我，下午好，下午好，很荣幸欢迎各位参加这场压轴活动，为MIT航空航天领域真正卓越的100周年庆典画上句号。我会简短发言，因为我确信你们来这里不是为了听我讲话。在开始之前，我想简要回顾一下本周研讨会的重要意义。过去几天里，我们在校园迎来了航空航天学者、创新者和众多人士中的翘楚，来自世界各地的500多名校友和嘉宾加入了我们，共同向过去1个世纪的航空航天成就以及MIT在地球交通发展中的核心作用致敬。这场庆典也提供了一个展望未来的机会，比如想象自主系统的兴起对航空会意味着什么

旅行、商业和太空探索，而认识并意识到本系教职员工、学生和校友对地球旅行产生的影响之巨大，确实令人叹为观止。当我环顾这些抽出时间参加我们本周这些、这些活动的航空航天先驱时，不断回到我脑海中的想法是这样一个认识：核心16参与了航空航天史上的每一项重大成就，这确实非同寻常，而这体现了教职人员、行政人员，以及过去1个世纪里获得MIT学位的6,000多名航空工程师的领导力、分工和才华。正如过去几天我们所看到的那样，这个系仍然致力于追求卓越

并突破现实与可能的边界，而且在我看来毫无疑问，MIT是阿里尔·阿斯特拉，这场派对将继续成为航空航天领域的主导力量，至少再持续100年。我想花一点时间表彰海梅·普里教授。海梅和他的教职员工及学生团队在策划和执行本周活动方面做得确实非常出色。他们打造了一个令我们所有MIT人都非常自豪的项目，我要向他、向这个系及其团队致以最深切的谢意。在我们开始问答之前，我想请各位观看一段由极具创新精神的公司SpaceX制作的短片。它展示了该公司近期在推进私营太空探索方面取得的一些成功，如果你们可以

由计算机承诺，启动第2级，压制，感谢飞行，压力59，切换至内部电源，倒计时5 4 3 2 1，看龙飞船太空舱正在前往国际空间站，空间站上将拖曳1枚硬币米，并确认捕获，正如他们在委内瑞拉所说，那是一段很酷的视频。很荣幸向各位介绍今天节目的明星。海梅／雷教授是HN斯莱特教授，也是MIT阿伦阿斯特罗系主任，他将担任今天下午的访谈者，引导一场对话。我们无比激动地欢迎来到我们校园的，是他这一代人中最富创造力的头脑之一，埃隆·马斯克。埃拉姆是一位工程师和企业家，他创建并运营公司，以解决环境

社会和经济挑战。他共同创立了PayPal，目前在自己创办的2家公司使战略开发和设计变干，即SpaceX的太空探索技术和Tesla Motors。他还担任美国最大太阳能供应商SolarCity的董事长，并阿莱特SpaceX努力成为第1家成功发射一艘航天器并使其与国际空间站脱离对接的私营公司。凭借他作为企业家的才华以及作为工程师令人印象深刻的创造力，他是我们这里所有MIT人的民间英雄。请欢迎哈米德／雷教授和先生。

埃隆·马斯克，下午好。过去3天里，我们一直在庆祝MIT航空航天创新100周年。我们回顾了从过去汲取的教训、当下的激动人心，并对未来进行了推测。被强调的共同之处，是这不可思议的100年一直蕴含着远见者的热情，像哈姆·索克、杜·莱托、加德纳、德雷珀和西蒙斯这样的人。还有谁能比埃隆·马斯克更适合加入这份远见者名册，为本次研讨会收官，并在我们开启MIT航空航天第2个世纪之际加入我们。埃伦是一位创新者，也鼓舞着新一代工程师和企业家。首先，阿隆，非常感谢你的到来，很荣幸邀请你来到这里，欢迎来到MIT。那么我们会以轻松的方式开始

想请你稍微详细谈谈我们在视频中看到的内容。好的，内容相当多。嗯，我的意思是，我们在那里看到的是，而且而且，我只是像我们的传播团队把它制作出来，所以我只是在后面第一次像用剑一样看了它，可能慢动作有点太多了。所以，你知道，我们在那里看到的是我们的Falcon 9火箭和外面的龙飞船，我们还看到Falcon 9可重复使用版本的一些初步测试，它能够实现开放式着陆，也就是可重复使用性，这关系到火箭技术迈向下一个层级所需的关键突破。你认为你也许什么时候能让通常的力量级进行实际飞行？嗯，我们已经能够让火箭助推器软着陆

到目前为止在海里发生了2次，不幸的是，你知道，它大概在那里停了几秒钟，然后倾倒并爆炸了，确实，要复用这一点相当困难，但不幸的是，单位圆它支撑，它和一栋14层楼的建筑一样高，所以，你知道，当一栋14层楼的建筑倒下时，那可是一次相当、相当猛烈的肚皮着地，因此我们需要做到的是，能够吃掉在浮动平台上的着陆，或者理想情况下，助推返回发射场并重新降落到发射场，但在我们布鲁斯返回发射场并尝试在那里降落之前，我们需要证明我们可以一次又一次精准降落，否则可能会发生糟糕的事，但如果它没有证明能回到我们预定的位置，所以我们为即将到来的发射安排了，我认为我们已经

有机会降落在、在一个浮动着陆平台上，实际上我们有一个巨大的平台，目前正在路易斯安那州的一家造船厂建造，这是外加的巨大、巨大问题，我是说，它大约长300英尺、宽170英尺，从太空看起来非常小，而火箭支腿的跨度是60英尺，所以，你知道，你得，而且它会在海上自行定位，你知道，带着、带着、带着能让它保持位置的发动机，它会尝试保持在一个特定位置，但这很棘手，你会遇到这些大涌浪，还有，你知道，GPS误差，所以，但是，你知道，如此恭维，它没有抛锚，因为它就像是在该死的大西洋上，所以，所以那就是我们要放的地方，我们会尝试在下一次

飞行中降落到那上面，如果我们降落在那上面，那么我认为我们就能回复那个布鲁斯特，但我认为第一次把它降落在平台上的概率可能不超过50%，或者更低，不过接下来1年会进行很多次发射，所以接下来的12个月里至少会进行12次发射，我认为，我认为其中一次飞行能够降落并重新飞行的可能性相当高，大概有80%到90%，所以我认为我们已经非常接近了，我很好奇，为什么你们选择使用反向推力火箭着陆，而不是爵士机翼、轮子和跑道，或伦敦，或像沙佩尔那样跑掉，是的，有几个原因，如果你愿意，SpaceX的长期抱负是开发

在火星上建立一座能够自我维持的城市或火星文明所必需的技术，而如果你要去地球以外的地方，机翼和跑道其实行不通，月球没有大气层，所以带机翼和轮子的机翼和轮子，你知道，那里没有跑，那里没有跑道，也没有大气层，对月球来说不是一个好选择，然后火星上也没有跑道，而且大气层非常稀薄，所以除非你，你知道，就像，你知道，尝试让某个东西以超音速着陆，所以不像，这对火星来说也不是一个好选择，所以如果你想去地球以外的地方，就真的必须擅长脉冲之后的着陆，这就是你拥有火箭的原因，因为显然飞机在地球上运行得相当好

所以，然后，但即便算上值得回收，你知道，当你真正审视它时，即使其他行星有大气层，推进式着陆的代价肯定也相当低，就像你完全可以这么做，做一个简单计算，看看终端速度是多少，然后如何在水面高度识别发动机以达到200速度，然后，如果你做一些有趣的事，比如看看我们的着陆装置，它们本质上就像巨大的机身襟翼，所以当我们展开着陆线并给予一个陷阱时的阻力，喝，阻力会大幅增加，因此我们的着陆装置有双重用途，既是干燥的机身襟翼，也是着陆装置，而它实际上把终端速度减半，因此我们让这辆载具停下所需的燃料与推进剂减半，而且实际上

这是一种相当高效的精准着陆方法，如果你想使用降落伞或水上着陆，可以使用更少的质量，但这样一来合理性就会受到负面影响，那么近期是否有任何可复用第二级产品的计划，那个、那个、那个在猎鹰架构之后的下一代飞行器将按完全可复用来设计，我不认为猎鹰产品线2会有一个合理的上面级，只是、只是因为对于、对于、对于以煤油为基础的系统，比冲确实不够高，无法做到这一点，而且我们执行的很多商业卫星部署任务都只是地球静止轨道任务，所以我们真的要去非常遥远的地方，这些是高德尔塔受祝福的排放任务，因此要尝试从那里把某个东西带回来确实非常困难

但是对于下一代飞行器，它采用过冷甲烷氧气系统，推进剂被冷却到接近冻结温度以提高密度，我们肯定可以实现完全可复用，而该系统旨在成为一个完全可复用的火星运输系统，所以不只是到近地轨道，而是一路前往火星并返回，我以为我们想过在8年时有用，哈，我是个乐观的人，但一向如此，我、我认为我们可以在5年或6年的时间范围内开始看到一些试飞，不过我们谈论的是一种大得多的飞行器，飞行器一起，是的，而且我们还会升级到类似新一代的更硬发动机循环，也就是全流量分级燃烧，所以我们现在拥有的是

作为一种开式循环发动机，所以我的意思是，现在可以说，像是，发动机是我们最薄弱的环节，那是基础，但在下一代中，它们将会变得和结构以及航空电子设备一样强。好的，谢谢你，阿普。那么让我……SpaceX只有12年历史，而你们已经证明，在某些方面，你们可以与像洛基特、波音和尤维恩斯这样资历深得多的发射服务提供商正面竞争。你认为一家年轻且传统的公司挑战现有势力的这种无能，应归因于什么？当然，实际上需要澄清一点，像是，像是，现在我们最薄弱的环节是发动机，这是就比冲而言，而不是就推重比而言。实际上，我们拥有我认为可能是有史以来推重比最高的发动机，但是，但是……

我们的特定动物，也就是发动机效率，比使用相同推进剂的Dennis级燃烧发动机差大约10%。至于竞争力，我认为，我认为这主要归结为创新速度。我们的创新速度比大型航空航天公司或那种由国家推动的系统快得多得多。而且总体而言确实如此，如果你比较大公司与小公司的创新，小公司通常比大公司更擅长创新。从达尔文主义的角度看，事情必须如此，因为你这类公司如果不尝试创新，就会，就会直接消亡，因为否则人们只会继续购买大公司的产品。所以，不过我的意思是，先生，那么……

为什么基础更有创新力？我认为，这可能是因为我们拥有一种，我可以说是，超级工程驱动的文化。我的意思是，它真的很好。我们运行的有点像是硅谷操作系统。这有点……这有点难以描述，像是，你该如何描述Linux，像是，像是，你知道，像是，Linux比其他一些操作系统效率更高，足以保持非常少，像是，它可以……确切地说，为什么会这样，你真的必须深入细节。但是，红迪单元，你拥有一个相当扁平的层级结构，你促进快速沟通，最好的想法获胜、我的最佳想法获胜的文化，而不是这种，你知道，让某人的资历来决定解决方案。我的意思是，在工程选择中绝不应该如此。

要，你知道，以理性为基础。而且我还认为，在领导层面，与所谓具备管理能力的人相比，我更愿意选择工程能力很强的人。而且，你知道，像是，我们确实会雇用一些MBA，你知道，但，但是你是否同意，这通常是尽管有安必恩，还是因为它？我认为这值得在博客上写一写。你确实在大力推动将可重复使用这一概念作为实现可负担性的一种方式，但你是否同意，证明制造一款更昂贵的可重复使用飞行器合理的唯一方式，是你能够保证最低飞行频率？而市场存在吗？什么……如何结束它们，比如说5年、10年的时期，谁将提供那种需求？它会从哪里来？嗯，这是一个检查和摘录的情形。

我的意思是，太空飞行需求低的原因，是它贵得荒谬。而且，而且，你知道，所以在某个时刻，有人……有人有Sarah，我们要制造某种价格低廉得多的东西，然后，然后看看会开发出什么应用。是的，那就是，那就是已经发生的事情。我的意思是，火箭领域的情况就像是，如果一架飞机……那种富有想象力的飞机是一次性的，那么会有多少人乘坐？我的意思是，本地火灾，我们真的很低。你买一架747，大概是2.5亿美元，只有3亿美元，而且往返需要2架。所以没有人会花大约5亿美元从波士顿飞到伦敦。而且，而且，如果真是这样，航班数量就会非常少，比如科学和……

军事用途，而像胡佛这样的人会说，哇，飞机的市场太小了，人们真的很喜欢坐船，那是赞助商，所以你穿，如果我们有可重复使用的支架，我们就能减少，做到完全可重复使用，并达到不错的飞行频率，其潜力在于将太空运输成本降低一个数量级，这对于在另一颗行星上建立一个自给自足的文明至关重要，甚至是在，你知道，月球上，或某种L5殖民地之类的地方，但你确实需要降低成本，我们至少需要在这类运输上实现一个旅游数量级的改进，事实上，我的意思是，相对于火星任务以及火星任务工作所需成本的估算，我想，比如一些较低的估算

处于1000亿至2000亿美元的水平，你知道，对于一个4人任务而言，我们需要，我们更需要大约降低10000倍，我不，要让它可行，是的，但好吧，我的意思是，这样人们才负担得起前往，两点，太空旅游作为一种客户，而人们想要付费进入轨道，我的意思是，这算是某种人们，你的私人场所，私人太空飞行将会形成某种规模的市场，是的，我，我不知道，我的意思是，真的很好，只是我们正努力推进火箭技术，而我的意思是，一方面，如果我们，即使我们只是稍微接近火星殖民这个总目标所需的技术水平，比如我们只是稍微接近一点，我们当然就能拥有一项可行的业务，为卫星提供发射服务，并为太空站提供服务，那

类事情，因为，比如，是的，我的意思是，你在这里只占大约5%，你知道，所以并不是说这仍然不是一项非常可行的业务，处理这次活动的轨道，而且这足以让任何航班45支持呼叫回声，我们好像在禁食，比其他火箭公司更有竞争力，所以最近确实有很多人联合起来对付我们。好的，我在这个星球上的美好时光，让我们谈谈火星，那才是真正让现场许多人兴奋的事，很多网站，我们许多人，我们首先要怎样到达那里？在你看来，我们需要开发、需要改进的最重要的2到3项技术是什么，才能让这件事更接近我们希望它达到的状态？第二，我还想请你谈谈，哪些中间阶段会有用

任务，我们会利用月球吗？月球是……是的，事情，我……我们前往火星途中的必要一步？除了月球是必要的东西，但它，我认为，如果你已经有一枚能够前往火星的火箭和一艘航天器，那你不妨顺路飞到月球，我的意思是，这就像，我的意思是，这就像相对于去火星而言横渡英吉利海峡，是的，所以这就像，如果你有能横渡大西洋的船，你会横渡英吉利海峡吗，可能百度它们，从后勤角度看是必要的吗？不，肯定不是，这当然不是必要的，但你最后可能还是会建一个月球基地，只是因为为什么不呢，是的，所以，不过就关键技术而言，是的，关键、关键技术，显然，如果能有某种全新的、根本性的

从未存在过的东西，并且比如推动物理学的边界，那会很棒，但就，你知道，我们今天所了解的物理学而言，我认为，我实际上认为我们已经具备基本要素了，我可以，我的意思是，如果我们，如果你使用致密化、已识别的甲基氧火箭，并在轨道上补充燃料，在地球轨道补充燃料，所以你比如把航天器喷射、航天器送入轨道，再派出一批补给燃料的任务把燃料箱装满，然后基本上就会形成火星殖民舰队，它会在地球与火星每26个月发生一次的同步之间那段时间里组建起来，然后舰队中的所有罐子会在最佳转移点，我认为，我认为我们有，我们不需要任何类似，所以我们不需要任何、任何

人们还不知道的那种东西，我相信这一点，但我们已经有了构成要素，不过，不过质量效率极其重要，所以要有更好的、完全可用的隔热罩，是人类受到的辐射，或者我，人类受到的辐射，我国家，是的，我的意思是，能够减轻辐射影响的东西，当然，我的意思是，我认为辐射影响通常被严重夸大了，因为如果你去过月球，比如在深空中待2周，巴兹·奥尔德林就在周围，还有许多其他去过的人，现场也有，是的，太棒了，我的意思是，所以比如他们显然没有过程，就像他们还活着，而且，你知道，他们，是的，他们看起来没事，有人在太空站待了大约1年或更久，他们也没事，所以这，我不知道，我的意思是

我们可以采取一些措施来减轻根部的辐射，你知道，通过水管的有效布置，所以比如说，你带到那里的是什么，比如税，你会把它放在朝向太阳的方向，是的，但我的意思是，我真正考虑的是，每个……的实质外观，我们确实需要在火星上建立一个高效的托盘仓库，所以那是，不过我的意思是，我真的认为这就像，有很多，我的意思是，显然需要完成许多艰难的工程工作，但，不过它就在那里，各个部件都在那里，你会看到机器人任务先于载人任务前往火星，并且在周围对4个人更好，是的，是的，我认为那会，是的，我的意思是，我们已经有，比如，你知道，在商场、在校队上有漫游车，或者已经有了，所以我认为

我们会在火星上看到更多机器人，而且我们可能希望确保推进剂仓库能够运转，成为一个自动化推进剂仓库；还有一些问题是，在火星上如何发电，你是要用核反应堆吗，你知道，如果那样，你就得把核燃料带到那里，指令真的很重；你会采用某种轻量化太阳能发电系统吗，也许是大型充气式太阳能阵列之类的东西，所以只是法律上的发电，这就带来了一个有趣的问题，然后就是弄清楚如何把所有效率细节都做对，之后再在火星上制造比如甲烷和氧气，火星要去二氧化碳大气层，而且那里有很多水，某种承载着我们的石油，给我回答一个已经讨论过的问题

在过去几天里，我们是否应该考虑单程旅行，只去不回的火星之旅，殖民这颗行星的最佳方式是什么，是这样吗，你怎么看，这在社会上是不可接受的，你认为人们会报名去做吗，我认为有很多人报名参加前往火星的勇士任务，不过也许我可以请考虑这种选择的人举手，我看到有一些，不多，或许足够执行几个任务，所以这当然、当然已经存在，我认为这有点像：这是一次单程任务，然后你死去，还是这是我的一次任务，而你会得到补给，这两者差别很大，我们来自第2种选择，是的，正是如此，不过我的意思是，我认为，所以这是一个很大的无实际意义的问题，因为你会想把飞船带回来，就像这些

宇宙飞船很昂贵，好吧，如果它们很难对付公牛，就不能把它们留在那里，所以人们是否想回来，有点像是如果他们愿意就可以跳上去，但你需要空间，你回来了，谢谢，我是你的，有点奇怪，就像随着时间推移，火星上会有一大批宇宙飞船，真的，好吧，如果就像我们只是在后面，当然我们只是在后面，所以我认为那是，那是肯定的，比如如果有必要，特别是说我们想在某个时候建立一个规模可观的殖民地，是的，那是一个问题，看看阿波罗的经历，你是否担心，比如说我们在10、15年后让人类登陆火星，而他们不知道南方，兴奋感已经结束了，我们已经做到了，然后就走

然后像我们对波罗所做的那样，为接下来的50年穿衣，这不是你担心的事吗？是的，好吧，这就是为什么我认为我们确实应该把目标设定为在火星上创建一个自给自足的文明，而不仅仅是一次火星任务，因为那样我们就有风险，你知道，那会很棒、很酷，会创下一项新的高空纪录，而且，你知道，会有很棒的照片之类的，但我的意思是，它会是，它只是，它只是不是那种从根本上改变人类未来的事情。而这个，我是说，我或许应该稍微解释一下其中的理由，你知道，为什么我认为在火星上建立一个自给自足的殖民地很重要，因为我认为有些人知道这一点，但大多数人可能不知道，而你遇到，你会听到所有这些反驳

比如在地球上所有这些我们需要处理的问题，我们应该重新专注于那些问题，而答案是肯定的，我是说，我们的主要关注点是你在地球上的手掌，但我认为应该拿出某个很小的数额，用于在火星上建立殖民地并让生命成为多行星的。我说的很小数额，是指少于我们资源1%的某个数字。所以，你知道，它不像医疗保健那么重要，但它比化妆品之类的更重要。我的意思是，我可以推动我知道我支持化妆品，我喜欢它们，它们很棒，但你知道，口红还是呼叫火星，所以感觉可能有不同意见，但我，所以我，所以我认为，我认为我们应该，我们应该拥有那个，而这因为人类的未来将从根本上沿着

单行星物种或多行星物种的路线分叉，而多行星版本的人类、人类的未来将持续长得多；如果我们是多行星物种，而不是单一植物物种，我们就会让文明的未来延续远远更久。所以这就像行星冗余，给生物圈做备份。这是，你知道，这是一个，我们把所有鸡蛋都放在这里这一个篮子里。我们应该努力保护这个篮子，尽我们所能，但，但是有些风险就是极难缓解，还有一些风险最终将是我们无法进行迷你游戏的。所以这似乎就是正确的事，而接下来的问题是，表达是，我们应该现在做，还是我们应该只是，我们等到某个时点

在未来，而我认为，我认为明智的举动是现在就做，因为实现这件事的技术窗口已经打开，而这是这个窗口在地球45亿年历史中第一次打开。我们有很长时间，而且，而且我希望，我当然希望这个窗口会在这里打开，你知道，永远，但它也可能关闭。如果你看看各个文明中的技术史，你可以说古埃及，他们能够建造这些令人难以置信的巨型金字塔，然后他们弄到了如何建造许可证，然后他们看不懂象形文字；或者你看看，比如说罗马文明，他们能够拉出这些令人难以置信的高架渠和道路，然后他们忘了怎么做，然后在那个室内管道

但如果很怎么输入管道，你知道，这就像，你知道，只不过技术显然一直存在一个周期，而且，你知道，希望如此，但那是一条向上倾斜的正弦波，你知道，它会继续下去，在未来变得真的很棒，但也许不会。是的，也许会发生某件坏事，而只需我们资源的1%，我们就可以为所有生命集体购买人寿保险，我认为这会是一件好事，这个想法。谢谢，谢谢，AB，你知道，我相信玛莎这个话题还会再次出现，因为几分钟后我想开放现场提问，但我还有几个问题，我真的很想了解一下你的看法，与你关于你参与Tesla和太阳能的关联有关

城市，你能不能稍微告诉我们一些你的名词计划，即在工厂中建造一块电池，你能不能详细说明在这个观察中驱动因素是什么，是满足需求、降低成本、提高效率，还是以上全部？看看纯粹的超级工厂，是的，所以，你知道，超级工厂就像是我们能想出的最不坏的解决方案，说实话。我的意思是，我觉得它实际上相当酷，或者说它奏效了，但我们只是基于一个简单的问题：如果我们想制造电动汽车，我们就需要足够供电动汽车使用的电池。而且，而且比如说，好吧，去年所有锂铁产量加起来约为30吉瓦时。那什么都不是，好吧，或者这些什么都不是，当你考虑到，比如说，如果你想每年制造50万辆电动汽车，那就是

你所需要的数量，而每年会制造1亿辆新车，全世界道路上有20亿辆汽油或柴油汽车。所以只要做一下基本计算，你需要的不只是1座超级工厂，你需要大约200座超级工厂，仅用于新车生产，而这还是假设你只会按现有速度替换车队，也就是每20年更新一次。所以，是的，所以鉴于我们想努力让我们位于加利福尼亚州的普雷蒙特工厂达到每年50万辆汽车的满产能，我们就需要每年发生车辆数量的电池，而显然我们不能把世界上所有其他工厂加起来的产量全部用掉，因为人们还想要手机、笔记本电脑和其他东西，因此我们必须建造这座工厂，而当我们发现我们有一个很棒的

合作伙伴松下，松下负责其中某种电芯成型部分。这其实有很多方面，因为它有点像阳极、阴极、隔膜、电解液、罐体。在前驱体层面，你会有某种从矿山运来的原材料，那些原材料有点被打进其他各种公司，比如苏默尔在彼此顶部、金属和采矿以及日立，还有其他公司，而它们会进行前驱体加工，然后松下如何拿取阳极和阴极材料，分开与否，确实创造，把它放进一个电芯里，然后它进入Tesla的部分，在那里制成模组，也就是所有电子设备、封装、导体、安全机制和冷却回路，然后模组进入电池包，电池包随后

你知道，创建带有许多与之相关的碰撞结构，包装工在车里，然后，然后显然Tesla也算是整个东西的房东。无论如何，就这样，不这么做就没有，没有办法扩大规模，所以这就是我们这样做的原因。没有为什么我提起那个应用，是因为尽管我们喜欢Tesla，我们是在航空航天系，我们确实对电动飞机的潜力很感兴趣。当然，我喜欢，我喜欢日常电气实践。一切都会变成电动的，拉动一切，一切都会真正变成电动的，火箭除外，如果我们讽刺的话。我们认为，就能量密度而言，要让运输机变得可行，你需要大约10到100的提升。哇，不，没关系，等等，当你说10

到100，或者第四条基线，甚至会是什么棉花，我只拍电影。哦，不，不，肯定不投票。我，所以按我的意见，请，但你现在是大约处于一个SL，因为它没有，比如说，许多其他缺点，而人们谈论电池突破时总是忘记提到这一点。因为对电池来说有许多重要参数，而他们，你知道，几乎没有一周不会出现某个所谓的巨大电池突破，但就像这个因素令人愤慨。所以，但对于真正能用、而且没有某个你接受的巨大缺点的电芯，它们目前约为每千克300瓦时；如果你要拥有一架有吸引力的飞机，你其实只需要大约每千克400瓦时，前提是你的百分比

飞行器上、飞机上的电芯占比很高，你只需要达到接近火箭上那么高的水平，但如果大致处于70%的水平、每千克400瓦，你就能获得相当不错的航程；如果把它提高到大约70%中段到高段，你就可以进行跨大陆飞行，不过，你知道，是洲际的，但某种从西海岸到东海岸的飞行。所以你需要一架高效的飞机，但根据我的计算，这大约就是侏儒式需要：每千克400瓦，电芯质量占比在70%中段到高段，我认为这个数字是可以实现的，因为我飞机有所有这些像尾翼之类不必要的东西，还有像方向舵和升降舵，像这些都不需要。好吧，好吧，只要，只要，让它万向摆动，你知道，它的

空气，使用万向摆动，让电风扇万向摆动。出于某种奇怪的原因，像赌博谋杀在火箭中很正常，在飞机中却不是，为什么不呢？好吧，有明确计划进入这个行业吗？因为我们很希望看到钙在那个特定领域得到发展，当然是非常有趣的领域。你有具体计划吗？我是说，我摆弄电动超音速垂直起降电动飞机的设计已经有一阵子了。我很想做，但我觉得我的脑子会爆炸。就像大脑已经累坏了，你知道，做电动汽车和火箭已经相当饱和了。所以，好吧，好吧，很好，塔帕斯。那么让我，我要问的最后一个问题是关于我们的学生。你为你的公司雇用了数十名MIT研究生。第一个问题是，他们

干得怎么样？哦，很好，让贝拉喝酒，他们干得很棒。所以，是的，事实上我们想从MIT招聘更多人。这是个好消息，我相信观众席里的很多人，是的，这绝对，你知道，申请SpaceX，申请Tesla；如果我们的录取流程或什么地方有问题，就在Twitter上冲我喊。看起来，我是说，这不是到达、到达那个的最高效方式，但这是一种兴奋的方式。我不知道，比如我们的，你知道，招聘和油炸，我知道，处理器，解雇人员，是不是很好，或者我认为它很好，但我不确定。所以，但我们想雇用很多真正聪明的工程师，因为这就是这些问题得到解决的方式。我读到一句引自你的话，我希望它是真的，请告诉我情况并非如此

你说，最常见的招聘错误是过于看重某人的斯大林，而不是某人的个性，我认为一个人是否有一颗善良的心很重要。确实如此，是的，绝对是这样。所以，总的来说，如果要我说我过去犯过的招聘错误，那就是，就是正如我所说，只看重他们的智力能力，而没有关注他们如何影响周围的人。对一个人能为公司作出何种贡献真正重要的是，他作为个体是什么样的人，以及他如何影响周围的其他人。或者你也可以说，这也类似于一支运动队。你知道，队里最优秀的人不一定是进球最多的人，也可能是

助攻进球最多的人。而且，如果有人，如果一支队伍里有一个人就是，就是总想一直拿球，就是想把球踢向球门，那实际上可能会造成不利影响。因此，双向的个性确实很重要，而且，你知道，他们可以是一个好人，而你喜欢和他们一起工作，我觉得这确实产生了影响。谢谢。我想邀请观众向我们提一些问题。我尤其希望学生提问，不过也欢迎其他人提问。有一点我要请大家注意，那就是问题要简短，这样我们就不能有几个这样的问题。好的，请上来。我是牧师，我想问你，伊兰，看起来未来 10 年或 20 年，载人航天将由

你和鲍勃·毕格罗，另一个实际上扮演奥普拉·诺尔斯的人，问题是，在这种背景下，除了给你合同之外，你认为 NASA 载人航天的恰当角色应该是什么？嗯，NASA 对 SpaceX 确实帮助很大，不只是在给我们合同方面，而且还在许多领域提供了技术帮助，并且我们在 SpaceX 所做的很多事情都依赖于 NASA 过去完成的工作。所以，你知道，我们当然对它过去所做的一切，以及我们从 NASA 获得的持续支持无比感激。所以我是 NASA 的超级粉丝，不过，而且我认为，考虑到 NASA 面临的所有限制，它其实做得是正确的。比如，如果，如果你知道，在这个背景下

作为一个被推向各种不同方向的大型政府实体，而且它能做的事情受到很多限制，考虑到所有这些约束，NASA 所做的工作给我留下了相当深刻的印象。是的，所以我认为，你知道，如果 NASA 继续，继续以某种方式扩大对竞争性商业航天的支持，那可能会对未来的航天发展产生最积极的影响。谢谢。我是乔丹，我有一个关于制造业的简短问题。所以奥巴马提出了一个很大的问题，想真正让高科技制造商留在美国，而我认为最重要的是，SpaceX 和 Tesla 都是这方面的优秀范例。我想知道，第一，你们今后是否承诺

把所有制造工作或其中大部分放在美国完成；然后，其他公司怎样才能真正借鉴 SpaceX 和 Tesla 的经验，尽可能真正自己在内部进行制造？当然。嗯，我应该说，在 SpaceX 和 Tesla 创立之前，我们最初的目标并不是在内部开展巨量制造。所以一开始，我们实际上试图尽可能少做制造，但我们发现，随着时间推移，我们不得不把越来越多的工作转到内部。所以我这么做时，最好从这个角度出发，真的不是因为，比如说，我们确实信奉强制执行或外包，而只是因为，你知道，如果有一家很棒的供应商，那么我们很乐意采用这家很棒的供应商；如果没有，那么我们就需要，你知道，去做这件事

我们自己。比如，我们需要找到一个办法，或者离开，以得到一个好的解决方案；随着时间推移，我们不得不，我们已经不得不离开，而且往往都是如此。而且对于火箭技术来说，还存在，所以我，存在我们的限制，也就是火箭被视为先进武器技术，因此我们不能只是，你们，把它外包给其他某个国家。是的，所以，但是我认为，对于制造业，我认为人们经常把制造看成某种只是制作复制品的蟑螂流程，它是，而实际上它并不是。制造就是制造那台制造机器的机器；如果你认为机器很重要，那么折叠那台制造机器的机器也同样极其重要。而且通常，我

发现的是，制造比最初的产品更热。比如说 Tesla，我们可以非常容易地制造大概1辆车，但要以高可靠性和高质量制造数千辆车，同时让成本可以负担，却极其困难。我会说，这可能比设计、比只制造1台原型机热10倍，也许还不止。然后在 SpaceX，也可能接近热一个数量级，太多包裹或火箭，并发射那个，发射很多它们的东西，相比于一开始设计1个。所以我真的认为，应该有更多聪明人进入“米·贝克·希林”，而且这挺有趣。所以就像，我不知道它怎样算是有一段时间名声不太好，但它真的很有意思。是的，谢谢。我有一个关于……的问题

Tesla 汽车，我有一个问题。据我了解，驱动电机大约有250马力，而重量只有70磅，也就是每磅有数马力。我从未见过，我曾在交通运输行业工作，从未见过，并且查阅过其他资料，也从未见过不是每马力重数磅的电机，也就是相反的情况。所以你们拥有大约一个数量级的优势，其中一部分可以用高速来解释。你能解释一下这是如何实现的吗？实际上，如果你对功率重量比感兴趣，火箭涡轮泵确实独占鳌头。你知道，梅林发动机上的图阿泵可产生10,000马力，而重量为150磅。现在，是的，燃料效率算是另一个问题。我是宠物，功率重量比是，我是说，它处在

把那些分子拉开的极限边缘。你知道，这有点令人惊叹，我需要，比如说，你可以从这个基本上能拿起来的东西里获得10,000马力。但对于电动机，你知道，如果你有一台设计得当的，你知道，电动机、交流感应电机，那么获得很高的功率重量比，以及像，你知道，非常出色的响应速度，比如低延迟，还有极低的纹波电流之类的，而我们并不在其中，这些对交流感应电机来说自然而然就能实现。更大的挑战其实是对它进行有效冷却，尤其是冷却转子，因为你有一个喉管，或者说它以大约18,000转/分钟运转。所以在 Model S 上，我们里科实际上会冷却转子，以获得较高的稳态，所以也

对于电动机来说，你可以有，短时间内很容易获得峰值功率，困难的是获得持续的 p 功率，因为你会过热；然后，在复杂的驾驶循环中获得高效率也很困难。但相比于，比如说，峰值功率，这些往往才是需要应对的问题，比如我们可以相当容易地获得人们，但持续功率和驾驶循环效率很难。谢谢。我叫雪莉，是课程 16 的一名博士生。当你听说 SpaceX 的创立时，一个流行的故事是，你创立它的部分原因是你自己想去太空。这是真的吗？按照目前的计划，你认为你自己要在什么时间范围内才能获得那个机会？其实，那个糟糕的，那不是，那是

不是我寻找他的脸 x 的原因，但是，而且，我是说，对我而言最容易做的事情本来是买一次联盟号的乘坐机会，而且，你知道，那样我就能像其他一些人已经做过的那样前往空间站。但我试图弄清楚的是，怎样让我们重新回到把生命延伸至地球之外的轨道上。那才是创立 SpaceX 的原因，而且我原本预计它会失败。人们有时会想，比如，嗯，你当初为什么还要创办它？但原因是，你回到我创办 SpaceX 之前，我原本预计，我想开展这项慈善任务，把一座小型温室送到火星表面，并设法让公众对把生命送往火星感到兴奋，因为人们会对

作为积极事物的问题作出回应。让我们读一读另一颗行星上的第一个生命，生命到过的最远地方。我想，嗯，那会让人们感到兴奋，并促使 NASA 的预算增加，然后我们就能重拾阿波罗的梦想。所以，你知道，我最初的目标只是弄清楚怎样提高 NASA 的预算。但是，但是后来我得出结论，如果我们不制造，如果我们不把火箭做得好得多，那么这就无关紧要。比如，我们可以让预算增加，但之后我们只向火星发射 1 次任务，然后也许再也不去那里。所以，所以基础知识的海湾其实是尽可能取得更多进展，把先进的火箭技术推进到这样一种程度，希望我们能够在火星上建立殖民地，或者并让

我们所有这些沿着那条路尽量向前推进，达到我们所不能达到的程度，我们只会尽可能走得远。嗨，我是贾斯汀，我是一名大一新生。现在 SpaceX 已经发布了载人级太空舱 Dragon v2，我想知道，你是否计划组建自己的宇航员队伍，还是从这里依赖 NASA 的宇航员？哦，嗯，是的，我，你知道，我是说，我们可能，这，我们正在建造一艘 NASA 将会使用的飞船，其他人也会使用它，它拖着一支国家队伍。我的意思是，我有点认为，比如，比如这真的看看，我们应该运送的是科学家和工程师，你知道，不是，其实不是我们的飞行员。你知道，就像 Dragon 不需要飞行员，比如它，你知道，显然只载货物也能前往那里。你知道，我们刚刚送上去了 40 只小鼠，它们

并没有驾驶那个破玩意儿，所以它，所以它其实，它是一种把人运送到类似地月轨道区域的方式，以便，你知道，基本上进行科学研究，曾经是一个可能前往月球、在那里进行一些探索，但是，但是，但是我有点觉得，登上航天器应该很容易，你就像，就像，你应该能够无需任何训练直接上去然后出发。贾斯汀，哔，你可能会很难。嗨，我是斯嘉丽，我是 MIT 航空航天专业的大三学生，正如你可以看出来的那样，我只是想问，现在 SpaceX 和波音都获得了建造太空出租车的合同，你认为 SpaceX 的方案与波音的方案会有什么不同，哪一个最有可能成功？哦，波音当然是一家很好的公司，所以，是的，我的意思是，我们

试图用 Dragon Dragon 2 做的事情，在你们的粗糙粗糙 Dragon 设计中，既是能够以推进方式精确着陆，我认为这有点像下一代，比如你把第一代始终视为用降落伞在水面着陆，然后你知道，可以说是某种机翼和齿轮着陆腿越过起落架，然后像是某种第三代，就是推进式精确着陆。我的意思是，如果如果你看过一部关于未来外星人着陆的电影，他们怎么着陆，就像那样，好吧。很显然，如果外星人用降落伞降落在海里，而且好像没什么可怕的，那会有点奇怪，而我喜欢波音棍子试着稍微改进，因为它有安全气囊，但它仍然是一次女皇冰式着陆，你知道，是在某个

广阔无垠的沙漠里，而且它基本上是落在安全气囊上，有点像坠毁在沙漠里，你知道，就像，好吧，那大概是一种着陆方式，但我、但我认为未来必须是精确的推进式着陆，因为那是你前往月球或明天的或太阳系任何其他地方所需要的，而那才是我们应该专注的事情，而且是啊，顺便说一句，我们已经要去空间站再回来了，就像波音没在做，伙计，抱歉，所以漫画书就是未来。嗯，我认为科幻书中设想的很多东西，回报附着于广泛范围，当然，是啊，但设想去做的许多事情确实确实有道理，而且是啊，我的意思是，就像，好吧，而且像，坐，那么好，并没有其他方法可以在月球上着陆，你

不能带着降落伞和我们的袋子飞小丑月球，让我们来做那里缺少大气，是啊，谢谢。你好，我叫约翰内斯，是16系的大三学生，我也是国际学生，我想知道，从国际视角来看，这趟火星之旅会是什么样子？它会只是一个位于火星的美国殖民地，仅此而已吗？还是说，因为当然基础的主要设在美国这里，还是说就像，请大家都加入进来？嗯，我的意思是，我我不认为这是，我的意思是，我希望火星上会有多个殖民地。当然，可能从 SpaceK 的立场来看，没有什么，你知道，我们并不打算以任何某种排他性的方式做任何事。我们只是努力到达那里，然后然后我认为到时候，你知道，我们会很乐意进行

那种辩论，你会说，哦，那里有1个2个美国的，你知道，就像，好吧，宝贝，好吧，但我们在火星上有了基地来源，谁在乎呢。而且而且我认为，如果那里有，你知道，美国盆地是，它肯定会促使其他国家也想建立他们的，你知道，以火星为基地。但我确实认为，我们最好拥有竞争而不是合作。这不像是你鼓励其他国家的公司各自开始自己的努力，也前往火星吗？是的，我认为，我认为走竞争路线会对我们好得多，而不是坚持，比如我喜欢空间站，你有国际空间站，但当政府全都被迫步调一致时，我们会喜欢吗？这往往不会让事情进展得更快，而且是啊

我认为我们需要某种积极的竞争元素。所以我们不希望人们开战或做任何类似的事，而只是某种积极的竞争元素，比如奥运会，你知道，某种人们激烈竞争、同时又有某种良好体育精神以及一切的东西，而最终结果会比完全没有竞争更好，就像没有竞争的奥运会会有任何意义吗，而且是啊。所以我认为某种积极的竞争事物会、会更好，而且我们绝对不应该坚持让所有人、所有国家以相同速度前进，或者让某些国家的集合形成一个步调，那会显著拖慢事情，甚至可能根本不会发生。只要鼓励 iza 投资火星，是啊，绝对是，ISA，是啊，中国的克里斯，我在这边能看到，谢谢

你。好的，你好，我叫瓦桑特，我的问题是，火星目前有没有殖民地能够使用的自然资源？如果有，那么时机到来时，SpaceX 会如何开采那些自然资源？婚礼，任何自然资源开采法律会是什么，产出会用于火星。把更多东西经过若干个2亿英里运回地球肯定不合理，你知道，老实说，就算火星上有像预包装好的，你知道，托盘装的强效可卡因，把它运回这里仍然没有意义。对火星人来说是非常好的时代，但对这里不是。这些会供殖民地使用。是啊，正是供殖民地使用。你好，我叫亚历山大·布鲁克·尤·拉里，我最近刚获得16系博士学位，而且我最近

创办了一家航空航天研发公司，我正在研究的一件事叫作主题能量推进，我们使用外部能量为火箭提供动力，微波或激光，其理念是你能以非常高的功率获得非常高的比冲。我很好奇 SpaceX 对这种技术持什么立场，这些是什么想法，或者您能否稍微评论一下？是啊，束能这件事很有意思。我的意思是，我我认为它，我认为它是一个值得研究的领域。所以我认为它是智慧，试着制造，我正试着让某种东西运转起来，试着用束班纳吉把某种东西送到2或“但或者非常高的速度增量，然后看看它在实践中的效果如何。但我的意思是，我确实认为这里存在，是啊，我会陈述一些

担忧，但这些担忧并不是想说我们不应该研究，在麦克序言中先说我们应该研究它。我认为，束能存在一些规模扩展方面的挑战，比如说，把一辆猎鹰9级别的运载器送入轨道实际需要多大的功率输出，这是一个非常非常大的数字，比如你开始遇到，哇，我们需要的就像是东海岸的电力，你知道，才能把某种猎鹰、冰冷的猎鹰重型级别的东西送上去，你知道，送这样的东西需要什么，或者确实需要巨大数量的能量，或者准确说是巨大数量的功率，比如实际上你需要的功率水平更嘈杂，你在能量基础上并不需要像论点那么多，但你不能像是让所有人把

佛罗里达的灯关掉，所以你就需要一个巨大的发电厂，或一个巨大的电容器组，或一个巨大的高功率密度电池阵列。所以我想看看这如何，你知道，它扩展起来效果如何，然后然后你会说，什么会有帮助，那座巨大的功率功率发电厂和巨大的激光阵列以及那类东西的成本是多少？如果你只是自己携带氧气、使用较低的 ISP，并且不做那些事情，那么这与单位质量的成本相比如何？你好，我叫埃利奥特·欧文，是这里的一名大一学生。我对 Hyperloop 非常感兴趣，我在我的毕业项目法学院中制作了一个小型可运行模型，我遇到的主要问题之一是管道公差，所以我想知道您能否评论一下，你不，管道学院方面的问题

还有热膨胀，如果你要建造一条350英里长的钢管，这里的舱体直径与管道直径之比是多少？内径2.5英寸，长约20英尺，对吧？但舱体、舱体直径与管道电流表，舱体只比内部小几百个7英寸。这就是问题所在。所以你实际上希望舱体，你希望有某种，代码舱体面积与，你知道，与文顿管，管道横截面和舱体横截面之比约为2，你知道，所以舱体只有管道横截面积的一半左右，因为你仍然希望有一些气流从舱体上方流过。你们有癌性极限吗？是的，是的，你大概会通过安装压缩机来应对反向词语极限。

装在头部，但这只能部分解决问题，其余部分则是舱体周围的气流。不过你肯定、你肯定希望有某种真正紧密配合的东西，而这也会开始触及公差限制，像那个，是的，你只是、你只是需要，你需要留出一些间隙，而这在那个系统里是个棘手的问题。另外，对于如果你真的很快，即使管道表面只有很小的瑕疵，我认为，我认为也可以这样处理：基本上在管道完工后，你确实需要让某种东西通过，把它磨平，就像你基本上需要让一台研磨机穿过、穿过管道，来抛光表面，并确保没有起伏。

但在方案中，我记得我们让空气滑橇带有弹簧，所以，是的，不过这也很重要。好，再加上热膨胀，如果把温度升高20度，这条300c英里长的管道会伸长450英尺。你要如何利用伸缩接头维持真空密封？所以你实际上必须、必须允许它在终点站处膨胀。所以无论终点站在哪里，你、但你必须留出那么长的膨胀空间，然后在支撑它的支柱上，实际上需要允许每一堆在上面沿X方向伸展。所以你不能、不能在支柱处对它进行刚性约束。我们现在已经超过一小时了，你还能再回答几个问题吗？可以。好人，再来大约10或15分钟。太好了。好的，我叫约翰。

我想问，由于地球上对更多资源的需求一直在增长，比如说在未来某个时候，SpaceX是否会更多地考虑从月球或火星，甚至更远的小行星上获取资源？这是否在SpaceX的计划之中？嗯，我们并不会真的尝试从月球获取资源，因为那，你知道，如果你在月球上，那会很有用，但不适合把它带回地球。所以如果有月球基地，我猜他们会开采资源，是的，但供他们自己使用。我会尽量多回答一些问题，有人回答，让、让我的妻子简短回答。嗨，我叫鲍勃，鉴于它可能成为有史以来最大的游戏改变或，你是否有任何进入人工领域的计划？

智能，以及总体上你对此有什么看法？你认为它甚至接近可以正式投入使用了吗？我认为我们应该对人工智能非常谨慎。如果让我猜我们最大的生存威胁是什么，那很可能就是它。所以我们需要对人工赫金斯非常谨慎，不断增加的客户认为，应该在互联网更大的国家和国际层面进行某种监管监督，只是为了确保我们不会做出非常愚蠢的事情。我的意思是，借助人工智能，我们正在召唤恶魔。你知道，你知道所有那些故事，那个拿着五芒星和圣水的家伙，他会说，是啊，当然，你可以控制恶魔，然后奏效。我认为不会有HAL 9000去……

一直到火星，HAL 9000 都会很容易，这要复杂得多，我是说，会让豪尔 9000 相形见绌。对，我当时就像只小狗。谢谢。好的，嗨，我叫罗谢尔·阿尼塞托，是航空航天系的大三学生。我的问题与这样一点相符：许多面向火星任务的工作显然都通过 SpaceX 聚焦于火箭，但您认为电信和通信卫星会发挥什么作用？因为这个领域发展势头很强，而我想，这对于殖民火星的整体任务将非常关键。所以我可以重复一下问题，我刚才只是有几秒钟放弃了人工智能那件事。绝对可以。所以，与火星任务有关的很多重点都与火箭、SpaceX 相符，但最终殖民火星的一个关键方面与电信有关

以及通信卫星。那么，您认为这如何能成为与您的目标相伴的一个可行方面？你们的通信当然非常重要。我们将需要地球和火星之间达到特比特级的通信，这必然意味着你会想要有一种像激光通信系统之类的类型，还有中继，你知道，就是某种彼此有关联的卫星，因为有时马兹位于太阳的另一侧，所以你得让光子绕着太阳反弹，而不是穿过太阳。而且，你知道，所以我认为通信肯定会很重要。另外，我认为在地球上，像那样的天基通信有很大潜力。要让卫星通信系统提供

高带宽全球覆盖，而我们也需要同样的法马斯。嗨，我是埃里克·沃德，我是系统设计与管理项目的一名研究生。我最近读到，一家日本建筑公司，我想是大林组，刚刚宣布了到我想是 2050 年建造一座太空、一座太空电梯的计划，哈哈。我想知道，我想知道，如果它的基地回应了 Bravo，可能也会影响你的愿景和目标。我的意思是，我觉得每一个都很棒，如果有一座太空电梯的话。我不会屏息以待。我不认为这现实，不过，你知道，奢侈被证明是错的。所以一想到太空电梯，我总会想起《查理和巧克力工厂》，你知道，但因为人们有点像电梯一样的礼仪，你按下向上，然后你就像，不是你的基地，这就像一个

真实的东西极其复杂。是的，我不，我认为拥有一座太空电梯并不真正现实，你知道。我的意思是，让我这样说吧，就像当我们拥有一座从洛杉矶到东京的桥时，是的，我认为那是容易得多的问题，然后，然后我们，或者你知道，横跨大西洋，你知道，就像某种 2,000 英里长的桥，到 3011 桥，你知道，类似那样的东西会是，你知道，由像碳纳米管这样的东西制成。就像我们，我认为到目前为止我们连一座碳纳米管人行桥都没有，更不用说某种巨大的 60,000 英里长太空电梯了。不管怎样，所以我觉得，我觉得我们，它是，它是，它不会是，它不是我认为目前有意义的东西。但如果这样我们能证明我错了，那会很棒。谢谢。好了，嗨，我的名字

是科奇·希霍，我是这里的一名博士生。我想知道你如何看待 Mars One 项目，它试图每2年单程将一批乘员送往火星，制作真人秀节目。我想他们声称想使用改装后的 Dragon 太空舱着陆，我想知道你如何看待他们的理念，以及他们是技术可行性，谢谢。嗯，我觉得可能，我是说，我看过的那些示意图基本上是他们使用一大批 SpaceX 火箭和 Dragon 飞船。我就想，好吧，我是说，如果他们想购买一大批 Dragon 和 Falcon 9 火箭，那挺好，我们会设置，我们是资深人士，肯定会卖给他们菲茨。我的意思是，我认为他们的资金远远不够，连1个都买不起。所以我认为他们的港口不现实，而且我认为试图前往

乘坐 Dragon 前往火星在这里不太理想，因为至少按照它想表达的方式，如果飞得非常快，旅程可能是3个月，而通常每个人都像是要经历6到8个月的旅程。要在内部空间相当于 SUV 的东西里待那么久。所以我建议等待下一代技术。嗨，我叫 Benson，我刚毕业。实际上我还有另一个关于太空电梯的问题：如果你建造的不是火箭，而是太空电梯，你认为公众的看法会有什么不同？宣传视频会如何改变？嗯，我，你知道，我认为它不会奏效，它只会是页面上的一幅示意图，实际上并没有真实的硬件，这就是区别。是的，那个意思是，我只是不

我不认为太空电梯是个非常明智的东西。嗨，我是 Evan，我是大学2年级学生。我只是有个关于未来的问题：超级充电网络，可再生能源会在该网络的能源来源中发挥重要作用吗？是的，绝对会。订单计划到加班是让我们的太阳能卡车超级充电站实现 100% 可再生能源发电。我们有点暂时打算不、不增加太阳能，因为为了实现全国和国际覆盖，让你可以使用超级充电站在美国、欧洲或亚洲的任何地方行驶，我们还没有，我们还没有施加每个超级充电站都必须配备太阳能电池板的限制。有少数配备了太阳能电池板，大多数没有，但很久以后，所有这些站点要么会有

太阳能电池板，或者以其他方式从可再生能源获取电力，长期而言预计会是将太阳能电池板连接到固定式电池组，这样太阳能电池板就能在一周的过程中给固定式电池组充电，然后那只宠物在能量的巴夫的巴夫中以社交方式记录回来，并在高峰时段释放能量，因为我们在汤收费上看到的是使用量存在巨大差异，你可以想象，比如当人们周末外出时，比如周五晚上和周六晚上，作为一个周五和周日，周五晚上和周日晚上使用量出现巨大峰值，人们要去某个地方，比如周末全家出游，但比如说，你知道，周三上午11点使用量很低，所以你会想要围绕你的电池组进行大约孕育，太阳能电池板

然后，而且即使电网中断，它在那里也能工作，你知道，所以我觉得，比如即使在末日之后还能有这样的东西会很酷，你知道，你仍然可以开车四处走。好的，但如果问题简短的话，我还可以再回答几个。你好，我叫 Rita，我是大二学生，课程到某种机械工程。我是，所以，我自己更是一个汽车迷，所以关于 Tesla，你们如何应对试图在电动汽车领域立足的新公司，比如阿蒂瓦和其他公司？在共享技术方面，这更多是一种合作方式，以便我们能在不久的将来看到更多电动汽车上路，还是要保持竞争优势？嗯，我认为，鉴于我们今年早些时候开放发布了我们的专利，我想，是的

我认为这表明我们正试图提供帮助。所以当然，你知道，如果Tesla能做任何有帮助、又不会让我们分心而影响造车的事情，那么我们很乐意去做。你们也为Mercedes和Toyota制造过电池组和动力总成。我们现在的根本制约因素是电池生产，所以我们必须解决这个制约因素，电动汽车才有可能实现任何规模扩张，这就是我们建设超级工厂的原因。而且，你知道，产品基本上必须让人负担得起。人们需要一款有吸引力且负担得起的电动汽车，那就是终极目标。所以这确实是我们正努力尽快实现的目标。谢谢。你好，那么，嗯，我叫Daniel，是MIT的大三学生，所以这里有一个明确地

非技术性问题。据我了解，你看过大量科幻文学、电影等等。对，那正是你在做的。对，所以我只是想知道，有哪些艺术作品，是你曾经……是你认为激发了你对人类美好未来的热忱的，无论是通过某种方式影响你的恐惧，比如赛博朋克之类的东西，还是让你看到某种很棒的东西，比如《星际迷航》，或者……对，当然。嗯，我是说，我是说，我热爱技术，所以我，对，我是说，尤其是我小时候，我就是看遍了所有科幻和奇幻作品，你知道，电影、书籍，任何东西都看，即使是非常粗制滥造的作品。所以大家最后……就某种关键影响而言，我是说，我当然喜欢《星际迷航》，因为它实际上展现了更多的

一个乌托邦式的未来，就像，并不是未来的一切都很可怕；那么多该死的末日后未来，就像，好吧，我们能不能有一个美好的，哪怕就几个？就像。所以我对《星际迷航》就是这样想的。至于某些关键、关键的书和电影，我是说，显然，《星球大战》好像一直是我看过的第一部电影，所以这会相当有影响力。我以前从没在电影院看过电影，那有点就像，只是，所以那就像超级，哦，太棒了。对。然后，滴答，说到书，我们降低了圆环，拉着我最喜欢的书。已经被弄得很兴奋了，就像，就像，它们够吗，就像乔·泰尔科斯有点借由奇幻反科技，迷失在那样的东西里，所以我自己。对，对，是这样，但它，就像，在劳伦那里很有趣

惠勒环，这是本很棒的书，但它有点反科技，所以很棒。而且我觉得，像阿西莫夫的《基地》系列，我真的可以喜欢，是有史以来最好的之一。对，那些书，你知道，奥德赛、克洛克和海因德兰，还有其他的，算是那 2003 部最佳科幻作品里有那些。最近有人向我推荐，说你和班克斯的小说被选中，你知道，相当不错。对。你、你觉得哪一本好？我最喜欢的书之一是，让我想想，《月亮是个严厉的女人》。你提到这个挺有意思的。对，没错，那是海兰兹最好的书。说实话，真的很有趣。对，所以谢谢，谢谢。最后一个问题，我们所有人都被逮住了。嗨，嗯，我叫 Ellie Simonson，我是这里 16 号课程的大二学生。嗯，我只是想问，所以我知道 NASA 正在研制

SLS，嗯，我相信经过几次迭代，或者数次迭代之后，他们希望我们将能够登陆火星。所以我想知道，如果这在，嗯，你们研发出能做到这一点的火箭之前发生，这会如何改变你们在 SpaceX 的重点？哈哈，好吧，我，我，我是说，我不认为你，我是说，我们的做法会，我们只会继续努力让火箭技术变得越来越好。而且我是说，SLS 送人去火星的时间表是相当、相当遥远的。所以，如果它真的实现了，那很好，但真正的，真正的，我们所需要的是一个能够把大量人员和货物送往火星的技术系统。送，你知道，一次任务当然很酷，但那不是那个

改变人类未来，真正重要的事情是能够在火星上建立一个自给自足的文明，而为了做到这一点，我没有，我没有看到除SpaceX之外有任何人在采取行动，老实说，而且这并不是说SpaceX一定会成功，但我甚至没看到任何人在尝试。所以好的，独自一人，非常感谢你，非常感谢你与我们分享你的时间和盐，我们随时都很乐意欢迎你回到麻省理工学院。谢谢，谢谢。好了，这一个。

I good afternoon good afternoon it's a pleasure to welcome you all to this capstone of what has been a truly outstanding celebration of a hundred years of aerospace at MIT I'll be brief as I'm certain that you didn't come here to listen to me before I start I want to reflect briefly on the significance of this week symposium over the last few days we have welcomed to our campus a who's who of aerospace Scholars innovators and legions more than 500 alumni and guests from all over the world have join us to honor the past century of aerospace achievement and MIT central role in the development of Earth transportation the celebration has also provided an opportunity to look ahead to imagine for instance what the rise of autonomous systems will mean for air

travel commerce and space exploration and it's breathtaking truly to recognize and realize the magnitude of the impact that the faculty students staff and alumni of this department have had on earth travel as I look around at the aerospace pioneers who have taken the time to join us this to these events this week the thought that keeps coming back to mine is the realization that core 16 has been involved in every major achievement in the history of aerospace and that is truly remarkable and that reflects the leadership division and brilliance of the faculty administrators and more than 6,000 aeronautical engineers who have earned an MIT degree over the last century as we have seen over the last few days that department remains committed to excellence

and to pushing the boundaries of what is and what might be and there is no question in my mind that MIT is aryl astra the party will continue to be a leading force in aerospace for the next 100 years at least I want to take a moment to recognize professor Jaime Puri Jaime and his team of faculty staff and students have done a truly remarkable job of planning and executing this week's activities they've created a program for which all of us at MIT are very proud of and my deepest thanks go to him and to the department on his team before we begin the Q&A I'd like to direct your attention to a short video produced by a tremendously innovative company SpaceX it shows some of the company's recent successes in advancing private space exploration if you can

promise by computers in start-up second stage pressing thanks for a flight pressure 59 switching to internal power t-minus 5 4 3 2 1 look at the Dragon capsule making its way with international space station station on to be dragging a coin meters and capture is confirmed as they say in Venezuela that's a cool video it is my pleasure to welcome the stars of today show professor Jaime / re is the hn Slater professor and the head of department of aaron astro at MIT and will serve as the interviewer for the afternoon and he'll be guiding a conversation with someone were absolutely thrilled to welcome to our campus one of the most creative minds of his generation Elon Musk Elam is an engineer and entrepreneur who builds and operates companies to solve environmental

social and economic challenges he co-founded paypal and currently dry strategy development and design at two companies he created the space exploration technologies of SpaceX and Tesla Motors is also chairman of SolarCity America's largest solar power provider and Alette SpaceX efforts to be the first private company to successfully launch undock a spacecraft with the International Space Station and for his brilliance as an entrepreneur is impressive creativity as an engineer he is a folk hero to all of us here at MIT please welcome professor hamid / re and mr.

Elon Musk good afternoon over the last three days we have been celebrating a century of MIT aerospace innovation we've looked at the lessons learned from the past the excitement of the present and a speculated about the future the common thing underlined is incredible hundred years has been the passion of the visionaries people like ham soccer do Leto Gardner Draper and Simmons who better than Elon Musk to add to this roster of visionaries and culminate this symposium and join us as we launch our second century of aerospace at MIT Ellen is an innovator and an inspiration to a new generation of engineers and entrepreneurs first of all alone thank you very much for coming it's a pleasure to have you here and welcome to MIT so we'll have a light to start

and ask you if you could elaborate a little bit on what we've seen on the video okay that's quite a lot well I mean what we're staying there is and and I just like like our communications team put it together so I just like sword for the first time in the back there like probably a bit too much slow-mo so the you know what we're seeing there is our Falcon 9 rocket and out Dragon spacecraft and we're seeing some of the initial tests of the reusable version of Falcon 9 that is capable of taking open landing which is reusability is relating the critical breakthrough needed in rocketry to take things to the next level what do you think you'll might be able to fly an operational the usual force the stage well we've been able to soft land boost the rocket booster

in the ocean twice so far unfortunately you know sort of SAT there for several seconds then tipped over and exploded much yeah just quite difficult to reuse the point but the unfortunately the unit circle it support it's as tall as a 14-story building so you know when a 14-story building pulls over is quite a quite a belly flop and so what we need to do is to be able to eat the land on a floating platform or ideally boost back to the launch site and land back to the launch site but before we Bruce back to the launch site and try to land there we need to show that we can land with precision over and over again otherwise you're bad could happen but if it doesn't prove back to where it's where we intended so we put it for the upcoming launch I think we've

got a chance of landing on on a floating landing platform we actually have a huge platform that's being constructed at a shipyard in Louisiana right now which is plus huge huge issue I mean it's about 300 feet long by 170 feet wide that looks very tiny from space and and the leg span of the rocket is 60 feet so you know you've got and this is going to be positioning itself up in the ocean with you know with with with engines that'll keep it and it will try to keep it in a particular position but it's tricky you got these big rollers and you know and GPS errors so but you know such compliments it's it's not anchored because it's like out in the bloody Atlantic so so that that's that's where we're going to put we're going to try to land on that on the next

flight and if we land on that then I think we'll be able to reply that Brewster but I it's probably maybe not more than a fifty percent chance or less of landing it on the platform for the first time but there's a lot of launches that will occur over the next year so there's at least a dozen launches that will occur over the next 12 months and I think I think it's quite likely probably eighty ninety percent likely that one of those flights will be able to land and refi so I think we're quite close I'm curious to know why you chose to go with the retro thrust rocket for landing as opposed to jazz wings and wheels and run or London or run away like like the chapel see yeah there's a couple reasons the if you like the long-term ambition of SpaceX is to develop

technologies necessary to establish a self-sustaining a city on Mars or civilization on Mars and wings and a runway don't really work if you're going somewhere other than earth if the moon doesn't have an atmosphere so wings in a wheel with wings and wheels are you know there's no run there's no runways in there's no atmosphere not a good choice for the moon and then on Mars there are also no runways and the atmosphere is very thin and so unless you you know like you know try to land something at supersonic velocity so unlike it's just not a good choice for Mars either so so you really have to get good after pulse of landing if you want to go someplace other than Earth which which is why you have rockets because obviously aircraft work quite well on earth

so and then but even put worth recovery you know when you really look at it even if other planets had atmospheres the definitely the penalty for propulsive landing is quite low like you can just do it is easy calculation of what's the terminal velocity and then how identifier the engine at water level to get 200 velocity and and then if you do some interesting things like if you look at our landing gear they're essentially like giant body flaps so the drag of where we deploy the line and give a trap drank massively increases and so we have dual use of landing gear as dried body flaps and as Len as landing gear and it actually cuts the terminal velocity in half and therefore the fuel go with propellant that we need to stop this vehicle in half and actually

it's quite an efficient method of of landing precisely that you can use less mass if you want to do parachutes or water landing but then reasonability is negatively affected and any near-term plans for the reusable second stage product the the the next generation vehicles after that the Falcon architecture will be designed for full reusability I don't expect the Falcon line two have a reasonable upper stage just just because the with with with a kerosene based system the specific impulse isn't really high enough to do that and a lot of the missions we do for commercial satellite deployment are just geostationary missions so that we're really going very far out these are high Delta blessed emissions so to try to get something back from that is really difficult

but with the next generation of vehicles which is it sub cooled methane oxygen system where the propellants are cool too close to the freezing temperature to increase the density we can definitely do a full reusability and that system is intended to be a fully reusable Mars transportation system so not merely to low-earth orbit but all the way to Mars and back I thought we thought over useful at eight years huh I'm an optimistic person but always I I think we could start to see some test flights in the five or six year time frame but we're talking about a much bigger vehicle vehicle together yeah and that we're also going to be upgrading to sort of a new generation of a harder engine cycle which is a full flow staged combustion so what we have right now

as an open cycle engine so I mean right now say like engines are our weakest point that's basics but there will be become as strong as the as the structures and avionics in the next generation okay thank you app so let me a SpaceX is only 12 years old and you have shown that in some aspects you can compete head-to-head with much more established launch service providers like locket and Boeing and the you viens to what do you ascribe disability of a young and conventional company to take on the establishment sure and actually was clarified point like like right now our weakest point is engines with respect to specific impulse but not with respect to thrust to weight we actually have the highest thrust to weight of any engine I think to maybe ever but but

our specific animals the efficiency of the engine is about ten percent worse than the Dennis stage combustion engine of was using the same propellant the it tells about competitiveness I think the I think it most comes down to a pace of innovation our pace of innovation is much much faster than that the big aerospace companies or the sort of country driven systems and this is generally true if you look at innovation from large companies from smaller companies smaller companies generally better at innovating than larger companies and it has to be that way from a Darwinian standpoint because you sort companies would would just die if they didn't try innovating because otherwise people just keep buying the product from the big company so but I mean sir then

why is basics more innovative I think it's probably because we've got I could as a super engineering driven culture I mean it's it's really good we're running kind of the Silicon Valley operating system this is little it's kind of hard to describe like it's like how do you describe Linux like like you know like Linux is more efficient than some other operating systems good enough to remain very less like it could exactly why is like you really have to get into the weeds and but reddit units you have a fairly flat hierarchy you promote rapid communication the best ideas when my best ideas when's culture as opposed to this you know they're having the seniority of the person decide the solution which I mean that should never be the case of engineering choice

be you know a rational basis and and I also believe that the in terms of leadership level I'd much rather for it someone who has strong engineering ability then so-called management ability and you know like we we do hire some MBAs you know but but I would you agree it's usually in spite of the ambien or because of it I think that deserves on a blog you're really pushing the concept of reusability as a way to affordability but would you agree that the only way you justify making a more expensive reusable vehicle is if you can guarantee a minimum frequency of flights and is the market there what how are ending them say five years ten year period who is going to provide that demand where is it going to come from well it is a check in an excerpt situation

I mean the reason that there's low demand for spaceflight is because it's ridiculously expensive and and you know so somebody at some point somebody has Sarah we're going to make something that's much more affordable and and then see what application was developed the yeah that's that's what has happened i mean the situation in rocketry is it's like if an aircraft the imaginative aircraft were single use then how many people would fly I mean local fire we really low you buy a 747 it's like 250 million dollars only three hundred million dollars and need two of them for a roundtrip so nobody's paying like half a billion dollars to fly it from Boston to London and and if that were the case there'd be like a very small number of lights like scientific and

military purposes and people like Hoover say wow that the market for aircraft is so tiny people really love going by boat it was sponsors so you wear if we have brackets that are reusable we could reduce the fully reusable and can get to a decent flight rate the potential is that to get at order of magnitude reduction in the cost of space transport which is vital for establishment establishing a self-sustaining civilization on another planet or even on you know on the moon or some sort of l5 colony or whatever but you really need to get the cost we need a tour of magnitude improvement at least in the class transport in fact I mean relative to the estimates of what it costs do a Mars mission and Mars mission work I think like the some of the lower estimates

are at the 100 to 200 billion dollar level you know for a four-person mission we need we do more like a ten thousand fold reduction I don't to make it viable yeah but well I mean so people can afford to go deuces space tourism as a the customer and people wanting to just pay to be in orbit in that I mean it is some sort of people your privates place private spaceflight is going to be some some amount of market yeah I i don't know i mean really good just we're trying to advanced rocket technology and I mean on one hand if we are even if we get even slightly towards the overarching goal of Mars colonization level technology like we just get slightly there we we certainly have a viable business in launching satellites and service in the space station that

kind of thing because like yeah I mean you're here for like five percent you know so it's not like there's this still a very viable business doing with orbit of this event and it was enough any flight 45 to support calls echo we're like fasting more competitive than the other rocket companies so we do have a lot of people gang up against us these days okay nice time I on this planet let's talk about Mars that's what really excites a lot of the people in the audience a lot of sites many of us how are we gonna get there first of all what are in your mind say to three top technologies that we need to develop the new we need to improve to get this closer to where we want to be true and second I also like some commenters to what would be useful intermediate

missions are we going to use the moon is the moon yeah things I necessary step on our way to Mars other than the moon is necessary stuff but it i think if you've got a rocket and spacecraft capable going to Mars you might as well go to the moon slung along the way I mean it's like I mean it's like crossing the English Channel relatives going to Mars yeah so it's like if you have these ships that can cross the Atlantic would you cross the English Channel probably baidu them to necessary from a logistics perspective no definitely not it's certainly not necessary but you probably end up having a moon base just because by why not yeah so but in terms of the key technology yeah Keith key technologies it obviously be great to have some sort of fundamental new

thing that has never existed before and like pushes the boundaries of physics that would be great but as far as you know the physics that we know today I think I actually think we've got the basic ingredients are there I could I mean if we if you do densified identified methyl ox rocket with on orbit refueling earth orbit refueling so you like load the spacecraft spray spacecraft into orbit you sent a bunch of refueling missions to fill up the tanks and you have the Mars colonial fleet essentially that gets built up during the time between the earth ma's synchronizations which occur every 26 months and then that in the fleet sort of all the pots at the optimal transfer point I think I think we have we don't need anything like so we don't need any any

sort of thing that people don't already know about I believe it but we've got the building blocks but but the mass efficiency is extremely important so having better heat shields that thoroughly usable is radiation on humans or me radiation on humans I country yeah I mean things that can mitigate the radiation effects certainly i mean i think the radiation effects are generally way overblown because if you went to the moon like two weeks in deep space Buzz Aldrin's around many other folks that went that also in the audience yeah great I mean so like obviously didn't course like they're so alive and it you know there yeah they seem ok they're people have been up in the space station for like a year or more they're ok so it's i don't i don't know i mean

the things we can do to mitigate the radiation on roots you know pipe effective placement of the water so let's say the what are you bringing their like tax would ya put that in the direction of the Sun and yeah but I mean I really think about the the substantial appearance that every we do need an efficient of pallet depot on Mars so that's but I mean it really I think this is like there's a lot of I mean obviously a lot of hard work in the engineering that needs to be done but but it's there like the pieces are there you will see robotic missions ahead of human missions going to Mars and to be better around for four people yeah yes I think that be yeah I mean we have like you know the with Rovers on the mall on varsity or not already so I think what

we see more robots on Mars and we probably want to make sure the propellant depot works to be an automated propellant depot and there's some questions as to what do you do for power generation on Mars do you have a nuclear reactor you know if then you got to carry the nuclear fuel their directives are really heavy do you do some lightweight solar power system it's sort of maybe a big inflatable solar arrays or something like that so just power generation on laws and it gives an interesting problem and then just figuring out like how to get all of the bits of efficiency right before creating say methane and oxygen on Mars Mars is go to co2 atmosphere and there's there's a lot of water sort of bearing us oil give me answer question that has been discussed

over the past couple of days should we be considering one trips one way only trips to Mars what's the best approach to colonize the planet is it but what you review it's not socially acceptable you think people will sign up to do it I think it's plenty of people are signed up for a warrior to Mars but maybe if I could have a show of hands who would consider such an option I see some not many or perhaps enough for a couple of missions so it's certainly certainly been up I think it's sort of like is it a one-way mission and then you die or is it one of my mission and you get resupplied that's a big difference we're from the second option yeah exactly but I mean I think it's so it is a big moot point because you want to bring the spaceship back like these

spaceships are expensive okay if they're hard to bulls can't just leave them there so whether or not people want to come back or not is kind of like they can jump on if they want but do you need the space you're back thank you I'm your kind of weird like it was like huge collection of spaceships on Mars over time really well if it's like we're just in the back and of course we're just in the back so that i think that's that's for sure like if necessary it particularly say we want to have a colony of some time that's of significant size yeah that's one question looking at the at the Apollo experience are you concerned that say we land humans in Mars and they in say 10 15 years and they don't know southern the excitement is done we've done it and just go

and dress for the next 50 years like we did with the Polo it's not something that concerns you yeah well that's why I think we should really be setting the goal as the creation of a self-sustaining civilization on Mars not simply a mission to Mars because then we risk you know it would be awesome and cool and would be a new high altitude record and you know great pictures its up but I mean it would be it's it just it's just not the thing that fundamentally changes the future of humanity and this I mean I should sort of explain perhaps the rationale for you know why I think is important to establish a self-sustaining colony on Mars because I think some people are aware of that but probably most people aren't and you're hit you hear all these rebuttals

like under all these problems on earth that we need to deal with and should refocus on that and an answer is yes I mean our primary focus your palms on earth but I think that there should be some small amount that's given over to the establishment of of a colony on Mars and making life multiplanetary my small amount I mean some number less than 1 percent of our resources so you know it's not as important as as say health care but it's more important than likes a cosmetics I mean I can propel me know i'm in favor of cosmetics i like them they're great but you know lipstick or calling on Mars so feel may have different opinions but I so I so I think I think we should we should have that and it because the future humanity will fundamentally bifurcate along

the lines of either single planet species or multi-planet species and a multi-planet version of humanity of humanity's future is going to last a lot longer we will propagate civilizations future far longer if we are multi-planet species than ever we are single plant species and and so it's like planetary redundancy backing up the biosphere it's you know it's a we've got all of our eggs in one basket here we should try to protect that basket and do everything we can but but there are some risks that are just extremely difficult to mitigate and some which we will ultimately not be able to mini game so it just seems like the right thing to do and then the question is the expression is what should we do it now or should we just which we wait for some point

in the future and I think I think it's the wise move is to do it now because the window of technology for this is open and it's the first time that window has been open in the four and a half billion year history of Earth we have a long time and and I hope I certainly hope that the window will be open here for you know forever but it may also close and if you look at the history of technology in various civilizations you could say ancient Egypt were they're able to build these incredible giant pyramids and then they've got how to build permit and then they couldn't read hieroglyphics or you look at say Roman civilization and they were able to pull these incredible aqueducts and roads and then they forgot how to do that and then in that indoor plumbing

but if quite how to input plumbing you know it's like you know it's just that there's clearly been a cycle with with technology and you know hopefully but that's an upward-sloping sine wave that you know continues on to be really great in the future but maybe it doesn't yeah maybe there's some bad thing that happens and and so for one percent of our resources we could buy life insurance for life collectively and I think that would be a good thing to this idea thank you thank you AB you know I'm sure the topic of of Martha's going to come again because in a few minutes I like to open the floor for questions but I have a couple more questions I really like to to get your opinion on a related to your association about your involvement with Tesla and solar

city could you tell us a little bit about your nouns plans to construct a battery in the factory and can you elaborate in this watch the driver is it satisfy demands reduce costs improve efficiencies or all of the above look for the pure gigafactory yes so the you know the gigafactory is like the least bad solution we can come up with honestly I mean I think it's actually pretty cool or it's worked out but we're just based with a simple problem of if we want to make electric cars we need enough batteries for the electric cars and and say well last year all lithium iron production combined with 30 gigawatt hours approximately that's nothing okay or these it's nothing when you consider like if you want to make half a million electric cars a year that's

how much you need and there are 100 million new cars made every year there are two billion gasoline or diesel cars on the road worldwide so just do the basic math you don't just need one gigafactory you need like 200 Giga factories just for new car production and that assumes you're only going to replace the fleet at the existing rate which has a refreshed every 20 years so yeah so the given that we want to try to get to full capacity at our premont plant in California of half million vehicles year we need happening vehicles a year of batteries and obviously we can't use all of the other factories in the world combined because people want cell phones and laptops and other things therefore we have to build this factory and when we found we have a great

partner in panasonic Panasonic's taking care of the kind of a cell formation part of it they're actually many aspects to this because it sort of anode cathode separator electrolyte can at the precursor level you've got sort of raw materials coming in from the mines that that sort of beat into a variety of other companies like Sumer top of each other metals and mining and itachi and others and that they do the precursor processing and then how that Panasonic takes the anode and cathode material separate or not does create puts out into a cell then it goes into a tesla section which creates the module which is all the electronics and the packaging and the conductors the safety mechanisms and the cooling loops then the modules go into the pack which then

you know create has a lot of crash structure associated with it the Packers in the car and then and then obviously Tesla is kind of the the landlord of the whole thing as well anyway that's it short of doing that there was no no way to scale so that's why we did it there is no why I brought that app is because as much as we love Tesla's we are in aerospace department where we are really interested in the potential for electric aircraft sure i love i love daily electrical practice everything will go electric pull everything will be really electric except for rockets if we ironic we think that in terms of energy density to make transport aircraft feasible you wouldn't need improvements in of the order of 10 to 100 Wow no that's okay wait when you say 10

to 100 or fourth base line what would even cotton I only film oh no no definitely not vote I so to my opinion please but you are right now is at roughly for a SL that doesn't have like lots of other drawbacks which people always forget to mention when they talk about battery breakthroughs if there's many parameters that are important for a battery and they'll you know hardly a week goes by with us are some huge breakthrough allegedly in batteries but like the factor is outrageous so but for real cells that actually work and don't have like some huge drawback that you except they're currently at about 300 watt hours per kilogram and if you your to have a compelling aircraft you only really need about 400 watt hours per kilogram provided your the percentage

of cell on the craft on the aircraft is high you just need to be anywhere near as high as it is on a rocket but if it's sort of at the seventy percent level at 400 watts per kilogram you can do very decent range and if you sort of move it up to the sort of mid mid to high 70s you can go transcontinental but with you know intercontinental but some sort of west coast to east coast so you need an efficient aircraft but but that's that's approximately by my calculations that the gnomish need 400 watts per kilogram mid to high 70s cell mass fraction which i think is achievable number because I aircraft have all these like unnecessary things like tails and like rudders and elevators like it's not needed okay okay that just just that just gimbal you know its

air using gimbal gimbal the electric fan like some weird reason like gambling murders is normal in rockets and not in aircraft why not okay well it definite plans to get into this business because we love to to see the calcium's develop in that particular area certainly very interesting domain do you have a specific plans I mean I've been toying with the design for an electric supersonic vertical takeoff and landing electric aircraft for a while I'd love to do it but I think my mind would explode it's like brains worn out you know pretty saturated working on electric cars and and rockets so okay okay good tapas so let me the last question i will ask is about our students you hire dozens of MIT grad ins for your company's the first question is how are

they doing oh well let bella drink they're doing great so yeah I fact we want to hire a lot more people from MIT that's good news and I'm sure a lot of people in the audience yeah this definitely you know apply to SpaceX applied it to Tesla and like yell at me on twitter if there's something wrong with our admissions process or something it seems to be like I mean it's not the most efficient way to get get to that that is one way excited I don't know if like our you know recruiting and and frying I know processor firing people is is good or I think it's good but I'm not sure so but we want to hire lots of really smart engineers because that's that's how these problems get solved I read the quote which I hope it's true from you tell me that's not the case

that you say that the most common mistake hiring mistake was weighing too much on someone Stalin and not in someone's personality and I think it matters whether someone has a good heart it does yes absolutely so it that's that's generally where if I say words of the hiring mistakes that I've made in the past it's been it's been just as I said it's looking too much at their intellectual capability alone and not on how they affect those around them and it would really matters is before someone's contribution to a company is how they are as individual and how they affect others around them or you could say it's also analogous to a sports team you know if someone the best person on the team is not necessarily the one who scores the most goals it could be

the person who assists in the most goals and and if somebody is if there's one person a team who's just just wants the ball all the time it just wants to kick it at the goal that can actually be detrimental and so it's it is important to two-way personality and just you know they can be a good person and what you like working with them and I kind of think it's didn't just make a difference thank you I like to invite the audience to us some questions I'm particularly like students to ask questions but others are also invited and one thing I will ask is that we keep the questions short so we can't have a few of those okay come up I'm so chaplain what I'd like to ask you Ilan is it looks as if the next decade or two human space flight will be dominated by

you and Bob Bigelow another actually acts Oprah NORs the question is what do you think the proper role of NASA human spaceflight should be in that context other than just giving your contracts well mass has been really helpful to SpaceX you're not not just in terms of giving us contracts but also technically in a number of areas and and a lot of things that we've done its base X have been dependent on things that NASA's done in the past so you know I think we're certainly incredibly grateful for everything that's done in the past and and and for the ongoing support they received from NASA so I'm a huge fan of NASA and but and I think NASA is actually doing the right thing given all of the constraints that they have like if if you know within the context

of being with large government entity that's getting pushed in all sorts of different directions and and has a lot of limitations on what it can do I've been pretty impressed with what NASA has done given all of those constraints and yeah so I think it's you know if NASA continues it continues to sort of expand upon the support of competitive commercial space that's as probably what we'll have the most positive effect on the future of space development thank you so I'm Jordan and I didn't quick question about manufacturing so Obama has had a large question to really get high technology manufacturers in the United States and I think above everything SpaceX and Tesla or excellent examples of that I was wondering one you have a commitment going forward to

have all your manufacturing or majority of it done in the US and then how can other companies really learn from this experience at SpaceX has had and Tesla's has to really do your own manufacturing and house as much as possible sure well I should say that before SpaceX and Tesla our goal was not initially to do your huge amounts of internal manufacturing so we actually tried to do as little manufacturing as possible at first but we found that we had to insource more and more of a time and so I did it with the better start really not from the standpoint of like we really believe in enforcing or outsourcing is just given you know if there's a great supplier that then we would love to use a great supplier and if there's not then we need to you know do it

ourselves like we need to find a way or make away to a good solution and just over time we'd have to we have we've had to make a way more often than not and an open up for for rocketry there's also there are so I to our limitations which is that Rockets are considered advanced weapons technology so we can't just your outsource it to some other country and yeah so and but then I think you're for manufacturing I that very often people think of manufacturing as kind of just some roach process of making copies which it is which actually it isn't Manufacturing is building the machine that makes the machine and if you think the machine is important well folding the machine that makes the machine is also extremely important and more often than not and what I

found is the is the manufacturing is hotter than the original product like for example Tesla we can make like one of a car very easily but to make thousands of a car with high reliability and quality and where the cost is affordable is extremely hard i'd say maybe 10 times hotter than designing than just making one prototype but maybe more and then at SpaceX also there may be approaching an order of magnitude hotter too many packs or rockets and launch that launched a lot of them thing to design one in the first place so I really think a lot more smart people should be getting into me back shirring and it's kind of fun so it's like I don't know how to sort of got a bad name for a while but it's really interesting yeah thank you I've got a question about

the Tesla automobile I understand the drive motor is on the order of 250 horsepower and only weighs 70 pounds which is multiple horsepower per pound I've never seen I've worked in the transit industry never seen and looked in other sources never seen a motor other than one that weighs multiple pounds per horsepower the opposite way so you have an advantage of like an order of magnitude some of it can be explained by high-speed can you explain how you achieve that actually if power-to-weight ratio is of interest to you rocket turbo pumps really take the cake you know that the to a pump on the merlin engine generates 10,000 horsepower and weighs 150 pounds now yeah fuel efficiencies sort of separate question I'm pet power-to-weight is I mean it's at the

ragged edge of like pulling those molecules apart you know it's kind of amazing that I need like you can get 10,000 horsepower in this thing you can basically pick up but for electric motors you know if you have a properly designed you know electric motor AC induction motor getting a high-powered weight ratio and like you know a really great response rate like a low latency and all that extremely low ripple current and we're not in it it's just it just kind of comes naturally to an AC induction motor that the bigger challenge is actually cooling it effectively and then particularly cooling the the rotor because you've got a throat or going it like 18 thousand rpm so the model s we Rico actually cool the rotor in order to have high steady state so also

for electric motor you can have it's easy to get a peak power for a short period of time it's hard to have sustained p power and because you overheat and then it's hard to get high efficiency over a complicated drive cycle but those tend to be the the problem to wrestle with more than say the the peak power like we can get people are pretty easily but sustained power and efficiency of the drive cycle are hard thank you I named sherry I'm a PhD student in course 16 and when you hear about the founding of SpaceX a popular story is that you started it partly because you yourself want to go to space this is true in what sort of timeframe with the current program do you see for you yourself being able to have that opportunity actually that bad that's not that's

not why I sought his face x but and the I mean the easiest thing for me to do would have been to buy a ride on the Soyuz and you know that I would have been able to go to the space station as a number of other people have done but the the thing that I was trying to figure out was how to get us back on on the track of extending life beyond Earth that that's what the that's the reason for starting SpaceX and and I expected it to fail and people sometimes think like well why would you even start that in the first place but the reason with your back before i started SpaceX I expected to I want to do this philanthropic mission to send a small greenhouse the surface of Mars and try get the public excited about sending life to Mars because people respond to

questions as positives let's read the first life on another planet the furthest the life that have traveled and I thought well that would get people excited and that would result in NASA's budget getting increased and then we could resume the dream of Apollo so you know that was my initial goal was just to figure out how to get NASA's budget higher the butt but then I came to conclusion that if we don't make if we don't make rockets way better then it won't matter like we can get a budget increase but then we just send one mission to Mars and and then maybe never go there again so so that the Gulf basics really was to make as much progress as possible to advanced rocket technology to the point where hopefully we can establish a colony on Mars or and get

us all these get as far along that way as we can't we'll just try to go as far as we can hi I'm Justin I'm a freshman now that SpaceX has unveiled the dragon v2 which is a man rated capsule I was wondering if you were planning on forming in your own astronaut corps or you're relying on NASA astronauts from here oh well yeah I you know I mean we're probably it's we're building a ship that that NASA is going to use and that other people will use it tows a national corps i mean i kind of think like like this really look what we should be transporting our scientists and engineers you know not it's not in our pilots really you know it's like dragon doesn't need pilots like it you know obviously goes there with just cargo you know we just send up 40 mice they

were not piloting that the crap so it's so it's really it's a means of transporting people to like the sort of earth moon orbit region in order to you know do science basically have been a potentially to the moon to do some exploration there but but but it I kind of think it should be easy to go on a spacecraft you like like you just just be able to get on with no training and go Justin beep you can be hard hi I'm Scarlett I'm a junior in aerospace at MIT as you can tell and I was just wondering now SpaceX and Boeing have both been awarded contracts to build a space taxi and how do you think SpaceX's approach will differ from Boeing's and which one do you think is likely to be most successful Oh Boeing is a fine company of course so yeah I mean what we're

trying to do with dragon dragon 2 is both in your crude crude dragon design is be able to land propulsive ly with precision which i think is kind of the next generation like you consider the first generation always parachutes to a water landing then you know arguably sort of wings and gear landing legs over landing gear then like the sort of third generation is propulsive landing with precision I mean if if you saw a movie about the future with aliens landing how do they land like that okay obviously like I'm gonna be kind of weird if the aliens landed in the ocean with parachutes and like nothing to fear and I like Boeing stick trying to like slightly improve because it's got airbags but it's still an empress ice landing you know it's somewhere in a

huge expansive desert and it's basically landing on air bags and kind of crashing in the desert you know like okay let's so guess one way to land but i but i think the future has to be precise propulsive landing because that's what you need to go to the moon or tomorrow's or anywhere else in the solar system and that's the thing we should be focusing on and yeah we're already going to the space station back by the way like Boeing isn't doing man sorry so comic books are the future well I think a lot of things that are envisioned in sci-fi books returns attached to the wide range of course yeah but a lot of things that are envisioned to do do make sense and yeah I mean it's like okay and like sit so good there isn't some other way to land on the moon you

can't fly clown the moon with parachutes and our bags let's do the lack of atmosphere over there yeah thank you hello there my name is Johannes I'm a junior in core 16 and I'm also international and i was wondering from international perspective how's this trip to Mars going to look like is it going to be an American colony on Mars and that's it or is because of course basic is mainly based here in the US or is it just like everybody join in please well I mean I I don't think it's I mean I'm hopeful there will be multiple colonies on Mars it's this certainly probably spacek standpoint there's nothing you know we don't aim to do anything sort of on an exclusionary basis we're just trying to get there and and then I think then you know we'd love to have

that debate you'll be like oh there's a two American you know like okay baby okay but we've got the source of base on Mars who cares and and I think if there was you know American basin was it would certainly prompt other countries to want to establish their you know based on Mars too but I do think we better to have competition than the cooperation it's not like you encourage companies each in other countries to start their own and Daver to go to Mars as well yes I think I think we're very would be better off with competition route rather than insisting like I'd like in the space station you've got the International Space Station but would we like when when governments all sort of forced to go in lockstep it tends to not make things go faster and yeah

we want some sort of positive competitive element I think so we don't like people going to war or anything but just like some positive competitive element like the Olympics you know something if people compete hard and it's sort of good sportsmanship and everything and the net result is better than if like there was no competition like Olympics with no competition would make any sense and yeah so I think some positive competitive thing would be would be better and we should definitely not insist that everyone all countries go at the same pace or some collection of countries that's a pace that would slow things down dramatically and maybe not even happen just encourage iza to invest in Mars yeah absolutely ISA yeah Chinese Chris I can see over here thank

you all right hi my name is Vasant and my question is are there any natural resources on Mars right now that a colony would be able to use and if so how would SpaceX go about extracting those natural resources when the time comes wedding any natural resource extraction laws would be the output would be for Mars definitely wouldn't make sense to transport more as several 200 million miles back to earth you know honestly like if you had like crack cocaine on Mars like in prepackaged you know pallets it still wouldn't make sense to transport it back here very good times for the Martians but not back here these would be the colony to use yeah for the colony to use exactly hello my name is Alexander Brooke you Larry I'm a recent PhD in course 16 and I recently

started up aerospace research and development company and one thing that I'm working on is something called themed energy propulsion where we use external energy to power rockets microwaves or lasers the idea being that you can get very high specific impulse is with very high power I'm curious where space X stands on this kind of technology which are thoughts or if you could comment a little bit yeah the beamed energy thing is interesting I mean I I think it I think it is a worthy area of research so I think its wits with trying to make I'm trying to make something work try to get something to two or 'but or really high delta velocity with with being banerjee and see how how well does it work in practice but I mean I do think there's yeah I'll state some

concerns but these concerns are not meant to say that we shouldn't work in the mic preface it by saying we should work on it the i think that there's there are some scaling challenges with beamed energy if to say what's the actual power output you need to send say a falcon 9 class vehicle to orbit and it's a very very big number like you start meeting like whoa we need like the power of like the eastern seaboard you know to sort of send something falcon the cold falcon heavy class you know what do you need to send something like that or is really a huge amount of energy or a huge amount of power to be precise like actually the power level you need is noisier need you like argument that much on an energy basis but you can't like tell everyone to turn the

lights off in florida so then you need like a huge power plant or a huge capacitor bank or a huge high power density battery array so I'd like to see how this at you know how well does it scale and then and then you say what will help what's the cost of that the huge power power plant and the huge laser array and that kind of thing and how does that compare to the cost per unit mass if you just carry your own oxygen with you and have a lower ISP and don't do any of those things hello my name is Elliot Owen I'm a freshman here I'm very interested in the Hyperloop I made a small working model from my senior project law school and one of the major problems I ran into was tube tolerances so I'm wondering if you can comment on you no problems with tube colleges

and thermal expansion if you're building a 350 mile long steel tube what was the ratio of the pod to tube diameter here two and a half inch internal diameter and about 20 feet long right but have the pod pod diameter to tube ammeter the pod was only a few hundred seven inch smaller than the inside that's the problem so you actually want the pod to you want to sort of a a ratio of the code pod area to you know to vinton tube tube cross-section to pod cross-section of about two you know so so the pot only is like half the cross-sectional area of the tube and because you're still going to want to have some some flow of air over the the pot did you have the cancerous limit yeah well yeah you probably deal with the counter words limit by having a compressor

on the nose but it only partly addresses it and then the rest is airflow around the pod but you definitely you definitely want to have something that's that's really a tight fit and and it cause it also gives start hitting tolerance limitations like that the yeah you and just you just need you need some some play and that's in that system like a tricky thing also for what if you really fast it's just even small imperfections in the surface of the tube which I think I think can be dealt with by essentially having it once the tubes done you did actually need to run something that's going to smooth it out like if you basically need to run a grinder through the through the tube that's going to polish the surface and make sure that there aren't undulations

but in the proposal and I believe like we had the air skis were sprung so that yeah but that's also important okay add thermal expansion if you heat it up 20 degrees this 300c mile long pipe will get 450 feet longer how do you maintain a vacuum seal with expansion joints so you actually have you have to allow expansion at the terminals so it's wherever the terminals are you but you've got to have that that length of expansion and then in the on in the pylons that are supporting it you actually need to allow the each pile on to stretch in X so it's you can't you can't hard constrain it at the pylons we've gotten past the hour now would you be able to take a couple more questions yeah good person like 10 or 15 more minutes perfect alright my name is John

and I was wondering since there's always a growing need for more resources here on earth if like say sometime in the future SpaceX would look more towards obtaining resources from the Moon or Mars or even out farther on asteroids is that like in a plan for SpaceX well we're not really going to try to get resources on the moon because that's you know that would be useful if you're on the moon but not for bring it back to earth so if there's a moon base I suspect that they would extract resources yeah but for themselves I'll try to get through a bunch of question someone answered make make my wife answer a short hi my name is Bob in view of its potential to be possibly the biggest game change or ever do you have any plans to enter the field of artificial

intelligence and in general what are your thoughts on it do you think it's even close to being ready for prime time I think we should be very careful about artificial intelligence if I were guess at what our biggest existential threat is it's probably that so we need to be very careful with the artificial hudgens increasing client to think that there should be some regulatory oversight at the internet bigger the national and international level just make sure that we don't do something very foolish I mean with artificial intelligence we are summoning the demon you know you know all those stories where is the guy with the pentagram and holy water and he's like yeah sure you can control the demon then work out I think that there will be no Hal 9000 going

up to Mars Hal 9000 would be easy it's way more complex and I mean put howl 9000 a shame yeah I was like puppy dog thank you all right hi my name is Rochelle aniceto and I'm a junior in the arrow Astra Department my question aligns with how a lot of the work toward the mission to Mars is focused on rockets with SpaceX obviously but where do you see the role of telecommunications and communication satellites since there's a lot of traction in this field and this will be very crucial to I guess the overall mission to colonizing Mars so I can repeat the question I just sort of give up the AI thing for seconds absolutely so a lot of the focus with the mission to Mars aligns with rocket SpaceX but a key aspect to eventually colonizing Mars allies with telecommunications

and communication satellites so where do you see this as a viable aspect along with your goals your communications are certainly very important we're going to need turbit level communication between Earth and Mars which necessarily means that you want to have a type being like a laser communication system something like that and and relays you know sort of satellites that relate because sometimes Maz is on the other side of the Sun so you go to bounce the photons around the Sun not through and you know so I think communications get definitely to be important also see I think that on earth is there's a lot of potential for space-based communications like that there's a huge amount of room to grow for having satellite communication systems that provide

high bandwidth global coverage and we'll need the same famas hi I'm Eric Ward I'm a graduate student in the system design and management program and I was reading recently a Japanese construction company i think it's obayashi just announced plans to make a space a space elevator by think 2050 haha and i'm wondering i'm wondering if its base response a Bravo might affect your vision and goals as well I mean I think every awesome if there was a space elevator I wouldn't hold my breath I don't think it's realistic but you know luxury proven wrong so I always think of like charlie and the chocolate factory when I have a space elevator you know but because people sort of manners like an elevator you press up and you just like not yours base this is like a

real is extremely complicated yeah I'm not I don't think it's really realistic to have a space elevator you know and I mean let me this way like at the point of which we have like a bridge from LA to Tokyo yeah which i think is much easier problem then then we or you know about across the Atlantic you know like it some sort of 2,000 mile long bridge to 3011 bridge you know something like that would be you know made of like carbon nanotubes like we I don't think we've got a carbon nanotube footbridge so far let alone some enormous 60,000 mile long space elevator anyway so i think i think we're it's it's it wouldn't be it's not the thing that i think makes sense right now but if so we can prove me wrong and they'll be great thank you all right hi my name

is coach hijo I'm a PhD student here I wonder how you think about Mars one project which try to send crew to Mars one way every two years for reality TV show I think they claim they want to use the modified Dragon capsule for landing and I wonder how you think about their philosophy and that they are technical feasibility thank you well I think there could i mean the illustrations that I've seen basically has them using a bunch of SpaceX rockets and Dragon spacecraft I'm like okay I mean if they want to buy a bunch of dragons and Falcon 9 rocket that's cool we'll set we're senior will certainly sell them Fitz I mean I don't think they've got you know anywhere near the funding to buy even one so I think their ports unrealistic and I think trying to go

to Mars in Dragon is less than ideal here because it's at least as it wants to put it if you go real fast it's maybe a three-month journey and normally everyone like a six to eight months journey that's a long time to spend in something with the interior volume of an SUV so I'd recommend waiting for the next generation technology hi my name is Benson I'm a recent graduate I had another space elevator question actually what do you think would be the difference in public perception if instead of building rockets you were building space elevators how the promo video have changed well I you know I think it would not work it would just be an illustration on a page that doesn't actually have real hardware that would be the difference yeah that mean I just don't

I don't think space elevator is like a very sensible thing hi I'm Evan I'm a sophomore I just a question about the future the supercharger network will renewable energy sources play a big role in the source for that for the network yeah absolutely order plans to overtime is go to a hundred percent renewable power generation for our solar truck supercharged stations we've sort of temporarily going to not not added solar power because in the interest of just having national and international coverage that you can drive anywhere in the US Europe or Asia using supercharges we haven't we haven't constrained that so that every supercharger has to have solar panels there are a few that have solar panels most don't but in a long time all of them will either have

solar panels or otherwise get their power from renewable sources and in long term expected to be solar panels to a stationary battery pack so that the solar panels can sort of charge the stationary battery pack of the course of the week and then the pet that socially record back in the buff of the buff of the energy and release it during peak times because what we see with soup charges is huge differences in usage and you can imagine like you when people go away for the weekend like friday nights and Saturday night as a Friday and Sunday Friday nights and sunday nights huge peak usage people are going somewhere like on a family trip for the weekend but say you know wednesday at 11am low usage so you want to have about gestation about your pack solar panels

and then and there could work even if the power grid goes down you know so that's like I think like that would be cool to have something like even post apocalypse you know you can still drive around okay but how do I can take a couple more if they are quick hello my name is Rita I'm a sophomore in course to some mechanical engineering I'm so I'm more of a car buff myself so concerning Tesla what is your approach to dealing with new companies trying to make it in the EV world like ativa and others is it more of a collaborative approach in terms of sharing technology so we can see more electric vehicles on the roads in the near future or maintaining a competitive edge well I think they're given that we opens post our patents earlier this year I think yeah

i think that suggests that we're trying to be helpful so it certainly you know if there's anything that Tesla can do that's helpful and doesn't distract us from making cars then we're happy to do that and you've also done battery packs and powertrains for mercedes and for toyota we're right right now the fundamental constraint is on battery production so we have to solve that constraint in order for there to be any scaling up of electric cars and that's why we've got the gigafactory and you know and things have to be affordable basically people need a compelling and affordable electric vehicle that is the Holy Grail so that's really what we're trying to get there as fast as we can thank you hi so um I'm Daniel and I'm a junior at MIT and so here's a decidedly

non technical question so I understand that you have consumed lots of science fiction literature films etc yeah that's what you're doing yeah so I was just wondering what kind of works of art that you've that you think have contributed to your zeal for a good future for Humanity whether by kind of influencing your fear like cyberpunk stuff or like making you see something that's awesome like Star Trek or yeah I'm sure well I mean I mean I love technology and so I yeah I mean particularly when I was a kid I just consumed like all science fiction and fantasy you know movies books anything at all even if it's like really schlocky so everybody end in terms of sort of key influences I mean I certainly like Star Trek because that actually shows like more of

a utopian future like it's not like things like on horrible in the future like so many bloody post-apocalyptic future is like okay can we have one that's nice just just a few it's like so I think like that about Star Trek and you're in terms of some sort of key key books and movies I mean obviously Star Wars likes always was the first movie I ever saw so that's going to be fairly influential like I never seen a movie in a theater before it was sort of like just so it was like super oh great and yeah and then tick in terms of books we lower the Rings pulling my favorite book there's already excited by like like are they enough like Jo telcos kind of anti-technology by fantasy are lost in like that so myself yeah yeah it is but it like it's funny at Lauren's

wheeler rings it's awesome book but it's kind of anti-technology so great and I think like the foundation series from Asimov is I could really like one of the best ever and yeah the books you know odyssey clock and hyndland and others like sort of the 2003 best sci-fi with those and recently somebody is recommending to be that you and banks novels as being picked you know fairly good yeah what what do you think is good one of my favorite books is let's see the moon is a harsh mistress it's funny you mention that yeah exact thats highlands best book honestly it's really fun yeah right so thank you thank you the last question all of us busted hi um my name is Ellie Simonson I'm a sophomore here in core 16 um I was just wondering so I know that NASA is working

on the SLS um which I believe after a couple iterations are several iterations they're hoping we'll be able to land on Mars and so I'm wondering if that happens before um you guys develop a rocket that can do that how will that change your focus at SpaceX haha well I I I mean I don't think that you I mean our behavior is gonna we're just going to keep trying to make rocket technology better and better and I mean I think the time frame forward the SLS they are sending people to Mars is pretty pretty far out there so and if it does that's great but it's really it's we are what we need is a technology system that's capable of sending large numbers of people and cargo to Mars it's it's it's cool to send you know one mission sure but that's not the thing that

changes humanity's future the thing that really matters is being able to establish a self-sustaining civilization on Mars and and for that I don't I don't see anything being done except SpaceX honestly and and that's not to say SpaceX will be successful but I don't see anyone even trying so okay alone thank you very much thank you very much for sharing your time and salt with us we love to have you back anytime at MIT thank you thank you alright this one