gigawatt hours. So this is pretty profound. I would actually not have thought this was possible several years ago, that we could actually get to a terawatt scale in less space than what we currently envisioned for doing 150 gigawatt hours. Drew Baglino: (02:09:48) Yes. Simpler accelerates terawatt scale. And that's what we need to do to accelerate our mission. And as Elon said, we're going to try to even improve on this as we push towards our goals, which are... Elon Musk: (02:10:02) Yeah. So this is just talking about Tesla internal cell production. As I tweeted out earlier, we will continue to use our cell suppliers, Panasonic and LG and CATL. And so this is a hundred gigawatt hours supplemental to what we buy from suppliers. And yeah, essentially, this does reduce our weighted average cost of a sale, but it allows us to make a lot more cars and a lot more stationary storage. And then long-term, we're expecting to make on the order of a 3000 gigawatt hours or three terawatt hours per year. I think we've got a good chance of achieving this actually before 2030, but I'm highly confident that we could do it by 2030. Drew Baglino: (02:10:58) When you look at the size of that factory on the previous page, it really shows how enabling all of these advancements are in achieving a three terawatt hour goal by 2030. And not only is all of that manufacturing innovation fantastic for enabling scale, it's also an additional 18% reduction in dollar per kilowatt hour at the battery pack level. Elon Musk: (02:11:18) But wait, there's more. Drew Baglino: (02:11:19) But wait, there's more. So we have a manufacturing system, we've got a cell design. What are the active materials we're going to put in that cell design? Let's talk about the anode first. Let's talk about silicon. Why is silicon awesome? It's awesome because it's the most abundant element in the Earth's crust after oxygen, which means it's everywhere. It's sand. Elon Musk: (02:11:44) Sand is silicon dioxide. Drew Baglino: (02:11:47) And it happens to store nine times more lithium than graphite, which is the typical anode material in lithium-ion batteries today. So why isn't everybody using it? The main reason is because the challenge with silicon is that it expands four X when fully charged with lithium. And basically all of that expansion stress on the particle, the particles start cracking, they start electrically isolating, you lose capacity. The energy retention of the battery starts to fade. And it also gumps up with a passivation layer that has to keep reforming as the particles expand. Elon Musk: (02:12:19) Yeah. Basically with silicon, the cookie crumbles and gets gooey. That's basically what happens. Drew Baglino: (02:12:24) Good analogy. And current approaches to solve this, which exist, I mean, we have silicon in the cars that you're all in right now, involved highly engineered, expensive materials in the scheme of things. Now they're still great and they enable some of the benefits of silicon. They just don't enable all of it and they're not scalable enough. And you can see some of the things that maybe you've heard of, SIO, silicon with carbon, or silicon nanowires. That's kind of the space right now. What we're proposing is a step change in capability and a step change in cost. And what that really is is to just go to the raw metallurgical silicon itself, don't engineer the base metal, just start with that and design for it to expand in how you think of the particle in the electrode design and how you coat it. Elon Musk: (02:13:14) Yeah. And I'm not sure if you saw this. Basically a dollar per kilowatt hours basically. If you use simple silicon, it's dramatically less than even the silicon that is currently used in the batteries that are made today, and you can use a lot more of it. Drew Baglino: (02:13:29) The anode would cost, yeah, with this silicon, the anode costs a dollar and 20 cents a kilowatt hour. Elon Musk: (02:13:38) Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:13:41) And how does it work? Start with raw metallurgical silicon, stabilize the surface with an elastic ion conducting polymer coating that is applied through a very scalable approach. No chemical vapor deposition, no highly engineered high capacity, high cap ex solutions, and then integrate it into the electrode through a robust network formed out of a highly elastic binder. And in the end, by leveraging this silicon to its potential, we can increase the range of our vehicles by an additional 20%. Just this improvement. Elon Musk: (02:14:13) Yeah. It gets cheaper and longer range. Okay. Drew Baglino: (02:14:20) Yeah. And when we take that anode cost reduction, we're looking at another 5% dollar per kilowatt hour reduction at the battery pack level. And there's more. Let's talk about cathodes. What is a battery cathode? Cathodes are like bookshelves where the metal, the nickel, the cobalt, the manganese or aluminum is like the shelf, and the lithium is the book. And really what sets apart these different metals is how many books of lithium they can fit on the shelves and how sturdy the shelves are. Cobalt is a- Elon Musk: (02:14:53) Sorry, I was going to say it's tough to exactly figure out what the right analogy is to explain a cathode and anode. But a bookshelf is probably a pretty good one in the sense that you need a stable structure to contain the ions. So you want a structure that does not crumble or get gooey, or basically that that holds its shape in both the cathode and the anode. As you're moving these ions back and forth, it needs to retain its structure. So if it doesn't retain a structure, then you lose cycle life and your battery capacity drops very quickly. Drew Baglino: (02:15:30) Absolutely. Yeah. I totally agree. And I think people are always talking about like, oh, what's the catheter going to be? Is it [NCA 02:15:38] or whatever? The thing to consider is just fundamentally what the nickel, the metals are capable of. And that's what we have on the chart here. Dollar per kilowatt hour cathode of just the metal using just LME, London Metal Exchange prices, versus the energy density of just the cathode. And you can see nickel is the cheapest and the highest energy density. And that's why increasing nickel is a goal of ours and really everybody's in the energy- Drew Baglino: (02:16:03) Why increasing nickel is a goal of ours, and really everybody's in the battery industry. But one of the reasons why cobalt is even used at all is because it is a very stable bookshelf. And the challenge with going to pure nickel is stabilizing that bookshelf with only nickel. And that's what we've been working on with our high nickel cathode development, which has zero cobalt in it, leveraging novel coatings and dopants We can get a 15% reduction in cathode dollar per kilowatt hour. Elon Musk: (02:16:31) Yeah. Big deal. Drew Baglino: (02:16:38) But it's not just about nickel. You want a? Elon Musk: (02:16:41) Yeah. Sure. So in order to scale, we really need to make sure that we're not constrained by total nickel availability. I actually spoke with the CEOs of the biggest mining companies in the world and said, "Please make more nickel, this is very important." And so I think they are going to make more nickel. I think we need to have a kind of a three-tiered approach to batteries. Elon Musk: (02:17:07) So starting with iron, that's kind of like a medium range, and then nickel manganese as sort of a medium plus intermediate and then high nickel for long range applications like Cyber Truck and the semi. Something like a semi-truck, it's extremely important to have high energy density in order to get long range. And just to give sort of iron up a bit more time, if you look at [inaudible 02:17:37] per kilogram at the cathode level of iron, it looks like nickel's twice as good, but when you fully consider it at the pack level, everything else taken into account, nickel is about maybe 50 or 60% better than iron. Elon Musk: (02:17:52) So iron is a little better than it would seem, when you look at it at the pack level fully considered. It's not as good as nickel, nickel's like 50 to 60% better, but it's actually pretty good. Good for stationary storage and for medium range applications where energy density is not paramount. And then, like I said, for intermediate, it's kind of a nickel manganese, and it's a relatively straightforward to do a cathode that's two-thirds nickel one third manganese, which would then allow us to make 50% more cell volume with the same amount of nickel. Drew Baglino: (02:18:32) And with very little energy trade-off. Just enough to have, you still want to use 100% nickel for something like a semi-truck, but really not much of a sacrifice at all. Elon Musk: (02:18:41) Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:18:44) And beyond the metals, because a lot of people spend time talking about the metals. Actually the cathode process itself is a big target. 35% of the cathode dollar per kilowatt hour is just in transferring it into its final form. And so we see that as a big target. And we decided to take that on. Drew Baglino: (02:19:03) Here's a view of the traditional cathode process. Effectively, if you start at the left and you have the metal from the mine, the first thing that happens is the metal from the mine is changed into an intermediate thing called a metal sulfate, because that just happened to be what chemists wanted a long time ago. And then when you're making the cathode you have to take this intermediate thing called the metal sulfate fate, add chemicals, add a whole bunch of water, a whole bunch of stuff happens in the middle, and at the end you get that little bit of cathode and a whole bunch of wastewater and byproducts. Elon Musk: (02:19:34) It's insanely complicated. It's a small world journey of, "I am a nickel atom, what happens to me?" And it is crazy. You're going around the world three times, there's the moral equivalent of digging the ditch, filling the ditch and digging the ditch again, it's total madness basically. And these things just grew up, they're just kind of like legacy things, it's like how it was done before and then they connected the dots but really didn't think of the whole thing from a first principle standpoint saying, "How do we get from the nickel ore in the ground to the finished nickel product for a battery?" So we've looked at the entire value chain and said, "How can we make this as simple as possible?" Drew Baglino: (02:20:18) And that's what we're proposing here with our process. As you can see, a whole lot less is going on here. We get rid of the intermediate, metal, water, final product cathode, recirculate the water, no wastewater at all. And when you summarize all of that it's a 66% reduction in CapEx investment, a 76 reduction in process costs and zero waste water. Much more scalable solution. Drew Baglino: (02:20:48) And then when you think about the fact that now we're actually just directly consuming the raw metal nickel powder, it dramatically simplifies the metal refining part of the whole process. So we can eliminate billions in battery grade nickel intermediate production. It's not needed at all. And we can also use that same process we showed on the previous page to directly consume the metal powder coming out of recycled electric vehicle and grid storage batteries. So this process enables both simpler mining and simpler recycling. Drew Baglino: (02:21:21) And now that we have this process, obviously we're going to go and start building our own cathode facility in North America and leveraging all of the North American resources that exist for nickel and lithium. And just doing that, just localizing our cathode supply chain and production, we can reduce miles traveled by all the materials that end up in the cathode by 80%, which is huge for cost. Elon Musk: (02:21:45) Yeah. To be clear, cathode production would be part of our the Tesla cell production plant. So it would just be basically raw materials coming from the mine and from raw materials in the mine out comes a battery. Drew Baglino: (02:21:59) And on that note, the way the lithium ends up in the cell is through the cathode. So then we should obviously on-site lithium conversion as well, which is what we will do using a new process that we're going to pioneer. That's a sulfate-free process again, skip the intermediate, 33% reduction in lithium cost, a hundred percent electric facility co-located with the cathode plant. Elon Musk: (02:22:25) So it's important to note that there is a massive amount of lithium on earth. So lithium is not like oil. There's a massive amount of it, pretty much everywhere. In fact is there's enough lithium in the United States to convert the entire United States fleet to electric, all the cars in the United States. Like 300 million or something like that. Every vehicle in the United States can be converted to electric using only lithium that is available in the United States. Drew Baglino: (02:22:55) Discovered today. Elon Musk: (02:22:57) Yeah, what we already know is exist. Drew Baglino: (02:22:58) People really haven't even been looking. Elon Musk: (02:22:59) Yeah, people haven't been trying because it's just widely available. But it is important to say, "Okay, what is the smartest way to take ores and extract the lithium and do so in an environmentally friendly way?" And we actually discovered... Again, looking at it a first principles physics standpoint, instead of just the way it's always been done, is we found that we can actually use table salt, sodium chloride, to basically extract the lithium from the ores. Nobody's done this before, to the best of my knowledge, nobody's done this. And all the elements are reusable, it's a very sustainable way of obtaining lithium. And we actually got rights to a lithium clay deposit in Nevada. Drew Baglino: (02:23:51) Over 10,000 acres. Elon Musk: (02:23:52) Over 10,000 acres. And then the nature of the mining is actually also very environmentally sensitive in that we sort of take a chunk of dirt out of the ground, remove the lithium, and then put the chunk of dirt back where it was. So it will look pretty much the same as before, it will not look like terrible. And yeah, it'll be nice. Drew Baglino: (02:24:13) Simply mix clay with salt, put it in water, salt comes out with the lithium, done. Elon Musk: (02:24:18) Yeah. It's pretty crazy. Drew Baglino: (02:24:19) Yeah. So we're really excited about this and there really is enough lithium in Nevada alone to electrify the entire US fleet. Elon Musk: (02:24:27) Yeah, that's true. Actually, just what's in Nevada. Basically, there's so much damn lithium on Earth it's crazy. It's one of the most common elements on the planet. Drew Baglino: (02:24:39) And eventually, as we said at the beginning, when we get to this steady state 20 terawatt hours per year of production, we will transfer the entire non-renewable fleet of both power plants, home heating and industry heating and vehicles to electric. And at that point, we have an awesome resource in those batteries to recycle, to make new batteries. So we don't need to do any more mining at that point. And you can see why. The difference in the value of the material coming back from the vehicle versus the ground, you'd always go to the vehicle. And we recycle a hundred percent of our vehicle batteries today. And actually, we are starting our pilot full-scale recycling production at Gigafactory Reno next quarter to continue to develop this process as our recycling returns grow. Elon Musk: (02:25:30) To date, it's been done by third parties, but we think we can recycle the batteries more effectively, especially since our batteries, we're making the same battery as the thing we're recycling. Whereas third party recyclers have to consider batteries of all kinds. Drew Baglino: (02:25:46) Yeah. And just to think about what this actually means, the recycling resource is always 10 or greater years delayed because batteries last a really long time, but eventually it is the way that all resources will be made available. And that's why we're investing in this recycling facility in Nevada. Elon Musk: (02:26:04) Yeah. Long-term, new batteries will come from old batteries once the fleet reaches steady state. Drew Baglino: (02:26:11) Right. Okay. So we just talked about scaling cathode and recycling, all of the benefits that you just saw are added to this benefit of a 12% reduction in dollars per kilowatt hour at the battery pack level, almost at our half of the cost goal, but there's one more section. Take it away, Elon. Elon Musk: (02:26:31) So there's an architecture that we've been wanting to do at Tesla for a long time, and we've finally figured it out. And I think it's the way that all electric cars in the future will ultimately be made, it's the right way to do things. Elon Musk: (02:26:52) So it starts with having a single piece casting for the front body and the rear body. And in order to do this, we commissioned the largest casting machine that has ever been made. And it's currently working just over the road at our Fremont plant. It's pretty sweet. Currently making the entire rear section of the car as a single piece, high pressure die-cast aluminum. And in order to do this, we actually had to develop our own alloy because we wanted a high strength casting alloy that did not require coatings or heat treatment. This is a big deal for castings. Especially with a large casting. If you heat treat it afterwards it tends to deform, it kind of does this like potato chip thing. So it's very hard to keep a large casting to have its shape. Elon Musk: (02:27:47) So in order to achieve this, there was no alloy that existed that could do this, so we developed our own alloy, a special allow of aluminum, that has high strength without heat treat and is very castable. So that's a great achievement of our materials team. In fact, in general, we've got a lot of advanced materials coming for Tesla, new alloys and materials that have never existed before. Elon Musk: (02:28:10) So, you're basically making the front and rear of the car is a single piece and that then interfaces to what we call it, the structural battery. Where the battery for the first time will have dual use. The battery will both have the use as an energy device and as structure. This is absolutely the way things are done. In the early days of aircraft they would carry the fuel tanks as cargo. So the fuel tanks actually were quite difficult to carry. They're basically worse than cargo, you had to add to kind of bolt them down. It was very difficult. And then somebody said, "Hey, what if we just make the fuel tank in wing shape?" So all modern airplanes, your wing is just a fuel tank in wing shape. This is absolutely the way to do it. And then the fuel tanks serves this dual structure, and it's no longer cargo. It's fundamental to the structure of the aircraft. This was a major breakthrough. We're doing the same for cars. Elon Musk: (02:29:26) So this is really quite profound. Effectively the non cell portion of the battery has negative mass. So we saved more mass than the rest of the vehicle than the non cell portion of the battery. So it's like, "How do you really minimize the mass of a battery? Make it negative. Make the non cell portion of battery pack negative." So it also allows us to pack the cells more densely because we do not have intermediate structure in the battery pack. So instead of having these supports and stabilizers and stringers and structural elements in the battery, we now have a lot more space in the battery because the pack itself is structural. Elon Musk: (02:30:10) What we do essentially, instead of having just a filler that is a flame retardant, which is currently what is in the 3NY battery packs, we have a filler that is a structural adhesive, as well as flame-retardant. So it effectively glues the cells to the top and bottom sheet. And this allows you to do shear transfer between upper and lower sheet. Just like if you have a formula one craft or a racing boat, and you have carbon fiber face sheets and aluminum honeycomb between them, this gives you incredible stiffness and it's really the way that any super fast thing works is you create basically a honeycomb sandwich with two face sheets. Elon Musk: (02:30:58) This is actually even better than what aircraft do. Because aircraft do not do this. They can't do this because fuel is liquid. So in our case the batteries are solid. So we can actually use the steel shell case of the battery to transfer shear from the upper and lower face sheet, which makes for an incredibly stiff structure, even stiffer than a regular car. In fact, if this was a convertible that had no upper structure, that convertible will be stiffer than a regular car. So it's just really major. Elon Musk: (02:31:38) So it improves the mass efficiency of the battery. And then those castings are also quite important because you want to transfer load into the structural battery pack in a very smooth, continuous way. So you don't put arbitrary point loads into the battery. So you want to sort of feather the load out from the front and rear into the structural battery. It also allows us to move the cells closer to the center of the car, because we don't have the... In the top one we've got all the supports and stuff, so the volumetric efficiency of the structural pack is as much better than a non-structural pack. And we're going to actually bring the cells closer to the center and because they're closer to the center it reduces the probability of a side impact potentially contacting the cells because in any kind of side impact has to go further in order to reach the cells. Elon Musk: (02:32:36) It also proves what's called the polar moment of inertia. Which is if you think of when there's a ice skater arms out or arms in. Arms in, you rotate faster. So if you can bring things closer to the center, you reduce the polar moment of inertia and that means the car maneuvers better. It just feels better. You won't know why, but it just feels more agile. So it's really cool. This is really major. Elon Musk: (02:33:03) Like it says, so 10% mass reduction in the body of the car, 14% range increase, 370 fewer parts. I really think that long-term in any cars that do not take this architecture will not be competitive, Drew Baglino: (02:33:22) And it's not just at the product level, a better product. But in the factory, it's a massive simplification. You saw the part removal, it's casting machines, it's the structural battery pack. So we're looking at over 50% reduction in investment per gigawatt hour, 35% reduction in floor space. And we'll continue to improve that as we make the vehicle factory of the future. Elon Musk: (02:33:45) Yeah. So major improvements on all fronts from the cell all the way to the vehicle. Drew Baglino: (02:33:52) And in addition to the improvements we just said on enabling additional range and improving the structural performance of the vehicle, it is worth another 7% dollar per kilowatt hour reduction at the battery pack level, bring our total reductions now to 56% dollars per kilowatt. Drew Baglino: (02:34:17) All right. So stacking it up. We're not just talking about cost or range. We've got to look at all the facets. So range increase, we're unlocking up to 54% increase in range for our vehicles and energy density for our energy products. 56% reduction in dollars per kilowatt hour at the battery pack level, and a 69% reduction in investment per gigawatt hour, which is the true enabler when we talk back about how do we achieve this scale problem here. Elon Musk: (02:34:47) Yeah. So I think it's pretty nice that investment per gigawatt hour reduction is 69%. I mean, who would have thought? Drew Baglino: (02:34:57) Yeah, just happened to come out that way. Elon Musk: (02:35:03) I mean, 0.420%, of course. So what this enables us to do is achieve a new trajectory in the reduction of cell cost. And now to be clear, it will take us probably a year to 18 months to start realizing these advantages and to fully realize the advantages probably it's about three years or thereabouts. So if we could do this instantly we would, but it just really bodes well for the future and means that the long-term scaling of Tesla and the sustainable energy products that we make will be massively increased. So, what tends to happen as companies get bigger is things tend to slow down, actually they're going to speed up. Drew Baglino: (02:36:00) And they have to speed up if we're going to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. Elon Musk: (02:36:04) Yeah. Long-term we want to try to replace at least 1% of the total vehicle fleet on Earth, which is about 2 billion vehicles. So long-term, we want to try and make about 20 million vehicles a year. Drew Baglino: (02:36:25) But I think it's important to point out that when we talked about three terawatt hours by 2030, the problem is a 20 terawatt hour problem. So everybody needs to be accelerating their efforts to accomplish these objectives. It doesn't matter where you are in the value chain. There is a ton to do, you need to rethink from first principles how you do it, so that you can scale to meet all of our objectives. Elon Musk: (02:36:47) Yep. Drew Baglino: (02:36:49) And, Elon. Elon Musk: (02:36:50) Sure. Drew Baglino: (02:36:53) What does this mean... Elon Musk: (02:36:55) What does this mean for our future products? So we're confident that long-term we can design and manufacturer a compelling $25,000 electric vehicle. This has always been our dream from the beginning of the company. I even wrote a blog piece about it because our first car was an expensive sports car, then it was a slightly less expensive sedan, and then finally sort of a, I don't know, mass market premium, the Model 3 and Model Y. But it was always our goal to try to make an affordable electric car. And I think probably, like I said, about three years from now, we're confident we can make a very compelling $25,000 electric vehicle that's also fully autonomous. Drew Baglino: (02:37:48) And when you think about the $25,000 price point, you have to consider how much less expensive it is to own an electric vehicle. So actually it becomes even more affordable at that $25,000 price point. Elon Musk: (02:38:02) Yeah. So we have and extreme performance and range. And we should probably talk about, more or less, Plaid. What about that? So, yeah. Anyway, we took the latest Plaid out to Laguna Seco on Sunday, it got a minute 30, and we think probably there's another three seconds or more to take off that time. So we're confident the Model Plaid will achieve the best track time of any production vehicle ever, of any kind, two-door or otherwise. Elon Musk: (02:39:15) And you can order it now. And it's available basically in the next year. And now we'll move to Q&A. Drew Baglino: (02:39:26) Absolutely. Elon Musk: (02:39:27) So we'll invite a few people on stage. Drew Baglino: (02:39:31) Come on up team. Elon Musk: (02:39:32) This is just a small portion of the team, but I thought it'd be great to show you some more of the team and when we do Q&A we can give various people different questions to answer. Drew Baglino: (02:39:49) Sounds great. Actually, I don't know how we're getting the questions. Elon Musk: (02:39:54) Actually, I don't know either. You can maybe get out of the car for two seconds and yell it at us. How are we getting the questions? Speaker 2: (02:40:07) [inaudible 02:40:08]. Drew Baglino: (02:40:09) Oh, there are mics. Wait for the mic. Elon Musk: (02:40:11) Oh, there are mics. Okay, great, great. Drew Baglino: (02:40:14) All right. Elon Musk: (02:40:16) Okay. We'll definitely needs to give people mics cause otherwise there's no way. Sorry? All right. We're going to pass some mics out. Oh, we don't have a name for the $25,000 car yet. Drew Baglino: (02:40:45) That's a great question, though. Speaker 3: (02:40:45) Elon, you talked about in Berlin that you were going to [inaudible 02:40:45] manufacturing [inaudible 02:40:44]. Elon Musk: (02:40:45) Yes, we will be manufacturing cells in Berlin. Yep. Drew Baglino: (02:40:52) Thermal management system? Speaker 4: (02:40:53) [inaudible 02:40:56]. Drew Baglino: (02:40:55) For homes. Elon Musk: (02:40:56) Oh, you mean like the home HVA? Yeah. That's a pet project that I'd love to get going on. I don't know, maybe we'll start working on that next year. Because I just think, man, you could really make a way better home HVAC system that's really quiet and super efficient, super energy efficient, and also has a way better filter for particles. And it works very reliably, and we've already developed that for the car. So the heat pump in the Model Y is really pretty spectacular. It's tiny, it's efficient, it has to last for 15 years, it's got to work in all kinds of conditions from the coldest winter to the hottest summer. So we've actually already done a massive amount of the work necessary for a really kick-ass home HVAC. Elon Musk: (02:41:53) And they could also stack them. So if you want to say, depending upon the size of your house or whatever, how much you need, you can just basically stack them and just have a very compelling, super efficient home HVAC. And then you could also communicate with the car and it'll know when you're coming home. So it's like, "Oh, I don't need to keep the house cold all day, I'll just cool it down because I knew you were coming home." So the pack can communicate with the car and just really dial it into when you actually need cooling and heating. It'll be great. Drew Baglino: (02:42:25) Fun product. Who's next? Eli: (02:42:30) Hello? Hey guys, Eli here from Tesla Owners Club, my Tesla adventure. Just quick question, so I'm a huge fan of car camping in my Tesla with my dream case, my all time favorite activity, is it going to be possible to get climate control to the back of the cyber truck? Because that would be the ultimate camping machine if we can get all night climate control. Elon Musk: (02:42:51) We'll try to do that. Yeah. I agree, that would be really cool. Yeah. Drew Baglino: (02:42:59) All right. Who's next? Speaker 5: (02:43:00) Hello, longtime fan, Elon, great guy. Just a question, how does the ICE industry look like in the future? Elon Musk: (02:43:12) Well, I don't think there will be at ICE industry longterm. Well, I guess there might be like a few things that it's a like curious thing. There's still like some steam engines made somewhere, but they're just basically sort of quirky collector's items. I mean, that will be the future of the internal combustion engine car. Ryan McCaffrey: (02:43:36) Hi, Elon, to your left here in the white Model y. Ryan McCaffrey from the Ride the Lightning Tesla podcast. Curious about cyber truck, it was interesting to see where you had it in on the battery technology front. I'm sort of curious what you see for it in the production front. Trucks are so popular in America, do you see its volume equaling the 3 or the Y in the future? And also, were Tesla's able to legally be sold in Texas as part of the Giga Texas deal? Elon Musk: (02:44:09) Well, it's hard to say what the volume exactly would be for the cyber truck. The orders are gigantic. We have like, I don't know, well over half a million orders, I think maybe six or 600,000. It's a lot, basically, we stopped counting. So I think there's probably room for, I don't know, at least like a unit volume of like 250 to 300,000 a year, maybe more. Now, we are designing the cyber truck to meet the American spec. Because if you try to design a car to meet the super set of all global requirements you can't make the cyber truck, it's impossible. So it really is designed for the American market, but this is the biggest market. Our North American market is the biggest market for pickup trucks by far or large pickup trucks. Elon Musk: (02:44:59) And then I think we'll probably make an international version of cyber truck that'll be kind of smaller, kind of like a tight Wolverine package. It'll still be cooler, but it'll be smaller because you just can't make a giant truck like that for most markets. So, yeah, but it's going to be great. Elon Musk: (02:45:17) And I don't know. I think probably we'll be able to sell directly in Texas. We do pretty well right now, but it is a bit weird not being able to actually conclude a transaction in Texas, but it's got to be like a click on a server based in California. But weirdly we can do leasing in Texas, but not selling. Hopefully that'll get cleared up in the future. Speaker 6: (02:45:42) Elon, great job with everything that you're doing. It's Ross Gerber from Gerber Kawasaki. Your team's amazing. What I'm most curious about, these innovations are incredible but on my drive up here fully on autopilot for 400 miles, the entire state is brown and this is ultimately about climate. Has there been some analysis done if all these things are achieved, what will its direct impact be on climate? Elon Musk: (02:46:10) I think it will have a very significant impact because it will stop the CO2 PPM from growing as it is every year. I should say, I try to view the whole climate thing as a science question as much as possible. Science, you always question your hypothesis, is it true? Is not true? Or assign a probability to a given hypothesis. And I should say that my original interest in electric vehicles predates the climate issue. When I was in high school, I thought, "Man, if we don't figure out electric cars, the whole economy's going to collapse when we run out of oil." So we better figure out electric cars and sustainable energy or civilization's going to crumble. Elon Musk: (02:46:57) And then it was only later that the significance of the climate risk became apparent. And we were also able, using tracking and other types of technology to access a lot more fossil fuels than previously thought, which is helpful for lowering the cost of gasoline, but it's pretty bad for the total tonnage of CO2 that you could put in the atmosphere. It's now greatly beyond what people previously thought. As we were just going through this presentation, it is a absolutely monumental task to accelerate the advent of sustainable energy. The entire global economy is still more than 99% dependent on, or call it roughly 99% dependent on, fossil fuels. So although electric cars get a lot of press right now, as a percentage of the total global fleet it's practically nothing. I would say yes, less than 1% of the global fleet is electric right now. Because of two billion cars and trucks and whatnot in use. So there's a massive amount of work ahead. Just insane, like hard to comprehend how much work is ahead to get the new vehicle production to be sustainable, to massively increase the amount of stationary storage, which is critical because renewable energy is intermittent, wind, and solar is intermittent, sometimes the wind doesn't blow and this obviously sun doesn't shine at night, so you got to have batteries, a massive, massive number of batteries. Drew Baglino: (02:48:44) Yeah, it's hard to measure in direct impact, but it's an experiment that we shouldn't be performing. And the sooner we can end the experiment the sooner we can kind of move on in a fully sustainable way that is actually lower cost. I think the thing that people haven't fully internalized is once we do get to the 25K car, the ownership cost of that car is incredibly lower than the prior car. And then on the solar side and wind, with the cost of solar wind coming down and with batteries coming down with them, the actual cost of energy on the grid is going down. So we're sort of moving towards a sustainable lower cost future. So there's not like a sacrifice. Elon Musk: (02:49:21) That's true. It is a false dichotomy to say that it's either prosperity or sustainability. This is often used by oil and gas to say like, "Oh, well, do you want people to lose their jobs? Do you want to lower people's standards of living? Do you want to make all these economic sacrifices really in order to have sustainability?" And the reality, as Drew was saying, is that sustainable energy is going to be lower cost, not higher cost than fossil fuels. Speaker 7: (02:49:52) Elon, quick question for you, right here in front. First, thanks for having everyone. I was telling a friend, the one company to go work for that's going to have the biggest structural... Speaker 8: (02:50:03) And the one company to go work for, that's going to have the biggest structural impact over the next 10 years at scale, it's probably Tesla. So kudos to everyone at Tesla for what they've done to this point and going forward. The two questions for you, as you've looked at the auto in the storage markets, I know you've talked about it at kind of 50/50 longterm, but it seems like a lot of the battery cost curve achievements that you presented today, really make some of these storage opportunities much more feasible over the next five years. And so I guess the first part of the question is, does your calculus upon learning and improving these things, change on that 50/50 mix, or is there a role where storage becomes bigger? And then the second part of the question, with all these huge grand visions, who's going to be with Tesla from a corporate perspective, accomplishing these things? Obviously, Tesla can't do it alone, but when you look at some of the traditional auto industry or power, et cetera, I don't see a lot of other Tesla's. Elon Musk: (02:50:59) Well actually, there's a lot of companies in China that I think are doing great work with electric vehicles and also with stationary storage, although we don't see that much in the US yet, but I think probably we will in the future. I don't know, obviously we're doing everything we can to encourage other companies to move to sustainable transport and also make stationary storage batteries. We made our patents freely available, we really try to tell these companies, "Hey, you really need to do this, or you won't exist in the future," but they don't believe it. So we've talked until we're blue in the face. What are we supposed to do? But we really are hopeful that other companies will also do what we're doing and that will make a sustainable future come sooner. Drew Baglino: (02:51:53) From a fundamental market size perspective, we did the first ground up work to show the size of the market in terawatt hours and they are roughly 50/50. 10 terawatt hours for transportation, 10 terawatt hours for the grid. And part of that is because the grid batteries, because when you're making a power plant, you're making a large investment, our 25-year assets are greater. If the grid batteries were 10-year kind of things, the grid market would be bigger, but because it's a longer duration asset, they're roughly the same size. Speaker 9: (02:52:31) Thinking long-term, is there any other segments that this new battery will be able to disrupt or electrify, beyond just the initial Model 2 or cheaper sedan? Like a Boring Company loop, plane- Elon Musk: (02:52:44) Where are you? Are you there? Speaker 9: (02:52:45) What's up? Right here. Elon Musk: (02:52:46) Okay, great. It's like ventriloquism here, we just get the sound out of the speaker and can't tell where the heck it's coming from. Speaker 9: (02:52:55) Yeah. Any hints or is the model too such a big deal because it decreases the cost of transportation, that that is really the disruption, or should we get hyped that this new cost curve opens up different vehicle categories, like a high passenger density bus, Boring loop, boat, plane? Elon Musk: (02:53:12) Well, I mean, there are batteries in limited production right now, that do exceed 400 watt hours per kilogram, which I think is about the number you need for a decent range, medium range aircraft. And I think our batteries will, over time, start to approach the 400 watt hours per kilogram range as well. So yeah, I mean, I think over time, we'll see all modes of transport, with the ironic exception of rockets, transition to sustainability or to electric basically. On the rocket front, what we're planning to do is, about 80% of Starship is liquid oxygen and we're actually already running a power line to be able to use wind power to create the liquid oxygen. So we're making some decent progress on sustainability on the rocket front, but there's just no way to have an electric rocket. And it's important for the future of life and consciousness, that we become a multi planet species, so got to keep doing that. Josh Phillips: (02:54:21) Hi Elon, Josh Phillips here, retail investor. I have a question in regards to the lithium and nickel industries and the likely price spikes and shortages of high grade materials the EV industry is likely to see if they don't act fast to address future supply. Tesla have clearly made the right moves that are necessary, but there's a real worry that the potential supply issues and price spikes will create a drag on the rest of the EV industry and therefore a drag on global EV adoption. What advice would you give to the EV and mining industries to quickly solve this looming hurdle? Because for a sustainable energy future, the spice must flow. Thank you. Elon Musk: (02:55:07) Yeah, indeed. The spice must flow. The new spice. I don't know. I'm not sure. I guess we can try to basically overdo it in cell production and perhaps supply cells to others, but we do see the fundamental constraint, as total cell production. That's why we're putting so much effort into making cells and kind of trying to reinvent every aspect of cell production, from mining the ore, to a complete battery pack, because it's the fundamental constraint. We're not getting into the cell business just for the hell of it, it's because it's the fundamental constraint, it's the thing that is the limiting factor for rapid growth. But we could certainly try to overdo it on cell production and perhaps sell cells to others, although we are going at absolute top speed, so it's not like we're holding it back. Elon Musk: (02:56:15) I think just making really efficient cars that have lower drag coefficient, low rolling resistance, efficient powertrains, I mean, that's kind of what we've done in order to make iron phosphate still have a good range. So the iron phosphate's a lower energy density solution, but while there are some limitations on the total amount of nickel produced every year, there's really no limit on the iron. There's so much iron it's ridiculous. So you can really scale up iron phosphate at a raw materials basis, more than you can nickel. Drew Baglino: (02:57:00) And just to point out, when we were walking through this presentation, we intentionally separated all the different aspects. The benefits of structural battery, apply to an iron based cathode in the same way they apply to a nickel based cathode. So you get longer range, iron base vehicles. And also the silicon benefit can apply to the iron based vehicles as well. So we can do a lot to extend the range of an iron based vehicle, which is why it's a key part of the roadmap going forward. And then I invited Turner up here to talk about what the mining industry can do. Turner: (02:57:31) Yeah. Diversification on the cathode side, is obviously massive and EVs are all about efficiency. And so for the EV industry, for the vehicle industry, we need to see powertrain efficiency really increase, all other companies, matching Tesla powertrain efficiency, so that everyone can have that diversified cathode approach, where LFP is used in medium range, and even really make a 300 mile vehicle with LFP. And really the goal that we were trying to present here, was a model for vertical integration, strategic vertical integration, that a lot of different people can do. What we need to see is vertical integration that shortens the process path, from mine to cathode. And what we're doing here is novel and we're trying to push the industry in that direction. So we're presenting a model here that anyone can can follow. Elon Musk: (02:58:27) Yeah. In fact, if there's anything that you guys want to comment on, feel free to step forward and say something. Speaker 10: (02:58:34) I think the key is to be smart about your chemistry choices, your materials choices. Elon Musk: (02:58:38) Talk louder. Speaker 10: (02:58:38) Yeah. If you're smart about your materials choices, the spice will continue to flow. You don't need to use the same kind everywhere. It's about strategically planning it out and for miners, I think we are incentivizing them quite a bit, to ramp up their production. Drew Baglino: (02:58:57) Yeah. And actually we had good calls, they're all motivated. I think, they've been sort of sitting back being like, "Are you going to grow like crazy?" And we're like, "Yeah, we're going to grow like crazy." And then I think this indicates we're going to grow like crazy and that's what the miners want to hear and then they'll go make the investments. Ben Limpic: (02:59:13) Hello, Elon. This is Ben Limpic, I'm a musician. I was wondering, does Tesla have any future plans to make partnerships with music companies, like it has done with Tencent games or things like that, for you guys to actually kind of expand your services for artists and other types of creative people, to get involved in producing content that can be part of the Tesla ecosystem or so other people that do creative things can get involved with you guys? Elon Musk: (02:59:44) We haven't really thought about it that much, but I suppose it's probably something we should think about. We will be providing a title on the Tesla's. So we're providing more music sources that people can choose from and just generally trying to improve the entertainment experience in the cars. And I think actually as we go to a more autonomous future, the importance of entertainment and productivity will become greater and greater. I mean, to the degree that if you're just basically sitting in your car, the car is fully autonomous and driving somewhere, the car is essentially your chauffeur and then the things that become important are, okay, well let's have good entertainment and if you want to do some productivity stuff, then that actually starts to become much more important because you're no longer spending your attention driving the car. So it will be extremely important in the future. Drew Baglino: (03:00:42) Should we do some of the say.com questions? Speaker 11: (03:00:46) Yeah. Drew Baglino: (03:00:47) Okay. Should we do the second one? Elon Musk: (03:00:54) Yeah. The first one, I think we already answered. If we're able to make enough cells, which we'll try to do, we will supply other companies. It's definitely not an intentional effort to keep the cells to ourselves, if we can make enough for other companies, we will supply them. And we were trying to do the right thing for advancing the sustainable energy, whatever that is. Elon Musk: (03:01:19) Vehicle to grid, we get asked that a lot. I think one of the things that's important to note, is vehicle to grid, unless you have a power cutoff, you need to cut off your main supply to the grid, otherwise, if you lose the power in your house, you'll basically just backflow energy to the grid. So just having a reversal in the power flow, does not actually keep the lights on, you need a whole separate system to cut off power to the grid. And I think there's also the case that people really want the freedom to be able to drive and to charge at their house. And it's obviously very problematic if you get to morning and your car, instead of being charged, it discharged into the house and then you're sort of, "Okay, now I can either drive or use the battery to power my house." Elon Musk: (03:02:19) I think it's actually going to be better for people's freedom of action, to have a power wall and a car separate, and then everything works that. You basically combine that with solar, either solar retrofit or solar glass roof, and local battery storage, so you basically become your own utility and then the car can be charged also with solar. I think that's the stuff that works, that said, we can certainly do vehicle to grid, I think we can basically enable that with software in Europe or something, right? Drew Baglino: (03:03:00) Yeah. Future generations of power electronics, we will be able to do this more or less everywhere, from a energy market participation perspective, but from a backing up the house and it just so happens that the way the North American connectors are, on all the cars in North America, it doesn't matter whether it's the Tesla connector or the connector that the other vehicles have, doesn't actually support powering your home. It's unfortunate, so you'd need an additional hardware to do that. But yeah, in the future, all versions of our vehicles will be able to at least do bi-directional power flow for the purposes of energy market participation. But even for that, it's important to remember that your car is in plugged in 24/7, so it's kind of an unpredictable resource for the grid. It'll have a value, but it's not the same as a stationary battery pack. Elon Musk: (03:03:49) Yeah. Honestly, a vehicle to grid sounds good, but I think actually has a much lower utility than people think. I think very few people would actually use vehicle to grid. With the original roadster, we had vehicle to grid capabilities, nobody used it. Drew Baglino: (03:04:15) How do we find the engineers to do everything we're saying? Elon Musk: (03:04:18) How do we find the engineers to do all these things? Well, I guess we recruit a lot of engineers from all parts of the world. I think Tesla has a good reputation for doing exciting engineering and that tends to attract a lot of the top engineers in the world because they know that their efforts at Tesla will really serve the greater good and we're super hardcore about engineering. Tesla is first and foremost an engineering company, it's like hardcore engineering is what we do. The sheer amount of hardcore engineering done at Tesla is insane. And if you look at say, there's various surveys done of engineering schools, where do you want to go, what's your top choices? And actually the top two choices last few years, have been Tesla and SpaceX. So sometimes it's Tesla first and sometimes SpaceX first, but those are the two top ones. Drew Baglino: (03:05:18) Yeah. I mean, if you're motivated to solve some of these problems, which are the hardest problems in the world to solve, that really fundamentally enable the future we all need, please reach out and help us work on these problems. Elon Musk: (03:05:30) Absolutely. And like you said, the battle is far from over. Less than 1% of the global automotive fleet has been converted to electric and even maybe less than 0.1% of stationary storage has been done. So stationary storage has barely begun, converting the global vehicle fleet to electric, has barely begun. So there's still a massive amount of engineering work to be done at Tesla and other companies, to accelerate this transition to sustainability. Jordan: (03:06:06) Hey, can you guys hear me? Drew Baglino: (03:06:07) Yeah. Jordan: (03:06:08) This is Jordan from Mark Asset Management. So you've talked about the importance of the factory and you've mentioned the ground up design process and a lot of the new things that you're going to be doing or started to do in Shanghai, Berlin, and Austin. Can you just maybe help us understand and quantify, how financially meaningful all of those improvements will be, and then given what you're trying to accomplish as a company, is it fair to assume that the vast majority of improvement will be given back to the customer in the form of lower prices? Elon Musk: (03:06:39) Yeah. I mean, I think certainly we will try to give back as much as possible to the customers. It's not like Tesla's profitability is crazy high, our average profitability for last four quarters, is maybe 1%. So just to be clear, it's not like we're minting money. Our evaluation makes it seem like we are, but we're not. So we do want to try to make the price as competitive as we can, without losing money. If you keep losing money, you'll just die. So this thing called profit is just like, we need to bring in more money than we spend, otherwise we're dead. Drew Baglino: (03:07:19) But affordability is key to how we scale, right? The demand goes non-linear as you reduce the price of the car. Elon Musk: (03:07:25) Yeah. I mean, it's important to sort of separate the difference between affordability and value for money or desirability of the product. So for a lot of people, they want to buy a Tesla, they simply don't have enough money. We could make the car infinitely desirable, but if somebody does not have enough money, they can't buy it. Sometimes people kind of forget this. People have to have enough money to buy the car and just making a car super desirable, but expensive, does not mean they can afford it. So it's absolutely critical that we make cars that people can actually afford. Go through some of these things, scroll down or something. Drew Baglino: (03:08:19) When do you expect Tesla vehicles to beat ICE vehicles on initial purchase price? I think a way to answer that question, is in the classes of vehicles we sell today, we're already doing that. Elon Musk: (03:08:30) Yeah. We're already pretty close. And then factoring in total cost of ownership and the fact that electric vehicles require much less servicing and are way cheaper to run, when you look at total cost of ownership. And you can always lease a car, so if you just lease a car or get a loan for a car, you've got your sort of monthly payments and then your cost for either gasoline or electricity and your cost of servicing and the fully considered cost of electric car is much less than a gasoline car of the same nominal purchase price. I mean, that said, maybe on the order of three years, when we can do lower cost, like a $25,000 car, I think that will be basically on par, maybe slightly better than a comparable gasoline car. So I think maybe it's on the order of three years-ish. Drew Baglino: (03:09:37) How have the technology advancements and increased vertical integration of battery manufacturing, influenced your ability to improve the environmental and social impact of the supply chain? And I think ... Yeah. Elon Musk: (03:09:48) We sort of have said that already. Drew Baglino: (03:09:49) Yeah. Elon Musk: (03:09:50) Do we have some ability to scroll through this? Just scroll away. Drew Baglino: (03:09:57) We covered recycling. Elon Musk: (03:09:59) Yeah. Just scroll until we've got stuff that we haven't covered. Drew Baglino: (03:10:02) We definitely covered that top one. Elon Musk: (03:10:09) Yeah, a lot of the things we've already asked really. Drew Baglino: (03:10:16) Covered that. That one. Elon Musk: (03:10:26) We literally just answered that. Drew Baglino: (03:10:27) Yeah. Oh, I saw a cathode durability question. Let's go to that one, go down, go down, go down. Good technical question. Keep going. How are you going to address the cathode durability and cost and environmental impact trifecta? Is this something you're going to leave the environment upstream and supply chain to solve? No, I think we tried to answer that directly. I mean, we really are looking at not just what happens in the cathode facility, but currently outside the cathode facility that should really be inside and removing processes that shouldn't have been there in the first place and the use of reagents that are just costly and not necessary and removing a bunch of wastewater from the process. Elon Musk: (03:11:09) Guys, is there anything you want to add to ... Maybe we can go through everyone and maybe say what you're doing and say a few words. I don't know. Speaker 10: (03:11:21) Sure. I just want to reiterate the fact that this is a massive problem. Elon Musk: (03:11:25) Massive problem. Speaker 10: (03:11:26) And it seems like Tesla's on its way and ahead, but we need everybody's help because it's everybody's planet and we're not going to get to 20 terawatt hours by ourselves. So please think about this carefully, as it affects everybody, so let's get on it. Elon Musk: (03:11:45) Yeah. And obviously, if you care about solving sustainability and doing hardcore engineering, definitely come work for Tesla. Speaker 12: (03:11:53) Yeah. We went through a couple of the manufacturing improvements and it kind of looks easy when you put together a nice slide deck, but it's super challenging. When you take materials out of the process, when you integrate processes together, you have to do a lot of things at once and that's like this immense engineering challenge. And so to appreciate that, to get through this, we need the best engineers we've got. And we've got this awesome team, I just want to shout out also to all of our team watching, you guys are awesome, you absolutely kicked ass putting this together. Drew Baglino: (03:12:36) Thank you. Thank you, Tesla team. Totally agree. Speaker 12: (03:12:44) Yeah. That's it. Rodney Westmoreland: (03:12:47) Yeah. Rodney Westmoreland, managing the construction here at Tesla. What I would like to say is, one, shout out to the team. The team has been working effortlessly, a very, very tough project here, for 24 hours a day it seems like, around the clock, to have this complete. The thing that sets us apart from a lot of other construction, we have a construction company here, the thing that sets us apart is that we're integrated in the manufacturing process. So every detail that comes from Drew's mouth, is directly implicated into the system that we're building. That way, what would typically take three or four months to create a specification, our design team is working right with the manufacturing team, to allow us to speed that process up tremendously. Drew Baglino: (03:13:36) Yeah, it's definitely a important part of the vertically integrated approach, is to be able to design the factory around the equipment, in fact, together with the equipment, so you can build the factory at lower costs and more quickly. Scott: (03:13:50) I'm Scott, I focus on cell design. I think it's hard to put into words how inspiring this is, been at it such a long time with Tesla. And I really hope others do join us- Elon Musk: (03:14:01) Since when Scott? Scott: (03:14:02) Since 2005, with many of you. Thank you. Year before Drew, who's keeping track? But I'm really stoked what the team's been able to accomplish over the last short period of time, about a year, it's been really an incredible transformation. I mean, hopefully what we've shown you, inspires you to join us or join somebody else in the effort. And I couldn't think of a greater, more intelligent, more hardworking team to be working on for this problem. Peter: (03:14:37) I Peter, I lead the manufacturing improvement team. And I guess the point that I'd like to make, is manufacturing improvements is like the accelerator. So you think about the execution that Rodney talked about, in terms of how fast we've been able to put together this factory, which is amazing and something that's been really incredible to be a part of. That's not enough, what we need to do is improve the manufacturing technology, that's the real accelerator and that's what we're really focused on. Elon talks about it all the time, that really going and improving that system is what will enable us to get to the scale and the cost that we need. Peter: (03:15:15) And then the other point that I would make is on the recruiting side, it doesn't matter if you know about batteries, if you come from any industry, you can do something fantastic in the work that we're doing. We talk to people from industries that you wouldn't imagine. Like I talked to a guy who makes golf balls and he has stuff which is really impactful for what we're doing. So if you're in any industry and you want to be impactful here, come join us, it'd be great. Tony: (03:15:45) Hi, excuse me. Hi, I'm Tony. I've been working in lithium and cathode materials for almost 23 years now and this is the most growth I've seen in a company, I've been here a little over a year and a half. We are hiring amazing people that are allowing us to leverage technology that most of the industry is struggling to achieve. So to answer the question, how are we going to do this? We are really advancing the materials manufacturing for cathodes and for lithium, beyond what has been accomplished in the previous 20 years. Drew Baglino: (03:16:26) It's exciting. Turner: (03:16:31) Yeah. My name is Turner, work closely with the team, have worked a lot with everyone here. On the cathode and upstream materials side, it's really important that everyone understand that this growth is coming. This growth is real, we are going to make all of these batteries and everyone needs to grow with us, the entire supply chain needs to grow with us. And if you have an idea that simplifies anything in the supply chain, come talk to us, come work with us and let's do it. Drew Baglino: (03:17:02) Any existing specification is wrong, any existing manufacturing method is wrong, process equipment, it's wrong, it's just a question of how wrong. Quote Elon Musk. Elon Musk: (03:17:12) Exactly. We're wrong, just the question of how wrong. Trying to be less wrong. Drew Baglino: (03:17:16) So tell us how we're wrong and how we can do it better, so that we can accelerate and improve as fast as possible. Elon Musk: (03:17:23) All right. Well, I guess thank you everyone for coming. I hope you liked the presentation. Very exciting future ahead. We're going to work our damnedest to transition the world to sustainable energy as quickly as possible, and your support and help is key to that success. So thanks again, super appreciated and look forward to the next event. Thank you. Drew Baglino: (03:17:45) Thank you.